case studies undp: bunaken national park management advisory board, indonesia

7/27/2019 Case Studies UNDP: BUNAKEN NATIONAL PARK MANAGEMENT ADVISORY BOARD, Indonesia

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Equator Initiative Case StudiesLocal sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities

Indonesia

BUNAKEN NATIONAL PARKMANAGEMENT ADVISORY BOARD

Empowered live

Resilient nation



UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES

Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that wo

or people and or nature. Few publications or case studies tell the ull story o how such initiatives evolve, the breadth

their impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practition

themselves guiding the narrative.

To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to ll this gap. The ollowing case study is one in a growing ser

that details the work o Equator Prize winners – vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmenconservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local succ

to scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models

replication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reerence to ‘The Power o Local Action: Lessons rom 10 Years

the Equator Prize’, a compendium o lessons learned and policy guidance that draws rom the case material.

Click on the map to visit the Equator Initiative’s searchable case study database.

EditorsEditor-in-Chie: Joseph Corcoran

Managing Editor: Oliver HughesContributing Editors: Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Erin Lewis, Whitney Wilding

Contributing WritersEdayatu Abieodun Lamptey, Erin Atwell, Toni Blackman, Jonathan Clay, Joseph Corcoran, Larissa Currado, Sarah Gordon, Oliver Hughe

Wen-Juan Jiang, Sonal Kanabar, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Rachael Lader, Patrick Lee, Erin Lewis, Jona Liebl, Mengning Ma,

Mary McGraw, Gabriele Orlandi, Brandon Payne, Juliana Quaresma, Peter Schecter, Martin Sommerschuh, Whitney Wilding, Luna Wu

DesignOliver Hughes, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Amy Korngiebel, Kimberly Koserowski, Erin Lewis, John Mulqueen, Lorena de la Pa

Brandon Payne, Mariajosé Satizábal G.

AcknowledgementsThe Equator Initiative acknowledges with gratitude the Bunaken National Park Management Advisory Board, and in particular

guidance and inputs o Jeri Jepas, Angelique Batuna, and Alwin Rondonuwu. All photo credits courtesy o Bunaken National P

Management Advisory Board. Maps courtesy o CIA World Factbook and Wikipedia.

Suggested CitationUnited Nations Development Programme. 2012. Bunaken National Park Management Advisory Board, Indonesia. Equator Initiative C

Study Series. New York, NY.

http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdf




http://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=casestudysearch&Itemid=858



PROJECT SUMMARYBunaken National Park Management Advisory Board isa landmark case or local co-management o a marineprotected area in Indonesia. The initiative brings togethergovernment agencies, international partners, and localcommunities in the collaborative management o theBunaken National Park in North Sulawesi. The park comprises more than 8,000 hectares o coral ree, extensiveseagrass beds, and vast mangrove orests, as well as aroundtwenty-two dictinct villages. The 30,000 residents o thesecoastal and island communities are represented on the

management board by the Bunaken Concerned Citizen’sForum (Forum Masyarakat Peduli TN Bunaken).

In partnership with the Indonesian Department o NatureConservation, the board has designed a practical andecient user ee system that generates revenues or theprotected area and its residents, unding a joint patrolsystem as well as a number o community developmentprojects.

KEY FACTS

EQUATOR PRIZE WINNER: 2004

FOUNDED: 2000

LOCATION: North Sulawesi, Indonesia

BENEFICIARIES: 22 villages inside Bunaken National Park

BIODIVERSITY: Bunaken National Park

3

BUNAKEN NATIONAL PARKMANAGEMENT ADVISORY BOARDIndonesia

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Background and Context 4

Key Activities and Innovations 6

Biodiversity Impacts 8

Socioeconomic Impacts 9

Policy Impacts 10

Sustainability 11

Replication 11

Partners 11



4

unaken National Park (BNP) is located in North Sulawesi, Indonesia.

