chapter 10 dna and rna. 10.1 dna deoxyribonucleic acid experiments –griffith – mice!! pneumonia...
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10.1 DNADeoxyribonucleic Acid
• Experiments– Griffith –
• MICE!!• pneumonia• Determined that some how the harmful strain
infected the harmless• Discovered Transformation
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Oswald Avery• What caused transformation?
• Different enzymes to try and stop transformation.
• Deoxyribonuclease , no transformation.
• Taking place in the DNA!!!
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Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase• Studied viruses or bacteriophages. (made
of DNA or RNA and a protein shell)
• Used radioactive markers on the protein shell and the DNA to see what is passed…found that genetic material was in the DNA.
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10.2 DNA STRUCTURE
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James Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalind Franklin
• Discovered the double helix structure.
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Structure of DNA
• 3 Main parts of the nucleotide– Deoxyribose – 5 carbon sugar– Phosphate– Nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine,
thymine)
• Double Helix • Chargaff’s rule (base pairing)
– Guanine – cytosine– Adenine - thymine
• Held together by hydrogen bonds
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• Purines • Pyrimidine
AdenineGuanine
ThymineCytosine
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10.3 Chromosomes and DNA replication
• Prokaryotes – DNA in cytoplasm
• Eukaryotes – DNA in nucleus– DNA extremely long!!!
• Human DNA actual size is 3 meters long• Chromosome 13 has a DNA segment 3.2 cm long
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DNA Replication
• Use rules of base pairing– Original = GTTACCATG creates new strand
CAATGGTAC.
• At any point DNA can begin replication (replication fork)
• Helicases separate the DNA strands.• Enzyme called DNA polymerase start the
replication• Semi-conservative – not all of it is new.• Replicates in both directions until done, read in
only one direction.
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Errors in Replication
• Mutation
• Proofreading and repair can prevent this.
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10.4 RNA and Protein Synthesis
• Flow of genetic info
• DNA RNA Protein
• Transcription translation protein synthesis
• Fig 10-12
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• Differences between DNA and RNA
DNA RNA
Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose
Shape Double stranded Single Strand
Nitrogenous
Bases
Cytosine – Guanine
Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine-Guanine
Uracil - Adenine
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Types of RNA
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) – carry copies of instruction from DNA
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – part of ribosome’s where proteins are assembled.
• Transfer RNA (tRNA) – Transfers each amino acid to ribosome from codes.
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• Transcription– Starts with RNA polymerase that finds a
promoter on the DNA.– Separates strand of DNA, makes a copy
(mRNA), then DNA returns to normal– RNA Editing (pre-mRNA)
• Not all RNA strands are perfect, some have introns and exons.
• Introns are useless parts, exons are good parts, introns are removed and exons are pushed together to form one whole sequence, then capped.
– mRNA is formed until reaches a terminal signal
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• Genetic code– Codon - Sets of 3– UCGCACGGU = UCG CAC GGU =
serine – histidine – glycine
Pg 207
One represents start (methionine , AUG, 3 represents stop)
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Translation• Decoding of mRNA
• Pg 208 (know process, find tRNA, mRNA, ribosome, nucleus, polypeptide chain, codon, anticodon.
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In your Notes• Write
TACAATGCTCAAACT
• 1. mRNA Strand to match
• And Decode