Chapter 2: MEDICAL TERMINOLOGYMrs. Spearman

Room 300

THE HUMAN BODY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

Objectives:I can:Define anatomy, physiology, and

pathology.Define the term anatomical position.Define dthe directional terms and sections

(planes) used in describing the body and the relationship of body parts to one another.

List the major cavities of the body and the subdivisions of each.

Anatomic Direction SystemUsed to describe the locations of the

organs of the bodyThe simplest anatomical direction we

already know is LEFT AND RIGHTThere are several additional ways to

describe the location of body parts. These anatomical reference systems include:

Body DirectionsBody PlanesBody cavities

What is Anatomy and Physiology?Anatomy-the study of the parts of the bodyPhysiology-the study of the function of the

body parts

What is anatomical position?A reference position, the body is standing

with the arms at the sides and palms turned forward.

Anatomical Directions Superior—above Inferior—below

Cephalic—toward the head Caudal—toward the feet

Anterior—in front of , front Posterior—behind, back

Ventral—front Dorsal—back

Medial—toward the middle Lateral—away from the midline, side

Proximal—situated nearest the midline

Distal—situated farthest from the midline

Planes or Body Sections Fig. 2.3Sagittal plane—divides the body into right

and left sectionsMidsagittal—plane that divides into two

equal right and left sectionsFrontal (coronal) plane—divides the body

into anterior and posterior sectionsTransverse plane—horizontal plane that

divides the body into upper and lower sections

Directions and planes of the body.

Write It! Anterior vs. Posterior

Answer the questions as if you were standing in anatomical position.

1. The bulgy part of your elbow is located on the ____________________________ side of the arm.

2. Your fingernails are located on the _______________________ side of the finger.

 

3. Your kneecap is located on the _______________________ side of the body.

 

4. Your naval is located on the ________________________ side of the body.

 

5. Your gluteal region (buttocks) is located on the ________________ side of the body.

Write It! Superior vs. Inferior

1.The knee is ____________________ to the hip bones. 2.The shoulder is _____________________ to the elbow. 3. The lips are _______________________ to the nose. 4. The elbow is ____________________ to the hand. 5. The chest is ___________________ to the abdomen.

Body Cavities Fig. 2.5Ventral cavity

Thoracic cavityMediastinum—midportion of thoracic cavityPleural cavities—right lung located in right pleural

cavity, left lung in left pleural cavityAbdominopelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen

Pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and lower part of the intestine9 regions Four quadrants

Body Cavities cont.Dorsal cavity

Cranial cavity contains brainSpinal cavity contains spinal cord

Major Body Cavities

9 regions of the abdominopelvic cavity

4 Regions of the and Abdomen

Structures of the BodyCellsTissuesOrgansBody systems

CellsThe smallest units of the body.Cells are grouped together to form tissues.Cytology is the study of cells.

Genetic DisordersAlso known as hereditary disorders, are diseases or

conditions caused by a defective gene.Cystic fibrosis affects both the respiratory and

digestive system.Down syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is a

genetic syndrome characterized by varying degrees of mental retardation and multiple physical abnormalities.

Hemophilia is a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which one of the factors needed to clot the blood is missing. Genetic transmission is usually from mother to son.

Huntington’s disease, is a hereditary disorder passed from parent to child means it can be passed on by just one parent. Symptoms appear in midlife and cause irreversible and progressive weakness of muscle fibers.

Phenylketonuria is a genetic disorder in which an essential digestive enzyme is missing. PKU can cause severe mental retardation if not treated.

Genetic Disorder cont.Sickle cell anemia is a group of inherited

red blood cell disorders.Tay-Sachs disease is a hereditary disease

in which a missing enzyme in the brain causes progressive physical degeneration, mental retardation, and early death.

Communicable DiseaseCommunicable disease (Contagious

disease)—transmitted from one person to another person either by direct or by indirect contact with contaminated objectsExample: Flu, AIDS, chicken pox

Disease TransmissionIndirect contact transmission—When a person

is infected by contact with a contaminated surfaceBloodborne transmission—the spread of a

disease through contact with blood or other body fluidsExample: HIV or STD

Airborne transmission—occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets (coughing or sneezing)Examples: Tuberculosis, colds, flu

Food-borne and waterborne transmission (fecal-oral transmission)—caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water

Outbreaks of DiseasesEpidemiologist—a specialist that studies

outbreaks of disease within a populationEndemic—the ongoing presence of a

disease within a population, group, or areaExample: Common cold in the general population

Epidemic—Sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population or areaExample: Sudden widespread outbreak of

chicken pox in children in LouisianaPandemic—an outbreak of a disease

occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwideExample: worldwide spread of Swine Flu