ocated near the centre o the Coral Triangle, the park is a globally

mportant conservation area with a wide range o coastal and marine

cosystems that provide habitat to 390 species o coral as well as

many sh, mollusc, reptile and marine mammal species. Covering a

otal area o 79,056 hectares, the park is comprised o a northern and

outhern section: the north consisting o ve islands and a coastal

rea between Molas and Tiwoho (the Molas-Wori Coast), and the

outh consisting o the coastal area between Poopoh and Popareng

illages (the Arakan-Wawontulap Coast).

ocal population pressures

Unlike many marine protected areas, BNP is located close to a large

rban centre, namely Manado, with its population o over 400,000

esidents. This proximity has presented the local population with

pportunities in the orm o steady tourist interest. The park also

as a unique bathymetry that has attracted scuba divers the world

ver. The absence o a continental shel means the coastline drops

irectly down to the continental slope, providing divers with a

nique glimpse at rarely seen marine biodiversity and spectacular

nderwater geological structures. This same proximity to Manado,

owever, has presented challenges in the orm o eective patrolling,

pillover pollution, and unsustainable demand or mangrove and

marine resources.

he national park itsel is home to over 30,000 residents, the majority

whom depend on natural resources or their livelihoods and

ubsistence needs. Settlement o the region dates back more than

ve generations, long beore the park was ormally established

wo decades ago. Twenty-two villages are spread across the ve

slands, with eleven villages on the coastline. The vast majority o

he local population makes their living through arming, shing, or a

ombination o the two. Farmers raise crops such as coconuts, sweet

otatoes and bananas. Those in the shing sector harvest a wide

ariety o sh or cultivate seaweed or export to oreign markets.

A less signicant number are employed by the tourism indust

dive guides, boat operators and eco-lodge sta. A tension e

however, between the livelihood needs o this growing populaand the needs o the marine ecosystems.

A unique marine sanctuary

Bunaken National Park contains over 8,000 hectares o coral

extensive seagrass beds, and vast mangrove orests (in the l

case, particularly in the Arakan-Wawontulap area). The seag

beds are ound in calm, shallow areas between the shore and

rees. Seagrass beds are important habitats or sand-dwelling m

species (e.g. sea snails, sea cucumbers, eels and shrimp), nurserie

Background and Context



55

uvenile ree sh such as black-tip sharks and wrasses, and eeding

rounds or dugongs and green sea turtles. The coral rees beyond

he seagrass beds house a rich diversity o species o sh, turtles,

ea snakes, and invertebrates. The main type o ree in the park is

ringing ree, which grows along the edge o the shoreline, but patch

ees and barriers rees are also common.

he waters o the park contain more than 2,000 species o sh, several

undred species o hard coral, and over 30 species o mangroves.On land, the only remaining orest in the park is ound on the high

lopes o Manado Tua Island, where a small endemic population o

he critically endangered crested black macaques reside.

Creation o Bunaken National Park; initial problems

unaken National Park was established to protect and conserve the

igh diversity o terrestrial and marine lie within its unique coastal

cosystems, to protect the migration paths and eeding grounds o

ndemic marine species such as whales, dolphins, dugongs, and sea

urtles, and to balance conservation activities with the economic

eeds o the local population.

he park was established in 1991, under the authority o the Indonesian

Department o Nature Conservation in the Ministry o Forestry. The

ark had a management oce with a sta o approximately 40

ncluding the park head, park rangers and administrative sta). As

national park, it received an annual operating budget averaging

USD 100,000 per year – enough to pay or salaries, oce operational

osts and at most one waterborne patrol per month. Under this

argely “top-down” management regime, the park suered a slow

ut continuous degradation throughout the 1990s. A number o

hallenges plagued the park rom early on in its development.

rimary among these were a range o serious and persistentnvironmental threats, including blast shing, cyanide shing,

vershing, coral mining, mangrove deorestation, orest clearing

or agriculture, high-impact tourism, coastal development projects,

s well as short-sighted and ill-conceived solid waste management

ystems. Mangrove loss was particularly intractable. Mangroves

re traditionally used by the local population or building material,

rewood, ood and medicine. While mangroves can o course be

arvested sustainably, deorestation was being driven by livelihood

nsecurity as well as a growing commercial market in Manado or

mangrove products. Mangrove loss was translating to soil erosion,

he invasion o pests and weeds, and a lack o protection or juvenile

sh, mollusks and shrimp.

