greek and romans chapter 4

Hum 2220

Ms Owens1

Greece Humanism and the Speculative Leap(ca 3000ndash332 BCE)

ldquoWe are all Greeksrdquo Percy Bysshe Shelley (19th cen British Poet)

Humanists concerned with life

as it is lived here on earth

humanists of the ancient World

3

4

Greek city-states first emerged on islands and peninsulas in the Aegean Sea along the coast of Asia Minor and in southern Italy and Sicily

Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Minoan culture (1900-1300 bce)

Centered on the island of CreteLinear A (Minoans)

un-decipheredLinear B (Mycenaean )

bureaucratic and administrative purposes

5

Sir Arthur Evans the Excavation of the Palace at Knossos (1900)

With his American contemporary Harriet Boyd

6

Minotaur head of AriadneEvans was particularly drawn to Crete as one

such source of seals containing undeciphered early inscriptions

copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 7

Minoan Art

8

Frescos Ship Fresco from TheraMinos was a seafaring

cultureThera island near Crete

included a seaportThe Ship Fresco depicts

the seaport of Akrotiri Thera

This was clearly an important harbor in the sea lanes of the Mediterranean

Statuettes of Minos Snake GoddessThis statuette depicts a bare-

breasted women holding a snake in either hand

Snakes were the symbol of fertility preceding their interpretations as depictions of evil

The woman could be a priestess or a goddess

Style flounced skirt cat perching on her headdress

Technique faiumlence glazing earthenware by using a glass paste

11

Palace of Minos Knossos on the island of Crete ca 1500 bce

copy 12

The queenrsquos quarters

Palace of Minos Knossos Crete ca 1450 bce

Minoan Flying Fish fresco 14

15

Palace of Minos Knossos Crete

Palace of Minos Knossos Crete16

La ParisienneBoxing Boys

copy 17Palace of Minos Knossos Crete

18


Minoan ceramics

19

Minoan WomenWomen in Minoan culture had as important a

place as men and economically all prosperedmatrilineal

20

Volcanic Eruption

Santorini Islands

21

Legend of Atlantis

22

Minotaur Minoanrsquos mythA minotaur ndash a

monstrous half-man half ndashbull hybrid born of the union on Minosrsquo queen and a sacred white bull

23

Minoan ArtifactsSuggest the persistence of

ancient fertility cults honoring gods rationally associated with procreation

Mistress of AnimalsWomen gathering crocus

blossoms for the Mistress of Nature

Image of the Master of Animals from a Minoan stamp seal

25

Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)



Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold

By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people

28

Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)

Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought

they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops

I

30

Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -

Linear B Script

Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable

rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable

The palace at Mycenae 32

Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33

Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs

34

Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view

35

Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI

Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad

37

the entrance to the tomb of Atreus

38

Mycenaean Pottery

Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and

hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus

397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse

40

computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6

Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction

The city of Troy

Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)

More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean

The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society

Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks

Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege

The Heroic Age

(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization

It took three hundred years

before they were written down

The Iliad and Odyssey became the

ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus

(Homer gets credit)

The adventures of the Mycenaeans

and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey

copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E

HomerHomer gets credit

- The Iliad and The Odyssey

For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history

45

bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad

Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong

46

The Achaeans

47

Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army

Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the

younger brother of Agamemnon

His abduction of his wife Helen by the

Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan

War

Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask

Tomb V 16 BCE

48

Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor

Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris

The Trojans

Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city

Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered

49

Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus

The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some

way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus

Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)

Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak

Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region

52

Oracle at Delphi

Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary

for the Titan earth goddess Gaia

Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate

Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy

This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife

Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo

Upper left amphitheater

Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)

Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings

For complete plan see p 139

Perseus

Perseus with Medusas Head

Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54

Loggia dei Lanzi Florence

55

Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The

oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could

not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze

tower so that she would never marry or have children

Atlanta

She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear

56

Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then

prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather

57

Orpheus and Eurydice

Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years

58

Orpheus Son of God Apollo


Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece

Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain

Zeus (Dias)

Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods

Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women

Musee du Louvre Paris France

Hera Hera amp Zeus

National Archaeological

Museum Athens Greece

Sculpture Copenhagen

PortPoseidon ndash

Milos

Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea

Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture

Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens

Greece

Athena

Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie

Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece

Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia

Greece

British Museum London UK

Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young

Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face

Artemis - Draw

Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand

Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia

Greece

Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue

Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains

Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy

DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus

Demeter

Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward

Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly

Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a

votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple

of Ares in Athens

Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her

Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece

Aphrodite by Boticelli

Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre

Paris France

Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving

Hephaestus God of fire and the forge

Hephaestus - draw

Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths

Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and

charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and

home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and

happiness

Hestia State Hermitage Museum

StPetersburgRussia

The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed

the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by

Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient

world

Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica

Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in

the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple

The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-

Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek

temple in the world

Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central

among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on

the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain

The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic

building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was

begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of

the Peloponnesian war

The temple of Hera at Olympia is

one of the oldest monumental

temples in Greece protected by a

powerful terrace wall

The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the

most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the

center of Athens

The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the

Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred

years later

The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had

been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what

was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in

the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on

another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present

position in the Augustan period

Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite

was built in the beginning of the 7th

century

Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated

opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is

one of the few ancient remains to be found in the

Old Town of Rhodes

The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis

200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite

against the rising threat of the Persians

77

The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)

Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo

travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars

78

The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians

conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor

Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered

Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the

Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta

Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea

ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the

Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves

Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if

not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite

SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the

crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis

200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver

86

Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was

defeated

ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone

of superiority in the world especially the Athenians

The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire

The Spartan family The word spartan has

come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity

89

90

Spartan children were taught stories of courage and

fortitude

The boy who followed the Spartan code

Spartan Women


Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children

Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy

Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court

Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen

92

citizens owned at least one slave

Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as

domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers

Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC

93

Slavery in Ancient Greece

Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent

of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years

94

Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead

95

Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of

HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in

its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom

96

97

The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration

bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world

Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE

The Olympic Games (776 BCE)

All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets

bull Where did the name Marathon

come from

The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad

copy 101

Epidarus

Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama

Design of a Greek Theater

The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra


Festivals to worship Dionysus

(Aeschylus Sophocles

Euripides and Aristophanes)

Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather

small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats

The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events

Athens and the Greek Golden Age

Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community

106

Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend

107

William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870

After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial

108

When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb

His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her

109

But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon

The Queen stabbed herself in the heart

110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma

Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE

(The female Homer)(The female Homer)

Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the

ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where

she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite

Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero

He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he

who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing

laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can

speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under

my skin seeing nothing

hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat

trembling shakes my body

and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me

Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap

Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates

The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine

The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114

Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher

Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry

instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems

115

Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)

Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications

116

Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm

the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum

117

Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the

virtues of herbs plants and stones

spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies

118

Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth

around which five planets revolve

the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo

119

If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together

Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)

ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo

Hippocratic OathInvestigated the

influences of diets and environment on general health

120

Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist

Athenian high societylaws that banned women from

studying she cut her hair and dressed like

a manattended classes of famous

physician Herophilus

121

Sophists

The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists

122


Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)

He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding

124

He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb

Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787

Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito

The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution

He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile

126

He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle

Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)

The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon

one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)

The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice

128

Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great

Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)

In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism

131

Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle

argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean

What is the Golden Mean

132

Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness

Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior

Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct

133

AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean

The First Hospital There was nothing like a

hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing

134

votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of

scalpels and cupping instruments

The end




136

The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the

epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to

that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the

ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece

137

Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)

Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault


Presocratics

Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo


Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)

Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock


Neoplatonism

The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas


Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on

the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both

the Iliad and the Odyssey


Socrates and his Followers

A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs


The Sophists

Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene

recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career

copy144

Heracles

145

Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten

Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above


Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an

apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding

Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple

They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment

Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world

Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women

Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War

Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite

The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge

Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta

and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back

A ten-year war ensues

The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and

mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)

The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war

The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse

Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is

Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans

He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans

Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable

Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate

Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel

Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek

thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to

escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence

(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of

human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)

Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile

trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a

strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster

perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool

Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks

In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence

The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats

153

The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly

154

Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty

155

Types of Greek Drama

Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero

The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things

But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with

amusement Often a work with realistic ends

Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some

accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought

about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste

Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue

Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning

Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good


Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)

making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms

copy 159

Greece Humanism and the Speculative Leap(ca 3000ndash332 BCE)

ldquoWe are all Greeksrdquo Percy Bysshe Shelley (19th cen British Poet)




