Chapter 21Sect ion 1-2

CIVIL RIGHTS

1950’S-60’S

Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 Separate but equal did not violate 14 th amendment

Jim Crow Laws = Separating the races “Whites Only” “Colored Water”-All black neighborhoods-forbade interracial marriage-everything separate

Job Competition

WWII = New opportunities / Armed forces

SEGREGATION

NAACP = led desegregation campaign Thurgood Marshall = law student Dedicated his life to fighting racism Schools 29 / 32 cases won

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka8 year old Linda Brown was denied entry to an all white school right next to her house. Supreme court said Segregation is unconstitutional violated 14th amendment Chief Justice Earl Warren

COURTS

“The people of Georgia will not comply with the decision of the court……”

1955 Brown II = School desegregation implemented immediately

Arkansas Governor = Orval Faubus for segregation he ordered National guard to keep them out NAACP

“Little Rock Nine” 1957 Central High School https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-MksNGcNzKc http://www.teachertube.com/video/eyes-on-the-prize-little-rock-nine-94820

REACTION

Eisenhower has to react National Guard under federal control Sent there and attended class with them

Central High Closes

1957 Civil Rights Act

Gave Attorney General more power over school desegregation

Federal government jurisdiction over violation of voting rights for African Americans

CONT.

December 1955

Rosa Parks Seamstress

NAACP Offi cer

Took a seat in the front row “colored section”

Bus filled = Refused to move Arrested http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZhSNiTQuqo

Bus Boycott Montgomery, Alabama 381 days

Martin Luther King Jr. Lead the group 26

1956 Supreme Court

outlawed bus segregation

MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8QXNyCvDP4Fourteen-year-old Emmett Till was visiting relatives in

Money, Mississippi, on August 24, 1955, when he reportedly fl irted with a white cashier at a grocery store. Four days later, two white men kidnapped Till, beat him and shot him in the head. The men were tried for murder, but an all-white, male jury acquitted them.

Till's murder and open casket funeral galvanized the emerging Civil Rights Movement.

EMMETT TILL

Non-violent resistance = “Soul Force” Civil Disobedience = Refusal to obey an unjust law

Massive demonstrations A. Philip Randolph

Southern Christian Leadership Conference = SCLC Carry out nonviolent crusades against the evil of 2nd class

citizens Protests / Demonstrations

Churches as base

MLK JR. MOVEMENT

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee = SNCC National Protest Group

Sit-ins Sat at segregated lunch counters Refused to leave Greensboro N.C. = Woolworths TV Beating, jeering, pouring food over students

Refused to strike back

DEMONSTRATIONS

1961 Alabama White racists Attacked buses, smashed windows, fire bombs Kennedy = 400 U.S. marshals sent to protect the riders Banned segregation in all interstate travel facilities

FREEDOM RIDERS

September 1962 University of Mississippi

All White

James Meredith African American won a court

case that allowed him to enroll

Governor James Barnett Refused to let him register

“We will never surrender

Kennedy Orders marshals to escort

him to register

Campus riots 2 deaths Thousands of soldiers 200 arrests 15 hours

In the end he kept attending

OLE MISS

1963Birmingham

Most segregated city Demonstrations May 2

1000+ African-American children marched 959 arrested

May 3 2nd Children’s crusade Fire hoses Attack dogs Clubs TV

Finally ended segregation

ALABAMA

1963Kennedy outraged

Sends troops Governor George Wallace

Forced to desegregate University of Alabama

Civil Rights Bill Equal access to all public accommodations Attorney General

Power to file school desegregation suits

KENNEDY TAKES A STAND

August 28, 1963 250,000+ people

75,000 whites

Washington Monument to Lincoln Memorial

Martin Luther King Jr. “I Have a Dream”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vDWWy4CMhE

MARCH TO WASHINGTON

Freedom Summer College Students Non-violent Resistance Register Voters KKK = murders,

destruction of homes / businesses

Selma Campaign Protests – to Montgomery 600+ Police

Whips, clubs, tear gas

Johnson sends Congress a bill immediately

Voting Rights Act 1965 Eliminated literacy tests Federal examiners could

enroll those who were denied

VOTING