Other underlying challenges early in the park’s management

ncluded overlapping legal and jurisdictional authorities due to a

ack o coordination among government agencies and authorities in

he park, a lack o consultation with and engagement o both local

ommunities and private sector partners, conficts between the latter

takeholders on appropriate benet sharing arrangements, declining

evels o conservation unding, unclear and oten contradictory

oning systems, and, importantly, ineective enorcement systems

or park rules and regulations.

A response rooted in local participation

In response to all o these challenges, to increasing demand

a number o stakeholders or more air and equitable managem

o the park, and to growing momentum rom Indone

decentralization and reorm process, the Bunaken National

Management Advisory Board (BNPMAB) was established in 2

BNPMAB is a partnership o government, community, private se

and non-governmental representatives. Pivotal in its creationto its ongoing implementation is the Bunaken Concerned Citiz

Forum (Forum Masyarakat Peduli TN Bunaken - FMPTNB), w

represents all 30,000 villagers living in the park. The advisory b

has undertaken the ushering in o a new era o co-managem

o Bunaken National Park that includes local commun

and ecotourism operators in resource management and

enorcement.

Specically, BNPMAB was created to: coordinate the activities

policies o relevant government agencies with the park managem

authority; raise unds or conservation programs within

park (mainly through an entrance ee system); communicat

conservation program to a wide range o stakeholders; carry

participatory zoning; and coordinate joint patrols by local villa

water police, and park rangers. BNPMAB serves as a orum to aci

dialogue between stakeholders and make policy recommendat

The board aims to be responsive to the issues raised by park u

and local communities. It also plays an active role in public

and disseminating lessons learned rom the co-managem

arrangement to other marine protected areas in Indonesia

beyond.

Central to the roll-out o the initiative was participatory zona

o the park, in which it was divided into nature recovery zo

(comprising core, recovery and rehabilitation), utilization z(limited and intensive), and support zones (water, land and pu

Zones were demarcated based on their respective economic

conservation potential as well as constraints and opportunit

successul management. The zones were also developed thro

a participatory planning process which not only included

prioritized the needs and input o local communities.

The board has been remarkably successul in eradicating destru

shing, coral extraction, and mangrove deorestation w

simultaneously saeguarding the natural resource base that sus

local livelihoods and incomes. One o the organization’s pri

innovations was its entrance ee system, launched in 2002, w

until 2008, generated an average o USD 110,000 per year. Revehave both improved local incomes and provided a unding

rom which to nance conservation activities.

“The advisory board has undertaken theushering in of a new era of co-managemenof Bunaken National Park that includes locacommunities and ecotourism operators inresource management and park enforceme



6

Key Activities and Innovations

he Bunaken National Park Management Advisory Board has aision o the sustainable management o the park in a manner that

lso benets local communities. The stated objectives o BNPMAB

ocused on the need to raise conservation nancing necessary or

ustaining the marine protected area; raising awareness o this

mong the various park stakeholders; coordinating eorts o the

arious government agencies with the park management authority;

nd sharing the experiences o Bunaken management with other

marine protected areas in the region.

Participatory zonation exercise

One o the rst activities overseen by the advisory body was the

participatory zonation o the park. This would underpin many o he conservation and development activities that have undertaken

ince 2000.

Nature conservation zones: Three nature conservation zones were

emarcated throughout the park – core, recovery and rehabilitation

ones. Core zones are or the absolute and unequivocal protection o

n area or ecosystem. Examples in the park include the high slopes

o Manado Tua where crested black macaques dwell in natural

orests; the old growth mangrove stands in Arakan-Wowontulap;

nd the integrated mangrove, seagrass and coral ree ecosystems

n Bunaken and other islands. No human activity is permitted, with

he exception o research, biological monitoring and environmental

ducation. ‘Intentional’ violations o core zone rules carry a sti penalty o a maximum 10-year jail term and ne o Rp. 200 million

over USD 20,000), while ‘unintentional’ violations are punishable by

maximum jail term o one year and a ne o Rp. 100 million (USD

0,000). Recovery zones are or areas that require time to recover

rom past damage, such as deorestation, overshing, and coral

blasting. Human activity is again limited to environmental education

nd research. Lastly, rehabilitation zones, while quite similar to the

atter, are sites that require restoration rom past damage where

ctive replanting and reseeding o native plant species is taking

place.