3

4






5



6




Minoan Art

8












11


copy 12




15





18


Minoan ceramics

19



20

Volcanic Eruption

Santorini Islands

21

Legend of Atlantis

22



23






25






28




I

30


Linear B Script






34


35



37


38

Mycenaean Pottery




40



The city of Troy






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159




3

4






5



6




Minoan Art

8












11


copy 12




15





18


Minoan ceramics

19



20

Volcanic Eruption

Santorini Islands

21

Legend of Atlantis

22



23






25






28




I

30


Linear B Script






34


35



37


38

Mycenaean Pottery




40



The city of Troy






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159

4






5



6




Minoan Art

8












11


copy 12




15





18


Minoan ceramics

19



20

Volcanic Eruption

Santorini Islands

21

Legend of Atlantis

22



23






25






28




I

30


Linear B Script






34


35



37


38

Mycenaean Pottery




40



The city of Troy






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159





5



6




Minoan Art

8












11


copy 12




15





18


Minoan ceramics

19



20

Volcanic Eruption

Santorini Islands

21

Legend of Atlantis

22



23






25






28




I

30


Linear B Script






34


35



37


38

Mycenaean Pottery




40



The city of Troy






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159



6




Minoan Art

8












11


copy 12




15





18


Minoan ceramics

19



20

Volcanic Eruption

Santorini Islands

21

Legend of Atlantis

22



23






25






28




I

30


Linear B Script






34


35



37


38

Mycenaean Pottery




40



The city of Troy






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159




Minoan Art

8












11


copy 12




15





18


Minoan ceramics

19



20

Volcanic Eruption

Santorini Islands

21

Legend of Atlantis

22



23






25






28




I

30


Linear B Script






34


35



37


38

Mycenaean Pottery




40



The city of Troy






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159












11


copy 12




15





18


Minoan ceramics

19



20

Volcanic Eruption

Santorini Islands

21

Legend of Atlantis

22



23






25






28




I

30


Linear B Script






34


35



37


38

Mycenaean Pottery




40



The city of Troy






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159

copy 12




15





18


Minoan ceramics

19



20

Volcanic Eruption

Santorini Islands

21

Legend of Atlantis

22



23






25






28




I

30


Linear B Script






34


35



37


38

Mycenaean Pottery




40



The city of Troy






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159


15





18


Minoan ceramics

19



20

Volcanic Eruption

Santorini Islands

21

Legend of Atlantis

22



23






25






28




I

30


Linear B Script






34


35



37


38

Mycenaean Pottery




40



The city of Troy






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159




18


Minoan ceramics

19



20

Volcanic Eruption

Santorini Islands

21

Legend of Atlantis

22



23






25






28




I

30


Linear B Script






34


35



37


38

Mycenaean Pottery




40



The city of Troy






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159

Minoan ceramics

19



20

Volcanic Eruption

Santorini Islands

21

Legend of Atlantis

22



23






25






28




I

30


Linear B Script






34


35



37


38

Mycenaean Pottery




40



The city of Troy






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159



20

Volcanic Eruption

Santorini Islands

21

Legend of Atlantis

22



23






25






28




I

30


Linear B Script






34


35



37


38

Mycenaean Pottery




40



The city of Troy






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159

Volcanic Eruption

Santorini Islands

21

Legend of Atlantis

22



23






25






28




I

30


Linear B Script






34


35



37


38

Mycenaean Pottery




40



The city of Troy






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159

Legend of Atlantis

22



23






25






28




I

30


Linear B Script






34


35



37


38

Mycenaean Pottery




40



The city of Troy






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159



23






25






28




I

30


Linear B Script






34


35



37


38

Mycenaean Pottery




40



The city of Troy






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159






25






28




I

30


Linear B Script






34


35



37


38

Mycenaean Pottery




40



The city of Troy






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159






28




I

30


Linear B Script






34


35



37


38

Mycenaean Pottery




40



The city of Troy






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159



I

30


Linear B Script






34


35



37


38

Mycenaean Pottery




40



The city of Troy






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159

30


Linear B Script






34


35



37


38

Mycenaean Pottery




40



The city of Troy






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159

Linear B Script






34


35



37


38

Mycenaean Pottery




40



The city of Troy






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159




34


35



37


38

Mycenaean Pottery




40



The city of Troy






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159


35



37


38

Mycenaean Pottery




40



The city of Troy






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159



37


38

Mycenaean Pottery




40



The city of Troy






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159

38

Mycenaean Pottery




40



The city of Troy






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159




40



The city of Troy






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159






The Heroic Age






(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159





(Homer gets credit)


and the Trojan War

Iliad

and

Odyssey





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159





45



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159



46

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159

The Achaeans

47






War


Tomb V 16 BCE

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159

48



The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159

The Trojans



49







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159







52

Oracle at Delphi











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159











Perseus




55





Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159

Atlanta


56



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159



57



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159



58





Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159



Zeus (Dias)




Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159



Hera Hera amp Zeus




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159




PortPoseidon ndash

Milos




Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159



Greece

Athena




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159




Greece




Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159



Artemis - Draw



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159



Greece





Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159




Demeter





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159





of Ares in Athens





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159





Paris France



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159



Hephaestus - draw





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159





happiness


StPetersburgRussia




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159




world






temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159



temple in the world














center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159











center of Athens



years later









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159









century




Old Town of Rhodes




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159




77




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159




78














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159














86


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159


defeated






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159






89

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159

90


fortitude


Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159

Spartan Women






92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159




92





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159





93




94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159



94


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159


95




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159




96

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159

97







come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159






come from


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159


copy 101

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159

Epidarus













106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159












106


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159


107



108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159


108



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159



109



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159



110

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159

p

ott

ery

dep

icti

ng

dra

ma






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159






















115



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159



116



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159



117




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159




118




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159




119






120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159





120






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159






121

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159

Sophists


122




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159




124






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159






126






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159






128




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159




131




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159




132




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159




133




134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159



134



The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159

The end




136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159



136





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159





137




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159




Presocratics






Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159




Neoplatonism










The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159








The Sophists



copy144

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159

Heracles

145






































153


154


155















copy 159






































153


154


155















copy 159


154


155















copy 159


155















copy 159















copy 159

greek and romans chapter 4

Education

palace of minos

thera minos

minoan women women

minos queen

statuettes of minos

mycenaean pottery

minoan artifacts

palace atmycenae