chapter - 1 : matter in our surroundings science-9_flowcharts.pdfchapter - 1 : matter in our...

Chapter - 1 : Matter In Our Surroundings

Matter

MixturePureSubstances

mixturesmixtures Elements Compounds

PHYSICAL CHANGES

CHEMICAL CHANGES

Forms of Matter

Heterogeneous Homogeneous

Physical States of Matter Bose-Einstein Condensate(BEC)

Plasma

GasLiquid

Solid

Definite Shape,Distinct Boundaries,Fixed Volume

Least compressibility

Fixed VolumeBut no fixed shape

No fixed shapenor fixed volume

Highercompressibility

Highestcompressibility

High densityLow density Low density

Physical States of Matter

Solidif

icatio

n

Fusion

VaporisationCondensation

Sublimation

Sublimation

Liquid

Solid Gas

Three States of Matter

2 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, SCIENCE, Class-IX

Chapter - 2 : Is Matter Around Us Pure?

Matter

Pure Substances Mixtures

Elements Compounds Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Metals Non-Metals True Solutions Colloids

Classification of Matter

Metalloids Suspension

Fixed Composition

Elementscan't bebroken down

uniform composition

can be brokenParticle size<1nm

No Fixed Composition

1-100 nm >100 nm

Non-uniformcomposition

Use ofSeparating

funnel

FractionalDistillation

Separatingcomponents

of liquidmixtures

When liquids aremiscible

Two or moremiscible liquids with

boiling pointsdifference less than

25°C

Liquids are miscibleand their boilingpoints have wide

difference

Simple Distillation

Separating components of liquid mixtures

e.g. Water + acetone

e.g. separation ofdifferent gases from

air, Separation ofpetroleum products

e.g. Oil and Water

Sedimentation Centrifugation

Filtration

Evaporation

Distillation

Chromatograph y

When mixtureis

heterogeneousand solid

constituent isheavy

HomogeneousMixture and

one constituentis heavy

When one of thecomponent

dissolves in asolvent

Whencomponents are

soluble insolvent

Separatingcomponents

of solid-liquidmixtures

When solidpresent in the

liquid isnon-volatile

e.g. sand +water dirt +

muddy water

Anyhomogeneous

or heterogeneousmixture

Separating components of solid-liquid mixtures

e.g. separate creamfrom milk

e.g. common salt +water, Sulphur in

Carbon disulphide

common salt +water

lnk components

e.g. common salt +sand

Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, SCIENCE, Class-IX [ 3

MagneticSeparation Hand

Picking

Separatingcomponents ofSolid Mixtures

Sieving

Sublimation

When sizes ofconstituent particles

are different

When thecomponents are

bigger in sizes andare distinctly visible

When particle sizes ofcomponents are

different

When one of theconstituent sublimes

on heating

Separating components of olid ixturess m

e.g. Iron + Sand

e.g. iodine + sand,ammonium chloride +

table salte.g. gram+wheat flour

e.g. Stones + Rice

Chapter - 3 : Atoms And Molecules

Laws of chemical combination

Law of conservation of mass Law of definite proportions

Mass can neither be created nor bedestroyed in a chemical reaction.

Elements are always present in a definiteproportion by mass in a chemical

substance.

Tiny particlesof all

the matter

Atoms of agiven

elementare identical

in massand chemical

properties

Atoms ofdifferentelements

havedifferent

masses andchemical

properties

Combine inthe ratio

of small wholenumbers to

formcompound

Indivisible,cannot

be created ordestroyed in a

chemicalreaction

Relativenumber

and kinds ofatoms

are constantin a givencompound

Atoms

Atom Molecule

Building blocks of all matter Group of atoms of thesame type

Not able to existindependently Able to exist independently

Atoms form moleculesand ions

Molecule is the smallestparticle of an element or a

compound

Ion

A charged particle as thesmallest unit of an ionic

compound

Positively or negativelycharged

Positively charged ions arecations and negatively

charged ions are anions

Single charged atom orgroup of atoms having a

net charge on them

Polyatomic ion or radical isa group of atoms carrying a

fixed charge on them


Atom Molecule

Building blocks of all matter Group of atoms of thesame type

Not able to existindependently Able to exist independently

Atoms form moleculesand ions

Molecule is the smallestparticle of an element or a

compound

Ion

A charged particle as thesmallest unit of an ionic

compound

Positively or negativelycharged

Positively charged ions arecations and negatively

charged ions are anions

Single charged atom orgroup of atoms having a

net charge on them

Polyatomic ion or radical isa group of atoms carrying a

fixed charge on them

1 mole ofcarbon atoms

1 Mole ofhydrogen atoms

1 mole of any particle(atoms, molecules or ions)

