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Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first . If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their custody, their day or night care, their health care, their education—listen to the children, learn about them, learn from them. Think of the children first. Por favor pensar primero en los niños. Si tiene algo que ver con su entretenimiento, su comida, sus juguetes, su custodia, cuidados durante el día o noche, cuidado de su salud, su educación, escucha a los niños, aprender sobre ellos, aprender de ellos. Pensar primero en los niños. -Fred Rogers- ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

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Page 1: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Chapter 1Starting the Process

Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their custody, their day or night care, their health care, their education—listen to the children,

learn about them, learn from them. Think of the children first.

Por favor pensar primero en los niños. Si tiene algo que ver con su entretenimiento, su comida, sus juguetes, su custodia, cuidados durante

el día o noche, cuidado de su salud, su educación, escucha a los niños, aprender sobre ellos, aprender de ellos. Pensar primero en los niños.

-Fred Rogers-

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 2: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Early childhood teaching philosophy1. The early education profession

is important because

2. Quality early education means

3. To ensure a successful early educational experience, children should have

4. Children learn best by

5. The physical environment of the early education classroom should

6. The most important quality that a teacher can have is

7. The most important thing a teacher needs to know about a child is

8. Play is important for young children because

1. La profesión de educación temprana es importante porque

2. Educación temprana de calidad significa

3. Para asegurar una exitosa experiencia educativa temprana, los niños deben tener

4. Los niños aprenden mejor por

5. El entorno físico de las aulas de educación temprana deben

6. La cualidad más importante que puede tener un maestro es de

7. Lo más importante que un profesor necesita saber acerca de un niño es

8. El juego es importante para los niños pequeños porque

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 3: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Early childhood teaching philosophy9.Curriculum and

classroom planning are important because

10. Schedules and routines in an early childhood setting are important because

11. Active participation of families in an early childhood program is important because

12. I want to be a teacher (or I am a teacher) because

9.El currículo y planificación de aula son importantes porque

10. Los horarios y las rutinas en una clase de la primera infancia son importantes porque

11. Participación activa de las familias en un programa de la primera infancia es importante porque

12. Quiero ser un maestro(a) (o yo soy un maestro(a)) porque

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 4: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Early Childhood Education

Birth through age eight

Desde el nacimiento hasta la edad de ocho años

Environment is critical

El ambiente es critico

Teacher’s knowledge and skills-crucial

Conocimiento del maestro y habilidades-crucial

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 5: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Early Childhood Education

Child-centered curriculum

Curricula centrada en los ninos

Has a rich history (p.5)

Tiene mucha historia

Advocacy

An attitude that encourages professionals, parents, and other caring adults to work together on behalf of young children

Una actitud que anima a profesionales, padres y otros adultos a trabajar juntos en nombre de los niños pequeños

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 6: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Developmental Theorists

Erik Erikson –Psychosocial

Jean Piaget – Cognitive Development

Lev Vygotsky- Sociocultural

Howard Gardner – Multiple Intelligences

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 7: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Psychosocial Theory

Eight stages

First four stages most relevant to ECE

Basic trust vs. mistrust (0-1 yr)

Begins to trust parent and develops self-confidence

Comienza a confiar en los padres y se desarrolla confianza en sí mismo

If caregiver is unresponsive can develop a sense of mistrust

Si es insensible al cuidador pueden desarrollar un sentimiento de desconfianza

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 8: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Psychosocial Theory

Eight stages Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (2-3 yrs.)