7

Utilization zones: Utilization zones, which have been divided into

mited and intensive use, have been created with tourism and

ransportation services in mind. Limited use zones accommodate

ourist activities that do not alter or impact the environment such

s nature walks, diving, and snorkeling. Intensive use zones on

he other hand are used or a broader range o tourism activities

hat require development, such as upgrading accommodations,

estaurants, shops, jetties and other inrastructure. This zonation is

urrently limited to Liang Beach and Pangalisang Beach on Bunakensland. As with the nature conservation zones, penalties are doled

ut to dierent degrees o severity depending on whether the

iolation was intentional or unintentional.

upport zones: Support zones – water, land and public – pertain

o traditional livelihoods and natural resource use by local

ommunities. Water support zones allow local communities to

ndertake traditional marine resource management activities,

ncluding traditional shing, regulated mangrove harvesting,

nd seaweed harvesting. The clearing o mangrove orests or

onversion into shing ponds and destructive shing practices

uch as blast shing are expressly prohibited. Land support zones

llow or housing, community development and inrastructure

rojects, agriculture (with controlled use o pesticides, herbicides

nd commercial ertilizers), and the limited exploitation o orest

roducts. Lastly, public support zones allow or small to medium

ized pelagic shing as well as transportation, with the exception o

nter-island passenger ships.

Park management and fnancing conservation

With these zones in place, BNPMAB has ocused on a diverse range

management activities. Institutional strengthening has helped

o engage a wider range o stakeholders in the park’s decision-

making processes, including local government and law enorcementuthorities. The engagement o local communities has entailed

eveloping inormation systems, communications and outreach

orts, including publicly displaying inormation about park

management in local villages and maintaining an extensive radio

roadcast system. Community development programs are planned

nd implemented using a village conservation und; inrastructure

nd acilities have also been developed or ecotourism, in

ccordance with principles o proper ecological stewardship. This has

ncorporated the creation o eective waste management systems.

n carrying out these activities, the board has also served a role in

onfict resolution between the park’s stakeholders, communicated

he interests o local communities to relevant authorities, and

rovided reporting to the central government, governors, mayors,

regents, and the house o representatives o North Sulawesi.

The majority o the organization’s energy, however, is ocuse

management o the park entrance ee system and ensuring

wide coverage and eciency o patrols conducted by park ran

marine police and local communities. The collaborative

entrance ee system was introduced thanks to the introduc

o ground-breaking provincial laws and subsequent agreem

with the Indonesian Department o Nature Conservation. The

system was developed based on an accurate easibility assessm

o the willingness o visitors to pay to access a unique ecosys

particularly i prots were earmarked or conservation eorts. I

practical and ecient system that does not inconvenience visi

dive operators or patrol teams, as it is a one-time ee. Rough

percent o entrance ee revenues are allocated to BNPMAB

conservation programs, while the remaining 20 percent is distribequally to the local government authorities in North Sulawesi,

to Minahasa district, Manado city and Jakarta. Entrance ees h

helped to nance the joint patrol system which can be cred

with decreases in a number o environmentally damaging s

practices. Patrols employ over 30 villagers rom across the

where they are ‘teamed up’ with marine police and park ran

Revenues rom entrance ees are also allocated through the vi

conservation und to village development projects in clean w

access, roads and transportation, school construction, mang

restoration projects, and a diverse portolio o conservation activ

“Environmental conservation cannot be achieved by one group of people alone. It requires

commitment across sectors and a fundamental shift in how we as a people and a country view

our natural heritage.”

