The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem. Late 7th century.© Nordicphotos / Alamy. [Fig. 5-1]

Scale model of the Second Temple in Jerusalem as reconstructed by King Herod the Great. c. 19 BCE.

© Israel images / Alamy. [Fig. 5-2]

Jews praying at the Western Wall, Jerusalem.© Boaz Rottem / Alamy. [Fig. 5-3]

The Spoils of Jerusalem, relief from the Arch of Titus, Rome. c. 81.Marble relief. Height 6' 7" (2 m).

Werner Forman Archive. [Fig. 5-4]

The Spread of Christianity.[Map 5.1]

Last Supper, Sant’Apollinare Nuovo. c. 520.Mosaic.

Ravenna, Italy. Photo Scala, Florence - courtesy of the Ministero Beni e Att. Culturali. [Fig. 5-5]

The Good Shepherd. Late 3rd–early 4th century.Marble. Height 38-1∕2" (98 cm).

Museo Pio Cristiano, Vatican. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 5-6]

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus. 359.Grottoes of St. Peter, Vatican. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 5-7]

Head of Constantine, from a colossal statue that stood in the Basilica of Constantine, Rome (see Fig. 4.15). 313.

Marble. Height of head 8' 6" (2.59 m).Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome. Canali Photobank. [Fig. 5-8]

Adam and Eve, detail of Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus. 359.Marble.

Grottoes of St. Peter’s Basilica (Treasury Museum), Vatican, Vatican City.Scala, Florence. [Fig. 5-9]

Old St. Peter's Basilica, Rome. c. 320–30.Length of grand axis 835' (254.5 m), width of transept 295' (86.9 m). [Fig. 5-10]

Section view of a basilica-style early Christian church. [Fig. 5-11]

The Late Roman and Byzantine World.[Map 5.2]

Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom). 532–7. Istanbul (Constantinople). [Fig. 5-12]

Plan of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul. 532–537.Exterior dimensions 308' × 236' (93.9 × 71.9 m). [Fig. 5-13]

Supporting a dome. [Fig. 5-14]

Interior, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul. 532–537. Height of dome 183' (55.8 m). [Fig. 5-15]

Christ as the Good Shepherd. 5th century.Mosaic from the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, Italy.

Cameraphoto Arte, Venice. [Fig. 5-16]

Procession of Virgin Martyrs. c. 560.Mosaic.

Sant’Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 5-17]

San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy. c. 527–547.Diameter 112' (34.2 m). Scala, Florence. [Fig. 5-18]

Plan and section of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy. c. 527–547. [Fig. 5-19]

Interior looking toward apse, San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy. c. 527–547.Scala, Florence. [Fig. 5-20]

Justinian and His Court. c. 547.Mosaic.

San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy. © Cameraphoto, Venice. [Fig. 5-21]

Theodora and Retinue. c. 547.Mosaic.

San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy. © Cameraphoto, Venice. [Fig. 5-22]

Tenth-century ivory book cover depicting Gregory recording chants.The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 5-23]

The Way of the Dead, Teotihuacán, Mexico. 1st–6th century.Corbis/Zefa/H. Gratwohl. [Fig. 5-24]

Christ Pantocrator. c. 1080–1100.Mosaic.

Church of the Dormition, Daphne. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 5-25]

The Islamic World.[Map 5.3]

Qur’an page written in Kufi script, from Great Mosque, Kairouan, Tunisia. 950. Parchment, 9-4∕5" × 13-3∕4" (25 × 35 cm).

Bibliothèque Nationale, Tunis. AKG, London/Jean Louis Nou. [Fig. 5-26]

Great Ummayad Mosque, Damascus, Syria. c. 715.© Julian Love/JAI/Corbis. [Fig. 5-27]

Interior, Great Mosque of Córdoba, Spain. c. 736.© Paul Almasy/Corbis. [Fig. 5-28]

Great Mosque of Kairouan, Tunisia. 836 and after.Roger Wood/CORBIS. [Fig. 5-29]