Gains independence from caregiver by walking, talking and toilet training

Adquiere independencia del cuidador por caminar, hablar y esfínteres

Child can develop a sense of shame on abilities

Niño puede desarrollar un sentido de vergüenza en las habilidades

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 9: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Psychosocial Theory

Initiative vs. guilt (4-5 yrs)

Child initiates activities to meet larger goals

Niño inicia actividades para cumplir con metas más grandes

Child can learn guilt that own results are in conflict with parent

Niño puede aprender culpa propias resultados están en conflicto con los padres

Industry vs. inferiority (6-12 yrs)

Sense of industry emerges when comparison in favorable

Sentido de industria surge cuando comparación favorable

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 10: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Psychosocial Theory

When comparisons are unfavorable a sense of inferiority can develop

Cuando las comparaciones son desfavorables puede desarrollar un sentimiento de inferioridad

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 11: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Cognitive Theory

How young children learn Constructivism Assimilation Schema/schemata Accommodation Equilibrium Constructivism

Other terms-object permanence, egocentric, symbolic thinking

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 12: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Cognitive Theory

Cómo los niños pequeños aprenden constructivismo

asimilación

esquema/esquemas

alojamiento

equilibrio

constructivismo

otros términos: permanencia del objeto, egocéntrico, pensamiento simbólico

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 13: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Cognitive Theory (continued)

Stages

Sensorimotor (birth to about 2 years)

Sensorimotor infants are unable to verbalize their needs, therefore their level of knowledge can be approximated by observing the way they sense stimuli and use motor behavior to demonstrate it

Object permanence

sensoriomotora: (nacimiento a 2 años) Bebes sensoriomotora son incapaces de verbalizar sus necesidades, por lo tanto su nivel de conocimiento se puede aproximar mediante la observación de la forma de percibir estímulos y usar conducta motora para demostrar permanencia del objeto

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 14: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Cognitive Theory (continued)

Stages

Preoperational (about 2 to 7 years)

Preoperational operations are “ways of manipulating objects in relation to each other, such as arranging them in a series according to size or putting them in classes according to color”

Egocentric

Preoperacional operaciones son "formas de manipular objetos en relación con los demás, tales como disponerlos en una serie según tamaño o poniéndolos en clases según el color"

egocéntrico

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 15: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Cognitive Theory (continued)

Stages

Concrete operations (7 to 12 years)

children not only gain greater command of the notions of conservation and reversibility, they also become capable of decentering their attention, of recognizing the way two or more dimensions of an event interact to produce a given result” (Thomas, 2005, p.207).

los niños no sólo adquieren mayor dominio de las nociones de conservación y reversibilidad, son también capaces de descentrar la atención, de reconocer la forma dos o más dimensiones de un evento interactúan para producir un resultado determinado"(Thomas, 2005, p.207).

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 16: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Sociocultural Theory

Learning is socially constructed Zone of proximal development

Scaffolding

Children’s thinking is influenced by language and culture.

Language is a powerful tool that we all use when thinking.

Children take the social speech spoken by people around them and turn it into their own private speech.

Teachers must be excellent observers

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 17: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Sociocultural Theory

Aprendizaje es socialmente construido zona de desarrollo próximo andamios niños pensar está influenciado por la

lengua y la cultura. Lenguaje es una poderosa herramienta

que todos usamos al pensar. Niños tomar el discurso social hablado por

personas que los rodean y convertirlo en su propio discurso privado.

Los maestros deben ser observadores excelentes

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 18: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Multiple Intelligences

one form of intelligence is not better than another

individual differences in children need to be taken very seriously

• cross-cultural exploration of the ways individuals are intelligent

• Verbal linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligences are well known and valued

• All intelligences must be addressed and celebrated

Types of Intelligence:

p.101. Verbal-Linguistic

Intelligence

2. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

3. Musical-Rhythmic Intelligence

4. Visual-Spatial Intelligence

5. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence

6. Interpersonal Intelligence

7. Intrapersonal Intelligence

8. Naturalist Intelligence

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 19: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Multiple Intelligences

una forma de inteligencia no es mejor que otra

de las diferencias individuales en los niños deben tomarse muy en serio

intercultural exploración de las formas particulares son inteligente

Verbal lingüística y lógico-matemática inteligencias son bien conocidos y apreciados

todas las inteligencias deben ser abordadas y celebradas

Types of Intelligence:

p.101. Inteligencia verbal-

lingüística

2. inteligencia lógico-matemática

3. inteligencia Musical-rítmica

4. inteligencia Visual-espacial

5. inteligencia corporal-kinestésica

6. inteligencia Interpersonal

7. inteligencia Intrapersonal

8. inteligencia naturalista

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 20: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Multiple Intelligences (continued) This theory provides a framework for teachers to:

1. identify how children learn to build on their strongest assets

1. identificar cómo los niños aprenden a construir sobre sus activos más Fuertes

2. help children become more intelligent by exposing them to a variety of ways of learning

1. ayudar a los niños a ser más inteligentes exponiéndolas a una variedad de formas de aprendizaje

3. better individualize for children’s interests and needs

1. individualizar mejor las necesidades y los intereses de los niños

4. use teaching strategies that make learning more appropriate, successful, and enjoyable for all children

1. utilizar estrategias de enseñanza aprendizaje más apropiada, exitosa y agradable para que todos los niños

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 21: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Developmentally Appropriate Practices

Age appropriate (Edad Apropiada)

Infants, toddlers, preschoolers, primary

Individually appropriate (Apropiado Individual)

Every child is unique

Culturally and linguistically appropriate (Apropiado cultural y linguistico)

Inclusiveness

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 22: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Child Development and Learning

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Age Characteristics Teacher’s Role

Infancy • Explore with all their senses• Are acutely aware of environment• Learn by moving around• Develop emotional attachments

• Show pleasure in caring• Establish special relationships• Modify behavior• Synchronize interactions• Build trust• Culturally sensitive• Daily communication• Provide a safe environment

Two • Develop mobility, autonomy, and self-help skills• Grow and learn rapidly

• Provide a safe, consistent, child-centered environment

• Build trust in relationships

Three • Experience frustration• Engage in extensive conversations• Reality/Fantasy• Find it difficult to cooperate in games

• Respect growing skills• Be mindful of recent developments• Understand the need for repetition

Page 23: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Child Development and Learning (continued)

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Age Characteristics Teacher’s Role

Four • High energy levels• Increased fine and gross motor

control• Have more self-confidence• Develop a higher level of language• Use play as a social activity• Enjoy solitary activities

• Observe • Set up environment to match

skills• Meet children where they are• Scaffold learning

Five • More social• Have best friends• Enjoy small groups• Experiment with language• Show more self-control• Need to explore• Improved self-regulation

• Influence behavior• Encourage curiosity• Set limits• Facilitate learning for all• Create the appropriate

environment

• Encourage curiosity,

Page 24: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Child Development and Learning (continued)

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Age Characteristics Teacher’s Role

Six to Eight • Increased mastery in all domains

• Think both logically and systematically

• Develop dramatic language and communication skills

• Expand expressive vocabulary

• Are extremely curious• Are able to be more

empathetic – perspective taking

• Can be very sensitive

• Provide guidance, affection, encouragement, and protection

• Keep communication with families open

Page 25: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Individual Appropriateness

Child’s needs Child’s strengths Child’s interests

Necesidades, intereses, fuertes del niño

Data is collected through observation, assessment strategies and documentation

Los datos se recogen a través de la observación, estrategias de evaluación y documentación

Information helps to create a child-centered curriculum

La información ayuda a crear un currículo centrado en el niño

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 26: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Individual Appropriateness

Put yourself in the child’s place –ask relevant questions

Ponte en preguntas pertinentes del niño posicional preguntar

Be reflective; listen to the children Ser reflexivo; Escucha a los niños

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 27: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Social and Cultural Appropriateness

Eliminate bias

Reject beliefs or feelings that result in unfair treatment

Rechazar las creencias o sentimientos que resultan en trato injusto

Create anti-bias

Challenge prejudices and stereotypes

Desafío de prejuicios y estereotipos

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 28: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Social and Cultural Appropriateness