Alwin Rondonuwu, Bunaken National Park Management Advisory Board



8

Impacts

BIODIVERSITY IMPACTSBunaken National Park is covered with mangrove orests, which are

oncentrated in Mantegahe, the Molas-Wori coastal area, and in the

Arakan-Wawontulap coastal area. There are 29 species o mangrove

n the park, the dominant species being Rhizophora sp, Avicennia sp,

nd Sonneratia sp. In addition to mangrove orests, beach orests can

be ound growing rom ossil coral outcroppings on shorelines, or

behind the mangroves on nearly all o the islands. Common trees

nclude bitung (Barringtonia asiatica), a waxy-leaed tree with sweet-

melling white fowers, screw pines (Pandanas sp.), and ‘pohon

ketapang’, which are grown by local people as a shade tree. The

errestrial plant population o the park has changed somewhat sincehe advent o small plot arming by local people. Native plants and

rees such as bamboo, woka palms (Livistona rotundiolia), rattans

Calamus spp.), wild sugar palms ( Arenga sp.) and gs (Ficus spp.)

have oten been replaced by agricultural crops, such as coconut

palms, mangos, cassava, banana, and kenari nut trees. Mangroves

nd beach orests alike provide habitat and nesting grounds or a

diverse array o fora and auna.

Two threatened endemic terrestrial species

A relatively pristine – albeit small – tropical rainorest sits on top o

Manado Tua Island. This orest contains a shrinking population o

rested black macaques. Crested black macaques are endemic tohe northeastern tip o Sulawesi and ound nowhere else on earth.

Threatened by ongoing deorestation and land conversion, this

pecies is critically endangered. According to the last population

ount, conducted in 1996, between 70 and 160 macaques reside in

his shrinking orest. Crested black macaques are also an essential

part o this orest ecosystem, as they are a primary vehicle or the

distribution o native tree seeds. Another rare and threatened

errestrial species ound in the park – mainly on Manado Tua,

Bunaken Island and Montehage – is the tarsier, one o the world’s

mallest primates. Known or its large eyes and disproportionately

elongated ngers, tarsiers reach little more than 10 grams in w

at ull maturity. While small populations o tarsier survive in the

they are threatened by deorestation and sale in the internat

pet trade market.

Bird and marine species diversity

There are at least 30 species o birds that reside in the mang

o Bunaken National Park, including a number o shore and

birds such as terns, egrets and shing eagles. Frigate birds, he

storks, osprey, hawks, rails, sandpipers, pigeons, doves, kings

swallows, and drongos are also common. Reptiles such as mo

lizards, venomous and non-venomous snakes, skinks and geckoalso commonly ound in the park. In the waters o the park, a

variety o rare and unusual sh species such as ghost pipe

rogsh, and pygmy seahorses can be ound alongside a numb

endangered species, including coelacanths (so-called “living os

Manado is home to one o only two extant species o coelacanmenadoensis,) green and hawksbill turtles, dugongs (sea cows), o

(killer whales) and sperm whales. The park also contains a varie

sharks – including white tip ree sharks (Triaenodon obesus), blac

ree sharks, (Carcharhinus melanopterus), and, occasionally, sch

o hammerhead sharks – estuarine crocodiles, banded sea k

(Laticauda sp.), ve species o sea turtles – green, hawksbill,

ridley, loggerhead and leatherback – and dolphins.

Participatory patrol system; ecosystem restoration

BNPMAB has mobilized a highly eective joint patrol system w

brings together 52 villagers, 18 park rangers and 6 marine p

ocers. This environmental monitoring and patrol system

operates on a 24-hour a day basis, and is unded entirely by reve

rom park entrance ees. The patrol system has eectively elimin

destructive shing practices and was a major reason or the

percent increase in live coral cover between 2001 and 2003. A re

survey registered over 400 species o hard coral in the park – m



han ve times the number o coral species ound in the entire

Caribbean. The survey singled out the BNPMAB patrol system as one

o the key drivers o this diversity.