1 mole of molecules

6.022 ×10 atoms of C23

6.022 ×10 atoms of H23

6.022 ×10 number ofthat particle

23

6.022 ×10 number ofmolecules

23

12 g of carbon atoms

1 g of H atoms

Relative mass of thoseparticles in grams

Molecular mass ingrams

1 mole ofcarbon atoms

1 Mole ofhydrogen atoms

1 mole of any particle(atoms, molecules or ions)

1 mole of molecules

6.022 ×10 atoms of C23

6.022 ×10 atoms of H23

6.022 ×10 number ofthat particle

23

6.022 ×10 number ofmolecules

23

12 g of carbon atoms

1 g of H atoms

Relative mass of thoseparticles in grams

Molecular mass ingrams

Chapter - 5 : Cell—A Basic Unit Of Life

Cell

CellBoundaries

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Cell Wall Cell MembraneMatrixGroundLiquidSubstance

CellOrganelles

MembraneBound

MembraneLess

CellInclusions

NuclearMembrane

Nucleolus ChromatinNetwork

EndoplasmicReticulum (ER),Golgi Bodies,Lysosomes,MitochondriaPlastids.

Centrosomes,Centrioles,Ribosomes.

Non LivingMaterial engulfedor secreted

Fundamental unit of Life : Cell


Cell

CellBoundaries

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Cell Wall Cell MembraneMatrixGroundLiquidSubstance

CellOrganelles

MembraneBound

MembraneLess

CellInclusions

NuclearMembrane

Nucleolus ChromatinNetwork

EndoplasmicReticulum (ER),Golgi Bodies,Lysosomes,MitochondriaPlastids.

Centrosomes,Centrioles,Ribosomes.

Non LivingMaterial engulfedor secreted

Fundamental unit of Life : Cell

Chapter - 6 : Tissues

Plant Tissue

Plant Tissue

Meristematic tissue(Capable of division)

ApicalMeristem

LateralMeristem

IntercalaryMeristem

Simple TissueComplex Tissue

Permanent tissues

Paren-chyma

Collen-chyma

Scleren-chyma

Xylem Phloem

Animal Tissues

Animal Tissue

Squamous

Epithelial tissue

Cuboidal Columnar Glandular

CiliatedMuscular tissue

Striated Unstriated Cardiac

Connective tissues

Nervous tissues

Areolar Dense

Tendon Ligament

AdiposeStriated

Fluid or Vascular

Blood

BoneCartilage

Blooda type of

tissue

Fluid matrixSuspended componentsin fluid matrix

Types

Name one more type of connective tissue

a

b

dWBCc

e f g h i

j


Blooda type of

tissue

Fluid matrixSuspended componentsin fluid matrix

Types

Name one more type of connective tissue

a

b

dWBCc

e f g h i

j

Chapter - 7 : Biological Diversity

Flowcharts

2. Protista

Organisms

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Unicellular Multicellular

Unicellular

1. Monera

With cell-wall Without cell wall

Do not performphotosynthesis

Able to performphotosynthesis

3. Fungi 4. Plantae

5. Animalia

Flowchart 1 : Classification of organisms into five kingdoms

Monera

Nutrition

Autotrophicor

heterotrophic

Cell wall

May bepresent or

absent

Reproduction

Fission andbudding

Examples

Prokaryotic unicellularorganisms such as bacteria,

cyanobacteria and mycoplasma

Flowchart 2 : Classification of Monera

Protista

Nutrition

Autotrophicor

heterotrophic

Cell wall

Composed ofchitin

Locomotion Reproduction

By Appendagelike cilia or

flagella

Sexual or asexual

Examples

Eukaryotic unicellularorganisms such as protozoans,unicellular algae and diatoms

Flowchart 3 : Classification of Protista

Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Flowcharts, SCIENCE, Class-IX [ 7Fungi