Create an inclusive classroom

Crear un aula inclusivo

Provide equal and fair teaching and learning experiences for all

Proporcionar iguales y justas de enseñanza y experiencias de aprendizaje para todos

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 29: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Play

Play is the core of developmentally appropriate practice El juego es el núcleo de prácticas apropiadas

Play is the foundation for the curriculum El juego es la base para el plan de estudios

Threats to play Teachers, administrators, policy-makers, and families who do not

understand the importance Los maestros, administradores, responsables políticos y familias que no

entienden la importancia

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 30: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Play

Push-down of curricula expectations Empujar hacia abajo de las expectativas de los planes de estudio

Social and economic factors Factores sociales y económicos

Lack of time and opportunity Falta de tiempo y oportunidad

Electronic competition Competencia electronica

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 31: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Play: Essential for All Children

Play enhances all developmental domains—physical, social, cognitive, emotional, creative

Juego mejora todos los dominios del desarrollo — físico, social, cognitivo, emocional, creativo

Play inspires imagination, creativity, exploration, self-confidence, more play

Juego inspira la imaginación, creatividad, exploración, confianza en sí mismo, más juego

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 32: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Play: Essential for All Children

Play enhances problem solving, new skills, self-esteem, and sense of security

Juego mejora la resolución de problemas, nuevas habilidades, autoestima y sentido de seguridad

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 33: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Parten’s Developmental Stages of Play

• Unoccupied behavior During infancy child watches anything of momentary

interest

Durante la infancia niño ve algo de interés momentáneo

• Onlooker play Place themselves within speaking distance of the activity

Se colocan dentro de habla de distancia de la actividad

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 34: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Parten’s Developmental Stages of Play

• Solitary play Plays independently without regard to what other children

are doing

Juegos de forma independiente sin tener en cuenta lo que están haciendo otros niños

• Parallel play Focus is on the object rather than another child

Foco está en el objeto en lugar de otro niño

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 35: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Parten’s Developmental Stages of Play

• Associative play 2-3 children use the same materials but in different ways

2-3 niños utilizan los mismos materiales pero de diferentes maneras

• Cooperative play Organized for some purpose

Organizada para algún propósito

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 36: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Theorists and Play

Erickson Play helps develop cooperative relationships

Juego ayuda a desarrollar relaciones de cooperación

Piaget Practice play

Symbolic play

Games with rules

Lev Vygotsky Social play helps child “interpret the world”

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 37: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Fostering PlaySome Tips for Teachers

Play is neurological therefore is critical to brain growth El juego es neurológico, por tanto, es fundamental

para el crecimiento cerebral

Be aware of current research and resources that validate the importance of play. Ser conscientes de la actual investigación y recursos

que validan la importancia del juego.

Create a positive place for play Crear un lugar positivo para el juego

Provide open-ended materials and activities Proveer actividades y materiales de composición

abiertos

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 38: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Fostering Play Some Tips for Teachers Introduce age-appropriate play activities and

materials Introducir materiales y actividades de juego apropiado para

la edad

Provide time for play Proporcionar tiempo para jugar

Respect individual differences in play Respetar las diferencias individuales en el juego

Respect and provide for cultural diversity in play Respetar y proveer para la diversidad cultural en

el juego Observe children’s play and learn about them

Observar a los niños jugar y aprende sobre ellos

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 39: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Communication with Families

Build a collaborative partnership

Construir una asociación colaborativa

Establish positive communication between home and school

Establecer una comunicación positiva entre hogar y escuela

Be responsive to the cultural and linguistic differences of children and their families

Ser sensible a las diferencias culturales y lingüísticas de los niños y sus familias

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 40: Chapter 1 Starting the Process Please think of the children first. If you ever have anything to do with their entertainment, their food, their toys, their

Communication with Families

Share goals

Metas compartidas

Use a variety of methods to communicate with and involve families in programs

Usar una variedad de métodos de comunicarse con e involucrar a las familias en el programa

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.