The patrols are charged with regulating enorcement o the park’soning systems. Park zonation outlaws a number o destructive

shing techniques, particularly those known to result in by-catch.

One example o the latter is ‘sero’ net traps, which are banned due to

he high number o dugongs and sea turtles that become entangled

n the devices. Deep-set shark nets have also been banned to

prevent coelacanth by-catch. Where violators o these rules have

been caught over the past three years, the patrol has released 32

green and hawksbill turtles, as well as a number o dugongs.

Beyond the patrol, entrance ee revenues have been used to und

a number o conservation activities, including extensive replanting

o mangroves and the rehabilitation o damaged ree areas. Local

community members have also been mobilized into beach clean-up teams to deal with waste management and garbage problems

within the park. Environmental education has underpinned much

o this work, linking Bunaken with similar marine management

experiments across south-east Asia.

SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS

More than 30,000 people in 22 villages reside inside Bunaken

National Park. The majority are armers and shermen, and depend

on natural resources and the environment or employment and

ivelihoods. On the islands o Bunaken and Siladen, the population

is primarily involved in coconut plantations, seasonal agricul

as well as hook-and-line and pole shing. On the island o Man

Tua, the population is mainly employed in line and net s

On Mantehage, the local population works in rice cultivation,

shing and seaweed arming. Local populations in other areasimilarly employed in these sectors.

Prioritizing local livelihoods

The Bunaken Concerned Citizen’s Forum (FMPTNB) represen

30,000 villagers and occupies one o three seats on the BNPMAB b

To keep even the most remote villages inormed on manage

issues and livelihood development programs – and to keep villa

connected with each other – the orum runs a 36-station, park-

VHF radio network. This active involvement o the local comm

in park management has allowed or the improvement o

livelihoods without damaging the environment, and helpe

spread the principles o democracy, accountability, representaand transparency in unds management. Communities were dir

involved in zonation o the park, allowing or prioritization o

needs and a reduction in conficts between resource users. Th

hour patrol team has virtually eliminated destructive shing prac

within the marine protected area, which has had a tremen

impact on villager livelihoods. Fish stocks and other marine sp

have been protected, and are now able to regenerate at na

rates, providing traditional shermen with a sustainable and l

term source o income.

9

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Domestic visitors International visitors Revenue (USD)

Fig. 1: Visitors and revenue, 2001-2008

ource: Bunaken National Park Management Advisory Board, 2009.



Equitable beneft-sharing

Another way in which local incomes and livelihood options have

mproved is through a small grants program or each village – the

illage conservation und – nanced using revenues rom the park’s

ntrance ee system. With 30 percent o entrance ees dedicated to

his small grants program on an annual basis – USD 30,000 in 2002

lone – all local residents are able to benet rom tourism in the park.

Grants are provided or community-based projects that are in theublic interest, and have included mangrove reorestation, English

ourses or school children, construction o public wells, sanitation

ervices, landing docks, and paved ootpaths.

n terms o more direct tourism benets, FMPTNB works in close

ollaboration with the North Sulawesi Watersports Association

NSWA) to ensure the growing ecotourism industry in the marine

rotected area advantages the local population. NSWA holds a

ommitment to hiring as many local sta as possible or positions

s dive guides, resort sta, and boat captains. The association also

rioritizes shermen rom within Bunaken National Park or their

urchasing o sh products. Currently, over 1,000 villagers are

irectly or indirectly employed by the marine ecotourism industry.NSWA unds beach clean-ups and requently pays or the printing

nd distribution o environmental education materials or local

chools. Lastly, the company operates a scholarship program that

unds disadvantaged children to attend high school and university.

ivelihood diversifcation and environmental education

MPTNB also works with a range o partners – notably USAID’s

Natural Resources Management Program – to develop projects

that improve non-tourism livelihood opportunities. One exa

o a successul project in this regard has been the use o disca

coconut shells to produce charcoal. This coconut shell cha

not only provides a reliable uel source, but oers an alternativ

cutting down mangrove orests or rewood. In a related pro

a group o local women have been trained in the production

use o energy-ecient clay cooking stoves that utilize the coc

charcoal. Project participants have improved their incomes

reduced health problems associated with smoke inhalation wood-burning stoves. Other projects are currently being devel

around seaweed mariculture and mangrove crab cultivation.