Nutrition

Heterotrophic

Cell wall

Composed ofchitin

Reproduction

Sexual orasexual

Examples

Eukaryotic organisms suchas yeast and mushrooms

Flowchart 4 : Classification of Fungi

FlowchartsPlantae

Bryophyta

Simplestplants lacking

well-differentiatedbody design

Pteridophyta

Differentiatedplant body

lacking vasculartissue

Gymnospermae

Well-differentiated

plant body withvascular tissue for

conduction

Angiospermae

Bear nakedseeds

Thallophyta

Floweringplants, seeds

enclosed in fruits

Monocotyledons Dicotyledons

Seeds with single cotyledonsFibrous root system

Parallel venation of leaveFlowers with three (or

multiple of three) petals

Seeds with two cotyledonsTap root system

Reticulate venation of leavesFlowers with five (or multiple

of five) petals

Flowchart 1 : Classification of Plantae

Porifera

Coelenterata

Platyhelminthes

Nematoda

Annelida

Arthropoda

Mollusca

Echinodermata

Protochordata

Vertebrata

Body with numerous pores, cellular level of organization, hardexoskeleton and canal system

Radial symmetry, coelenteron between epidermis and gastrodermis.e g Hydra. ., (Solitary form) and corals (living in colonies)

Bilateral symmetry, dorsoventrally flattened, triploblastic andacoelomate body, free living ( . ., ) or parasitic ( . ., Tapeworm)e g Planaria e g

Bilateral symmetry, cylindrical body with pseudocoelom, segmentationand extensive organ differentiation. . .,e g Ascaris

Bilateral symmetry with true coelom, triploblastic, segmentation andextensive organ differentiation. . ., Earthworme g

Bilateral symmetry, segmented body, jointed legs and open circulatorysystem. Pila, Octopuse.g.,

Bilateral symmetry, soft body, open circulatory system and reducedcoelom. . ., Pila, Octopuse g

Spiny skin, calcareous skeleton, triploblastic, coelomate, marine andfree living, water vascular system is an important feature. . ., Starfishe g

Notochord at some or other stage of their life.e g Balanoglossus. .,

Notochord, dorsal nerve chord, pairedpharyngeal gill slits, triploblastic, bilateralsymmetry

ChordataTrue vertebral column and endoskeleton,complex body organization and differentiation

Animalia


Porifera

Coelenterata

Platyhelminthes

Nematoda

Annelida

Arthropoda

Mollusca

Echinodermata

Protochordata

Vertebrata

Body with numerous pores, cellular level of organization, hardexoskeleton and canal system

Radial symmetry, coelenteron between epidermis and gastrodermis.e g Hydra. ., (Solitary form) and corals (living in colonies)

Bilateral symmetry, dorsoventrally flattened, triploblastic andacoelomate body, free living ( . ., ) or parasitic ( . ., Tapeworm)e g Planaria e g

Bilateral symmetry, cylindrical body with pseudocoelom, segmentationand extensive organ differentiation. . .,e g Ascaris

Bilateral symmetry with true coelom, triploblastic, segmentation andextensive organ differentiation. . ., Earthworme g

Bilateral symmetry, segmented body, jointed legs and open circulatorysystem. Pila, Octopuse.g.,

Bilateral symmetry, soft body, open circulatory system and reducedcoelom. . ., Pila, Octopuse g

Spiny skin, calcareous skeleton, triploblastic, coelomate, marine andfree living, water vascular system is an important feature. . ., Starfishe g

Notochord at some or other stage of their life.e g Balanoglossus. .,

Notochord, dorsal nerve chord, pairedpharyngeal gill slits, triploblastic, bilateralsymmetry

ChordataTrue vertebral column and endoskeleton,complex body organization and differentiation

Animalia

Chapter - 8 : Health And Diseases

FlowchartsCauses of diseases

Biological agents

Nutrient agents

Chemical agents

Physical agents

Mechanicalagents

Example : Bacteria, virus, protozoa

Example : Deficiency of proteins, minerals and vitamins

Endogenous chemicals ( ., Urea, uric acid)e.g

Example : Temperature, humidity, radiation

Example : Friction or other mechanical forces causing injury or sprain

Exogenous chemicals ( Pollutants, pollens)e.g.,

Flowchart 1 : Five Causes of Diseases.


