chapter 8-9 intro to animals image from:
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 8-9Intro to Animals
Image from: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/index.html
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Zoology
Definition: the scientific study of the behavior, structure, physiology, classification, and distribution of animals
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Biological Classification• The science of classifying living things is called
taxonomy.
• Charles Linneaus developed the system of classifying organisms by assigning them a genus and species name.
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Biological Classification• All living things are classified in the following
taxa (groups):
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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Biological Classification• There are six kingdoms, but Zoology is based
upon only Kingdom Animalia.
• Kingdom Animalia is divided into 9 major Phyla (Phylum—singular).
• Each Phylum is then divided into Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.
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Animals
Invertebrates
(animals without a backbone)
PoriferaCnidariaWormsMollusksEchinodermsArthropods
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Animals
Vertebrates-
Animals
with backbones
FishAmphibiansReptilesBirdsMammals
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Animal Groups
Image from: http://ology.amnh.org/biodiversity/treeoflife/pages/graph.html
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Characteristics of ALL Animals:
1. Are ____________________ cells have nucleus & membrane bound organelles
2. Are ____________________ get food from consuming other organisms
3. Are ____________________ made of many cells
4. Show __________________ different kinds of cells do different jobs
EUKARYOTES
HETEROTROPHIC
MULTICELLULAR
SPECIALIZATION
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Characteristics of ALL Animals:
5. _____________ (at some point in life cycle)
for food, find mates, escape danger
6. Contain _____________
which carries the genetic code
7. ____________________
Make offspring
Most have sexual reproduction (few asexual)
MOVE
REPRODUCE
DNA
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Advantages of Being Multicellular
• The organism can be larger
• Cell differentiation—different cells perform different functions so bodies can be more efficient
• The organism can be more complex—better movement, higher functioning
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10 Body Systems :1. _____________________ OUTSIDE BODY COVERING
(fur, skin, scales, feathers)
INTEGUMENTARY
Covers and protects, ID,prevents heat & water loss
Orangutan image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/webquests.phpFish image from:http://www.woodburning.com/fish/ Frog image from: http://gladstone.uoregon.edu/~mmorley/rainbow/green%20frog.jpgCardinal image from: http://www.nps.gov/fopu/pulaskione/GRAPHIC/IMAGES/birds/Northern%20Cardinal.jpg
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10 Body Systems :
2. _________________
Breaks down food to
obtain nutrients & gets rid of undigested waste
DIGESTIVE
Image from: http://infozone.imcpl.org/kids_diges.htm
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NO OPENINGS:Food enters through skin
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Only one opening: FOOD IN and WASTE OUT through same opening
Images from: http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology/DIGESTIO.gif
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Two openings: FOOD IN at one end (mouth) WASTE OUT at other end (ANUS)
Image from: http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology/DIGESTIO.gif
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Two openings: Most efficient
If food flows only one direction it allows for organ specialization(Different parts can start to do different jobs)
Image from: http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology/DIGESTIO.gif
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10 Body Systems :3. __________________
Transports nutrients/oxygen to body cells
Carries carbon dioxide/nitrogen waste away from cells
Circulatory fluid can be:
inside blood vessels = _________ loose inside body spaces = _______
CIRCULATORY
CLOSEDOPEN
Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/147a.gif
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10 Body Systems :4. ___________________RESPIRATORY
Image from: http://www.umm.edu/respiratory/images/respiratory_anatomy.gif
Exchange gases with the
environment
•take in oxygen
•get rid of waste gases (CO2 &/or ammonia)
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10 Body Systems :
5. ___________________
• Get rid of nitrogen waste made by cells
• Help with HOMEOSTASIS by maintaining water/ion balance
(_________________________)
EXCRETORY
OSMOREGULATION
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NITROGEN WASTE :
_________________ Most TOXIC Must be removed QUICKLY
Needs MOST water to dilute
_________________ Made from ammonia by liver Less toxic than ammonia Can be stored if diluted with water
(Needs less water to dilute than ammonia)
_________________ LEAST TOXIC Can be stored if diluted with water (Needs LEAST amount of water to dilute)
AMMONIA
UREA
URIC ACID
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NITROGEN WASTEhttp://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbio/nitrowaste.JPG
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ALL WASTE is NOT THE SAME!DIGESTIVE WASTE
NITROGENWASTE
WHERE ITS MADE?
Body system used?