BNPMAB also operates a ‘Bunaken Volunteers Program’ w

attracts young international volunteers with knowledg

marine conservation to develop environment curriculums

local elementary schools. The curricula, which ocus on coral

mangrove ecosystems, have a signicant eld component, w

have helped engage local youth in hands-on conservation eo

POLICY IMPACTS

BNPMAB and FMPTNB have pioneered a number o new direcor Indonesian protected area management, including in

management arrangements, decentralized entrance ee syst

participatory development o park zonation, and joint patrols w

directly involve local villagers in enorcement. Following a three

trial period, the Department o Nature Conservation issued a de

proclaiming Bunaken National Park as a model or other nat

parks in Indonesia. This same department has developed a num

o technical guidance manuals based on the Bunaken National

model.

10



11

Sustainability and Replication

SUSTAINABILITYhe push or a collaborative management system o Bunaken

National Park began in 2000, and was driven by the parks’ two

rimary user groups - the FMPTNB and NSWA. In part due to the

widespread changes in governance that Indonesia was experiencing

t that time, BNP was granted a special waiver by the Department

Nature Conservation to implement a co-management system,

ncluding a decentralized user ee system that allowed the park to

et its own ee structure and retain all revenues at the local level or

management o BNP. The co-management system and decentralized

ntrance ee system were the rst o their kind in Indonesia, and were

rounded in provincial law. Since that time, the central governmentas recognized the strengths o this system and declared Bunaken’s

o-management system a model or all Indonesian national parks to

spire to.

eyond this strong legal and institutional basis, the co-management

rrangement is sustainable rom a social perspective, as it has

iven each o the primary park stakeholders a strong role in

management and an incentive to remain actively involved. For the

illage stakeholders in particular, this initiative represents the rst

pportunity many o them have ever had to voice their opinions and

nfuence policy.

rom a nancial perspective, BNPMAB is also sustainable and isorging ahead with a diversied portolio o sustainable unding

ptions. To date, nancial sustainability has largely been secured

hrough the park’s entrance ee system. Other components o the

NP unding portolio include national government park unding

currently USD 100,000 per year), in-kind support rom the local

ourism sector (worth over USD 30,000 in 2002, including boat and

iver support or monitoring, ree rehabilitation and conservation

ducation programs), an international volunteer program (valued

t USD 30,000 in 2003), local government budget support (totaling

USD 40,000 in 2002, including health and inrastructure projects

within the park) and national and international grant support.

additional sources o unding that are currently under develop

include visitor center merchandising and a potential endowm

und.

REPLICATION

Established as “centre o excellence” by the Indonesian Departm

o Nature Conservation, BNPMAB has become a model o

management o marine areas, and a site or peer-to-peer lear

and replication both nationally and internationally. The park

hosted knowledge exchange visits rom seven national par

Indonesia, as well as a marine protected area in Viet Nam, the UNBohol Marine Triangle project, the El Nido marine protected

rom the Philippines, and a range o marine protected area mana

rom Thailand, Malaysia, and the United States. BNPMAB has

provided input into the development o the Namena Marine Res

in Fiji. Most recently, BNPMAB developed a 10-day marine prote

area management course or other regional groups to learn rom

Bunaken co-management experience.

The International Coral Ree Action Network (ICRAN) has recogn

Bunaken’s strong commitment to sustainable tourism in selec

it as their Asian marine protected area demonstration site

sustainable ree tourism. BNP has also been selected as one o

marine protected areas to participate in a pilot study to devbusiness plans or Asian marine protected areas under the ausp

o the World Commission on Protected Areas Southeast Asia M

Working Group.

