CHAPTER 7: THE ROMANSThe Rise of Rome

GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY• Peninsula similar to Greece

• 750 miles long• Apennine Mountains divide Italy between east and west• Large fertile plains for farming

• 2 major ones• 1. Po River Valley in North• 2. Latium where Rome is located

• Apennine Mountains• Easy to navigate, therefore communities were not divided due to it

• Rome• Located inland but had the Tiber River to connect it to the sea for trading• Its location on Tiber River allowed for large amounts of foot traffic too

PEOPLE OF ITALY• 1500-1000BC

• Indo-European people moved into the area• Little known about them except they lived in Latium and spoke Latin• These “Latins” were herders and farmers living in the hills of Rome

• 750-550BC• Greeks began to colonize in the south• Moved up coast and also occupied Sicily• What did Greeks pass on? Alphabet, art, culture, farming, literature

• 650BC• Etruscans developed Rome beyond a small town• What did Etruscans pass on? The toga and structure of army

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC• Rome (753-509BC)• Under the control of 7 kings• Some kings were Etruscans• 509BC• Revolt from the Etruscans• Established the Roman Republic• Differences• Leader was not part of monarchy• Certain people had the right to vote

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC• Conquests of Rome

• 338BC• Defeated the Latin states

• 300BC• Defeated the people of the Apennine Mountains

• 264BC• Defeated the Greeks in Southern Italy

• Roman Confederation• Needed to rule all of Italy• Certain groups allowed to be Roman citizens• Were allowed to run own affairs but required to give soldiers to Rome• If Rome did well, these communities did too

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC• How was Rome able to be so successful?

• 1. Good Diplomacy• Gave incentives like citizenship to certain groups• Had ability to be firm and down right cruel when needed• Showing force earned them respect

• 2. Strength of Military• Persistent• Defeats never led them to quit• They simply rebuilt stronger ones• Creation of fortified towns allowed fro quicker movement through Republic

• 3. Law and Politics• Practical. Did not look for perfect empire but rather one that responded to

problems

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC• The Political Structure

• Divided into 2 groups• 1. Patricians

• Wealthy land owners• Became the ruling class

• 2. Plebeians• Less wealth landowners• Craftsmen, small farmers, and merchants

• Men from both groups had to pay taxes, serve in military, and could vote• Only men from Patricians could be elected to government offices

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC• The Government of Rome• The top officials were• 1. The consuls• 2 were elected every year and ran the government• Responsible for leading army into battle

• 2. The Praetors• In charge of civil law• Responsible for hearing court cases

THE ROMAN REPUBLICThe Roman Senate• Group of 300 Patricians• Responsible for advising government officials• Later responsible for creation of laws

• The Roman Republic• Responsible for electing the chief officials• Sub-group of the Senate• Wealthiest citizens had majority

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC• Struggle of the Orders

• Patricians vs. Plebeians• Forbidden to marry into opposite group• Led to creation of the council of plebs (471BC)• Council of Plebs

• Tribunes given power to protect plebs• In 300’s BC, groups were allowed to marry into each other• 287BC: Plebs allowed to pass laws for all of Rome

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC• Roman Law• 450BC: The 12 Tables• First code of Roman Law• Product of a simple farming society

• Law of Nations• Universal law based on reason• Innocent until proven guilty• Accused can present case before a judge• Judge expected to make a ruling based on evidence

ROMAN EXPANSION• Romans vs. Carthage• Carthage• Founded by the Phoenicians in 800BC• Massive Trading empire included:• Spain, Northern Africa, Sardinia, Corsica, and Sicily

• Sicily being so close to Italy made Rome nervous• Beginning in 264BC, war began between the 2 states

ROMAN EXPANSION• 1st Punic War

• 264-241BC• Romans send army to Sicily• Romans had superior land army but a weak navy• Eventually built up a navy• Defeated the Carthaginians in 241BC• Carthage gave up rights to Sicily

• Also had to pay Rome

ROMAN EXPANSION• 2nd Punic War (218-201BC)• Hannibal: The Great General of Carthage• Vowed revenge after the 1st Punic War• Wanted to invade Rome• 46,000 troops, horses, and 37 battle elephants• Trek across the Alps killed most elephants• 216BC, Romans met him at Cannae• Killed 40,000 Roman soldiers• Caused a revolt of cities in southern Italy

ROMAN EXPANSION• 2nd Punic War• Roman Reaction• Slowly built army back up• Could not handle Hannibal’s army in Italy• Decide to attack Carthage instead• First they removed all Carthaginians from Spain • By attacking Carthage, they forced Hannibal to leave Italy

and return

ROMAN EXPANSION• 2nd Punic War’

• Battle of Zama (202BC)• Roman general Scipio Africanus• Carthaginian General Hannibal• Rome crushes Carthage

• What did Rome get?• Spain became a Roman province• Rome became the super power of the Mediterranean

• What happened to Hannibal?• Fled Carthage • Was eventually chased down to Bithynia which is near Black Sea• Poisoned himself to avoid being captured

ROMAN EXPANSION• 3rd Punic War (150-146BC)

• Destruction of Carthage• Roman Emperor Cato demanded it• 10 day stretch in 146 of burning and demolishing the city of Carthage• 50,000 Carthaginians became slaves• Carthage becomes a Roman Province

• 4th Macedonian War (148BC)• Rome conquers Macedonia

• 146BC: Rome conquers Greece• 129BC: Rome makes Pergamum 1st province in Asia