Diseases

Acute Non-infectiousChronic Infectious

Last for ashort time

Persist for along period

Do notcause major

healtheffects

Cause prolongedill health

Caused bymicrobes or otherinfectious agents

Have internal,non-infectious causes

Infectious agents suchas virus, bacteria, fungi,protozoans and worms

Flowchart 2 : Types of Diseases

Communicable Diseases

Air Sexual contactWater Food Vectors

Contaminatedfood withinfectious

agents

Coughing orsneezing ofan infected

person

Contaminateddrinking

water withinfectious

agents

Sexualcontacts with

infectedperson and

also throughblood

transfusion,infected

needles orduring

pregnancyand breast

feeding by aninfectedmother

Intermediateanimalscausing

spread ofdisease

e.g., Commoncold,

pneumonia,tuberculosis

e.g., Cholera e.g.,Vomitting,diarrhoea,abdominal

pain

e.g.,syphilis

AIDS,

e.g., Malaria

Flowchart 3 : How do communicable diseases spread ?

FlowchartsPrevention of Infectious Diseases

Maintaining publichealth hygiene

Availability of sufficientand balanced diet

Immunization

Safe drinking water

Clean environment

Spacious conditions forliving


Prevention of Infectious Diseases

Maintaining publichealth hygiene

Availability of sufficientand balanced diet

Immunization

Safe drinking water

Clean environment

Spacious conditions forliving

Flowchart : Prevention of infectious diseases

Chapter - 9 : Motion

Flowchart

Types ofMotion

OscillatoryMotion

RotationalMotion

TransnationalMotion

Rectilinear

RandomMotion

Circular

Curvilinear

Types of Motion

Chapter - 10 : Force And Laws Of Motion

Flowcharts

BalancedIf the resultant of all the forcesacting on a body is zero

UnbalancedIf the resultant of all the forcesacting on a body is not zero

Force

Force


Newton's Laws of Motion

Second Law

The rate of change ofmomentum of an objectis proportional to theapplied unbalancedforce in the direction offorce.

First Law

A body continues to bein a state of rest or in astate of uniform motionunless compelled by anexternal force to changeits state of rest or ofuniform motion.

Third Law

To every action, there isan equal and oppositereaction.

Newton’s Laws of Motion

Chapter - 11 : Gravitation

Flowchart

h = ut + ½gt2v = u + gt v u2 2= + 2gh

Equations of Motion

Equations of Motion

Know the formula

F = Gm × m1 2

R2Where 'g' isaccelerationdue to gravityg = 9.8 m/s2

or 10 m/s2

'G' is the universalgravitational constantwhose value is equal

to 6.67 × 10–11

Pressure

= ForceArea

Density of asubstanceis mass per unitvolume. Its unit is

(g/cm ) or (kg/m )3 3

Know the Formula

Relative density

=

Density ofa substanceDensity of

waterNm /kg2 2

Chapter - 12 : Floatation

FlowchartKnow the Formulae

Density = MassVolume

Unit of density(g/m ) Or (kg/m )

–3 3 Relative density =Density of substance

Density of waterForce = Mass ×

accelerationPressure =Thrust × Area


Density of an object < Density of liquid Object floats on the surface of liquid

Density of an object

Density of liquid

Liquid level

Gravity

Buoyancy

Density of an object > Density of liquid Object sinks in the liquid

Density of an object < Density of liquid Object floats on the surface of liquid

Density of an object

Density of liquid

Liquid level

Gravity

Buoyancy

Density of an object > Density of liquid Object sinks in the liquid

Chapter - 13 : Work And Energy

Flowcharts

Work is done when a force acting on a body produces displacement in it

A scalar quantity and its SI unit is joule (J)

Positive if angle between force and displacement is acute

Negative if angle between force and displacement is obtuse

Zero if displacement is zero

No work is done when a body moves in a circular path

Wo

rk

(W

=F

sco

s)�

Flowchart 1 : Work

Flowcharts

Energy

Capacity to do work

Kinetic energy Potential energy Mechanical energy

By virtue ofmotion of a

body

By virtue of position ofa body or changein configuration

P.E. = mgh

Transformation of energyChange of one form of energy into

another

Law of conservation of energyEnergy can neither be created nor be

destroyed but can be transformed fromone form into another.

K. E. = mv2

M.E. = K.E. + P.E.

