Colosseum, Rome. c. 72–80 CE.Long axis 620' (189 m), short axis 513' (156 m), height 160' (49 m).

© BL Images Ltd / Alamy. [Fig. 4-1]

Scale model of ancient Rome. Museo della Civiltà, Rome. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 4-2]

Apollo, from the Portonaccio Temple, Veii. c. 520–500 BCE.Terracotta. Height 5' 9" (1.75 m).

Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia, Rome. Bridgeman Art Library, London. [Fig. 4-3]

The Roman Empire[Map 4.1]

Arch of Trajan, Benevento. 114–117.Marble. Height 51' (15.55 m).

Scala, Florence. [Fig. 4-4]

Augustus of Primaporta. c. 20 BCE.Marble. Height 6' 8" (2.03 m).

Vatican Museums, Rome. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 4-5]

Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace), Rome. 13–9 BCE. Marble, 36 × 33' (11 × 10 m). Andrea Jemelo AKG-Images. [Fig. 4-6]

Imperial Procession, detail of the Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome. 13–9 BCE.Marble relief. Height approx. 5' 3" (1.6 m).

Andrea Jemelo AKG-Images. [Fig. 4-7]

Plan of the imperial forums, Rome. [Fig. 4-8]

Apollodorus of Damascus, Basilica Ulpia, Forum of Trajan, Rome. 113. Restored perspective view of the central hall.

James E Packer. [Fig. 4-9]

Apollodorus of Damascus, Column of Trajan. 106–13.Marble. Height of base 18' (5.5 m), height of column 97' (29.6 m).

Rome. © Vincenzo Pirozzi. [Fig. 4-10]

Trajan Addressing His Troops (the Adlocutio), detail of Trajan’s Column. 113. Height of figures approx. 27-1∕2" (70 cm).

DAI, Rome. [Fig. 4-11]

Temple of Portunus (also known as Temple of Fortuna Virilis). Late 2nd century BCE.Rome. © Vincenzo Pirozzi. [Fig. 4-12]

Pont du Gard, near Nîmes, France. Late 1st century BCE.Stone. Height 162' (49.4 m).

Photo © Paul M. R. Maeyaert, Mont de l'Enclus (Orroir), Belgium. [Fig. 4-13]

The arch and its applications. [Fig. 4-14]

Basilica of Constantine (or Maxentius). c. 306–13.Brick and concrete.

Rome. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 4-15]

Pantheon, Rome. c. 120.Height of portico 59' (18 m).

© Vincenzo Pirozzi. [Fig. 4-16]

Pantheon, Rome. Plan and cross-section. [Fig. 4-17]

Cutaway view of the Pantheon. [Fig. 4-18]

Portrait of the Baker Terentius Neo and His Wife (formerly known as Portrait of a Magistrate and His Wife). Pompeii, Italy. Mid-1st century.

Fresco on plaster. 22-7∕8" × 20-1∕2" (58 × 52 cm).National Archaeological Museum, Naples. Fotografica Foglia. [Fig. 4-19]

Plan and reconstruction drawing, House of the Silver Wedding. Early 1st century CE. Pompeii, Italy. [Fig. 4-20]

Bust of Cicero. 1st century BCE. Marble. Life-size.

Uffizi, Florence. Scala. [Fig. 4-21]

The Dionysian Mysteries (detail), Villa of the Mysteries. c. 60 BCE. Pompeii, Italy. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 4-22]

Sosus, Unswept Floor (detail), Roman copy of Hellenistic original. 2nd century BCE. Mosaic.Vatican Museums, Rome. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 4-23]

Plan of the Theater of Marcellus, Rome. 23–13 BCE. [Fig. 4-3]

An ancient Roman theater (with modern restoration) at Sabratha, Libya. c. 180.Robert F. Sisson/Getty Images. [Fig. 4-25]

Gladiatorial contest, accompanied by orchestra.Mosaic from villa near Zilten, North Africa. c. 70.

Museum of Antiquities, Tripoli. © Roger Wood/CORBIS. [Fig. 4-26]

Death of the Buddha, detail of relief from Gandhara, Kushan.Late 2nd century to early 3rd century.

Dark gray-blue slate. Height 26-3∕8" (67 cm).Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. [Fig. 4-27]

The Spread of Buddhism.[Map 4.2]

Great Stupa at Sanchi, India. Mid-3rd century BCE.Scala, Florence. [Fig. 4-28]

Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius (ruled 161–180).Gilded bronze. Height 16' 8" (5.1 m).

Capitoline Museums, Rome. Canali Photobank. [Fig. 4-29]