Jacques-Louis David. The Death of Marat. 1793. Oil on canvas. 5' 3-3∕4" × 4' 2-3∕8" (1.62 × 1.28 m).

Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts, Brussels. Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 12-1]

Jean-Antoine Houdon. George Washington. 1786–1796.Marble. Life-size.

State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia. Virginia State Library and Archives. [Fig. 12-2]

Jacques-Louis David. Napoleon Crossing the Alps. 1800. Oil on canvas. 8' × 7' 7" (2.44 × 2.31 m).

Musée de Versailles. Reunion Des Musees Nationaux, Paris/Arnaudet; J. Schormans/Chateaux de Versailles et de Trianon. [Fig. 12-3]

Jean-François Chalgrin. Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile. 1806–1837.Paris. Photo © Paul M. R. Maeyaert, Mont de l'Enclus (Orroir), Belgium. [Fig. 12-4]

Pierre-Alexandre Vignon. La Madeleine. 1762–1829. Length 350' (106.7 m), width 147' (44.8 m), height of base 23' (7 m).

Paris. Photo © Paul M. R. Maeyaert, Mont de l'Enclus (Orroir), Belgium. [Fig. 12-5]

Marie Guillemine Benoist. Portrait of a Black Woman. 1800. Oil on canvas. 32" × 25-1∕2" (81 × 65 cm).

Louvre, Paris. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 12-6]

Antonio Canova. Pauline Bonaparte as Venus. 1808.Marble. Life-size.

Galleria Borghese, Rome. Scala, Florence/Luciano Romano - courtesy of the Ministero Beni e Att. Culturali. [Fig. 12-7]

Philip James de Loutherbourg. Coalbrookdale at Night. 1801. Oil painting.

Science Museum, London. Getty Images.[Fig. 12-8]

Eugène Delacroix. Faust Visits Marguerite in Prison. 1828Illustration from the French edition of Goethe's Faust. Private Collection, L/L.[Fig. 12-9]

Thomas Phillips. Lord Byron in Albanian Costume. 1814. Oil on canvas. 29-1∕2" × 24-1∕2" (75 × 62 cm).

Courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London.Government Art Collection/Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 12-10]

Eugène Delacroix. The Death of Sardanapalus. 1826.Oil on canvas. 12' 11 1∕2" × 16' 3" (3.95 × 4.95 m).

Louvre, Paris. © Photo Josse, Paris. [Fig. 12-11]

Eugène Delacroix. Liberty Leading the People. 1830. Oil on canvas. 8' 6" × 10' 8" (2.59 × 3.25 m). Louvre, Paris. © Photo Josse, Paris. [Fig. 12-12]

Marie Taglioni in La Sylphide Souvenir d'Adieu. c. 1832.Colour lithograph.

Bibliothèque des Arts Décoratifs, Paris.Bridgeman Art Library/Archives Charmet. [Fig. 12-13]

Andreas Geiger. A concert of Hector Berlioz in 1846. Contemporary engraving.AKG-images. [Fig. 12-14]

Francisco Goya. Executions of the Third of May. 1808, 1814–1815. Oil on canvas. 8' 8-3∕4" × 13' 3-3∕4" (2.66 × 3.45 m).

Prado, Madrid. The Art Archive. [Fig. 12-15]

Caspar David Friedrich. The Wanderer Above the Mists. c. 1817–1818.Oil on canvas. 29-1∕2" × 37-1∕4" (75 × 95 cm).Kunsthalle, Hamburg. akg-images. [Fig. 12-16]

John Constable. The White Horse. 1819. Oil on canvas. 51-3∕4" × 74-1∕8" (131.4 × 188.3 cm).

Frick Collection, New York. © Geoffrey Clements/Corbis. [Fig. 12-17]

Joseph Mallord William Turner. The Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying—Typhoon Coming On). 1842.

Oil on canvas. 35-3∕8" × 48-1∕4" (91 × 123 cm).Courtesy, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Henry Lillie Pierce Fund.

Photo © 2003. All rights reserved. [Fig. 12-18]

Albert Bierstadt. Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California. 1868. Oil on canvas. 5' 11" × 10' (1.83 × 3.05 m).

National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Art Resource/Scala, Florence. [Fig. 12-19]

Sir Charles Barry and A. W. Pugin. Houses of Parliament. London. 1840–1865. Length 940' (286.5 m).

A.F. Kersting/akg-images. [Fig. 12-20]

John Nash. Royal Pavilion. Brighton, England. 1815–1821.A.F. Kersting/akg-images. [Fig. 12-21]

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. Grande Odalisque. 1814. Oil on canvas. 36" × 63-3∕4" (91 × 162 cm).

Louvre, Paris. © Photo Josse, Paris. [Fig. 12-22]

Francisco Goya. The Sleep of Reason Brings Forth Monsters, from Los Caprichos.1796–1798.

Etching. 8 1∕2" × 6" (21.6 × 15.2 cm). British Museum, London. © The Trustees of the British Museum. [Fig. 12-23]

Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, shown in a miniature by Reginald Easton. Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. [Fig. 12-24]