chapter 25: stars and galaxies i. stars a. advancements in astronomy nicholas copernicus tycho braye...
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 25:STARS AND GALAXIES
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I. STARS
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A. ADVANCEMENTS IN ASTRONOMY
• NICHOLAS COPERNICUS
• TYCHO BRAYE
• JOHANNES KEPLER
• GALILEO
• NEWTON
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B. THE SUN• THE ONLY STAR IN OUR
SOLAR SYSTEM
• MADE MOSTLY OF HYDROGEN AND HELIUM
• MAKES UP 99.86% OF THE MATTER IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
*see board for drawing
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C. STARS
1. BRIGHT, HOT SPHERES OF GAS
2. SOME STARS APPEAR BRIGHTER THAN OTHERS
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C. STARS(cont.)
• The color of a star indicates its temperature.
• Astronomers study the composition of stars by observing their spectra (its visible light color break down).
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1) MAIN SEQUENCE STARS
• BLUE 25,000-50,000
• BLUE-WHITE 11,000-75,000
• WHITE 6,000-7,500
• YELLOW 5,000-6,000
• ORANGE 3,500-5,000
• RED 3,000-3,500
*All in degrees Celsius
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2) VARIABLE STARS
• STARS THAT EXPAND AND CONTRACT (CAUSING THEM TO GIVE OFF DIFF. AMTS. OF LIGHT)
• MULTIPLE STAR SYSTEM
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D. LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR• NEBULA
• MAIN SEQUENCE
• GIANTS
• WHITE DWARF
• NOVA
• NEUTRON STAR
• BLACK HOLE
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*see diagram on board
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II. GROUPINGS OF STARS
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A. SOLAR SYSTEM
B. CONSTELLATIONS
C. GALAXIES
(ELLIPTICAL, SPIRAL, & IRREGULAR)
D. CLUSTERS
E. UNIVERSE
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F. THEORY OF RELATIVITY
• A THEORY OF THE NATURE OF SPACE, TIME, AND MATTER
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2E=mc E=energy
m=mass
c=speed of light
(299,792,458 ² km/sec)
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***Einstein showed that mass is never lost, but it may change to energy or a different form of matter
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G. Big Bang Theory• States that a fireball
exploded 10-20 billion years ago and matter and energy spread apart in all directions.
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Big Bang Theory (cont.)• Materials from the explosion
formed clouds and from the clouds galaxies were formed during the next 1/2 billion years.
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• 1st generation stars= the first stars to form in a galaxy
• 2nd generation stars= form from the clouds of gas and dust from dying 1st generation stars
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H. SETI: Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
• Uses radio telescopes.
• They constantly listen to radio signals in hopes of receiving signals from outer space.
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THE END