PARTNERS

BNPMAB is a multi-stakeholder partnership. The board coordin

the activities and policies o various government agencies with

park authorities, and supports them in ormulating and un

conservation and monitoring programs. There are teen sea



1212

he board, with seven held by government institutions (tourism,

sheries, and environment departments rom the city, district,

rovincial and national level) and eight by non-government

nstitutions (representing academia, environmental NGOs, private

ector, and the communities represented by the FMPTNB).

n this partnership model, government agencies create policies that

upport conservation and ecotourism, marine police support with

norcement o zonation laws, non-governmental organizationsupport with monitoring and conservation, universities with

esearch, private sector partners with ecotourism management, and

ommunities in carrying out conservation and livelihood strategies

n the ground.

Bunaken National Park Oce: Disseminates the conservation

mission o the BNPMAB to all stakeholders; represents central

government and has legal authority over the park.

Environmental Impact Control Department (provincial):

Coordinates policies o the national park oce and Manado

government oces. Contributes ideas on relevant issues,

makes appropriate recommendations, and helps the board to

negotiate business sector licenses related to environmental

impacts.

Environmental Impact Control Department (district): Represents

and provides inormation on the policies and interests o

the department; lobbies regional government in support o

BNPMAB programs and provides technical input on coastal

development and pollution issues.

Tourism Department North Sulawesi: Represents the

government’s interests in tourism development, with the

authority to grant licenses to businesses wishing to operate

in the park. A key player in promoting sustainable tourism

development in the park.

Concerned Citizen’s Forum or Bunaken National Park:Represents the aspirations o local communities and brings

their priorities to the board; advocates or community interests

such as benet-sharing, alternative incomes and conservation

awareness; acts as a channel o communication between

the board and the community; coordinates logistics or park

patrols; promotes and implements the board’s program

the grassroots level. The orum was a key player in desig

a participatory zonation process that could be understoo

villagers, divers, dive operators and government ocials,

is directly involved in the coordination and control o the

patrol system. The orum also helps to select and admin

the board’s small grants program or village improvement

plays an increasingly important role in negotiating succe

management arrangements.• Manado Environment Department: The one Manado

level agency that sits on the BNPMAB board; ensures

all management initiatives are environmentally-riendly

accommodated by law.

• University o Sam Ratulangi – Faculty o Fisheries and Ma

Science: Represents the scientic community and prov

scientic technical advice to BNPMAB.

• Ministry o Marine Aairs and Fisheries: An important mem

on the board due to the valuable sheries within the park

this national agency’s role in regulating them. Has been a

in keeping “outside” shing operations rom obtaining lice

to sh within the park and thereby compete with local villa

• Indonesian Forum or The Environment (Wahana Lingkun

Hidup Indonesia - WALHI): This orum o local environme

NGOs helps BNPMAB to spend unds appropriately in relatio

community needs and activities. Co-ordinates communica

between stakeholders, and provides suggestions to imp

decisions.

• North Sulawesi Watersports Association (NSWA): Represent

park’s other primary user group: the marine tourism indu

The NSWA was ormed in 1997 by seven environmen

concerned dive operators, and has grown to include 15

resorts, the vast majority o those operating in Buna

Perhaps more than any other group, NSWA was the prim

driving orce behind the move towards more eective, inclucollaborative management o the park in 2000. At the co

the NSWA’s eorts to protect Bunaken’s rich but threate

marine resources is an innovative program o ‘3E’s: Employm

Education and Enorcement.’



Click the thumbnails below to read more case studies like this:

FURTHER REFERENCE

Bunaken National Park Management Advisory Board website

Arin, T., and Kramer, R. A. 2002. Divers’ Willingness to Pay to Visit Marine Sanctuaries: An Exploratory Study . Ocean & Coastal Managem

45, pp.171–183.

Newman, C. M. and LeDrew, E. 2005. Towards Community- and Scientifc-Based Inormation Integration in Marine Resource Manageme

Indonesia: Bunaken National Park Case Study . Environments Journal Volume 33(1), pp. 5-24.

Equator Initiative

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onnecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better lie.

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o recognize and advance local sustainable development solutions or people, nature and resilient communities.

©2012 by Equator Initiative

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case studies undp: bunaken national park management advisory board, indonesia

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