12


Energy

Capacity to do work

Kinetic energy Potential energy Mechanical energy

By virtue ofmotion of a

body

By virtue of position ofa body or changein configuration

P.E. = mgh

Transformation of energyChange of one form of energy into

another

Law of conservation of energyEnergy can neither be created nor be

destroyed but can be transformed fromone form into another.

K. E. = mv2

M.E. = K.E. + P.E.

12

Flowchart 1 : EnergyFlowchart 1 : Energy

Energy

The ability todo work

Work

The transfer ofenergy

Flowchart 2 : Relation between work and energy

Know the Formula

KE = mv2 PE = mgh Law of conservation of

energy = +mv mgh2

= constant

Unit = Joule1 kJ = 1000 J

12 1

2

FlowchartKnow the Formula

Power = Unit = Watt(W) 1 W = 1 Js1 kilowatt = 1000 watts

1 kW = 1000 W1 kW = 1000 Js

–1

–1

1 K = 1 kW × 1h= 1000 W × 3600

= 3600000 J= 3.6 × 10 J

wh

s

6

WorkTime

w

t=

Chapter - 14 : Sound

FlowchartsWave motion produced by a vibrating sound.

Longitudinal wave as particles of medium move along the direction of wave

Medium is necessary for propagation of sound wave

Its speed depends on the nature and temperature of transmitting medium

Travels faster in solids than in air

Audible range for human being is 20 Hz to 20 kHz

Infrasound - frequency < 20 Hz; Ultrasound - frequency > 20 kHz

Gets reflected and follows the same law as the reflection of light

SO

UN

D


Wave motion produced by a vibrating sound.

Longitudinal wave as particles of medium move along the direction of wave

Medium is necessary for propagation of sound wave

Its speed depends on the nature and temperature of transmitting medium

Travels faster in solids than in air

Audible range for human being is 20 Hz to 20 kHz

Infrasound - frequency < 20 Hz; Ultrasound - frequency > 20 kHz

Gets reflected and follows the same law as the reflection of light

SO

UN

D

Flowchart 1 : Sound Waves

Wavelength ( )�

Amplitude (Power)

Time

One oscillation(Frequency is the number of

oscillations per second)

Flowchart 2 : Sound Wave

Crest

Wavelength

Distance

Trough

Dis

plac

emen

t

Flowchart 3 : Crest and Trough of a Transverse wave

Chapter - 15 : Natural Resources

Flowchar


Water Pollution

Definition Causes Effects Action Plans

Excessive amountof waste in thebodies of water ofthe world.

1. Dumping of wasteinto the sea.

2. Oil spills.3. Excessive use of

fertilizers andpesticides.

1. Life of marine life.2. Contamination of

water basedresources.

3. Flooding becomesdangerous to thenearby town.

1. Not to throwwaste into a river.

2. Recycle recyclableresources.

3. Reuse waste thatcan be reused.

Flowchart 1 : Water Pollution

Soil Formation

Weathering of rocks

SunWater

A chemical or physical process inwhich rocks exposed to the weatherare worn down.

Wind

Flowchart 2 : Soil Formation

FlowchartsBiogeochemical Cycles

Carbon Cycle Nitrogen CycleWater Cycle

Transpiration

Evaporation

Nitrogen fixation

Denitrification

Biogeochemical CyclesBiogeochemical Cycles

Too much greeenhousesgases

NitrogenOzone

Methane

Carbon dioxide

Causes

Global Warming

Drought

Famine

Melting ofIce caps

Damage to crops andhomes

No food/drink

Floods

CFCs

Aerosols

Spray Cans

Plant more trees to absorbcarbon dioxide

Cut down the usage of CFC

Increase in the averagetemperature of Earth’s

atmosphere

Effects

Solution

Global Warming

Global Warming


Chapter - 16 : Improvement In Food Resources

Flowcharts

Improvement inFood Crop Yields

A. Crop varietyimprovement

B. Crop productionmanagement

C. Crop protectionmanagement

Improvement in Food Crop Yields

Animal Husbandry2. Poultry farming 3. Fish farming

1. Cattle farming

4. Bee-keeping

Animal Husbandry

chapter - 1 : matter in our surroundings science-9_flowcharts.pdfchapter - 1 : matter in our...

Documents