In what form?
made by cells from break down of proteins
Handled by excretory system
ammonia, urea, or uric acid
Feces (poop)
left over from undigested food
Handled by digestive system
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10 Body Systems :6. ___________________
Framework to support body/protection
Skeleton on inside = _______________ Skeleton on outside = _______________
SKELETAL
ENDOSKELETONEXOSKELETON
Walking skeleton image from: http://virtualastronaut.jsc.nasa.gov/textonly/act15/text-skeletonpuz.html
Insect lefg image from:http://www.zoobooks.com/newFrontPage/animals/virtualZoo/animals/i/insects/images/exoskeleton.gif
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10 Body Systems :7. _______________
Locomotion- move body itself
OR
move substances through body (EX: food through digestive system; blood through vessels)
MUSCULAR
Image from: http://kidshealth.org/kid/body/muscles_noSW.html
http://www.angliacampus.com/public/sec/science/nutriton/images/peristal.gif
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10 Body Systems : 8. _____________________ -
Produce offspring by combining genetic material from 2 parents = __________________________
REPRODUCTIVE
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Family image from: http://babyhearing.org/Parenet2Parent/index.aspPlanaria animation: http://www.t3.rim.or.jp/~hylas/planaria/title.htm
Produce offspring using genetic material from only 1 parent =_____________________________
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10 Body Systems : ______________ DEVELOPMENT
immature LARVA looks different than adult
__________ DEVELOPMENT young are smaller versions of adults
INDIRECT
DIRECT
Metamorphosis image from: http://www.lincoln.midcoast.com/~del/butterflyFrog image from: http://www.animationlibrary.co
Image from: http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG
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Sperm and egg join outside female’s body = ___________________
Sperm and egg joininside female’s body = ____________________
External fertilization
Internal fertilizationAnimation from: http://discover.edventures.com/images/termlib/f/fertilization/support.gif
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9. ___________________
Receive sensory infoabout environment &
send response signals
NERVOUS
http://www.roadhunter.com/~ceph/gallery/anatomy07.jpg
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10. __________________
Make hormones that regulate other body systems
(only in higher animals)
ENDOCRINE
Image from: http://www.cushings-help.com/images/endocrine.jpg
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Types of Symmetry
No symmetry
Radial symmetry
Bilateral symmetry
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___________________No symmetry
Doesn’t matter how you cut it; you never get 2 identical halves.
Example: Sponge
ASYMMETRY
Image from: http://mbgnet.mobot.org/salt/animals/sponges.htm
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_______ Symmetry
Get 2 identical halves in several directions.
RadialJelly fish image: http://www.redfishbluefish.com/BellaLuz/Jellyfish.jpg
Image from: http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/animal%20dissections.htm
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___________ Symmetry
If divide animal down the middle you get 2 mirror images
BUT only divides equally in ONE direction
Bilateral
Image from: http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Documents/Animals/Symmetry.htm
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________________
Concentration of nervous tissue and
sensory organs in anterior end of an organism (head area)
CEPHALIZATION
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Which way is up?
ANTERIORhead end POSTERIOR
tail end
DORSAL (top)
VENTRAL (underneath)
Image from: http://www.ca4h.org/4hresource/clipart/animals/pics/dog.gif
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Planes of Symmetry
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EMBRYOLOGY
Image from: http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml
1. Where does BLASTOPORE end up?2. What do embryos look like as they divide?3. When do cells decide what they will be?
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Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
Becomes digestive system
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1. Where does BLASTOPORE end up?
Images modified from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm
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What do embryos look like as they divide?
Images from: http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/so28_04.gif
SPIRAL RADIAL CLEAVAGE CLEAVAGE
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When do cells decide what they will become?
Image from: http://www.rbej.com/content/figures/1477-7827-1-100-1.jpg
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Images modified from: http://www.rbej.com/content/figures/1477-7827-1-100-1.jpg
Cells decide early Cells decide later
Removing cell causes death Removing cell OK
DETERMINATE INDETERMINATE
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THAT’S WHERE TWINS COME FROM!
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ANIMALS
Blastopore becomes MOUTH
Blastopore becomes ANUS
Decide very early (DETERMINATE)
Decide later(INDETERMINATE)
ALL INVERTEBRATESexcept ECHINODERMS
ALL VERTEBRATES (Fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals)plus ECHINODERMS
SPIRAL cleavageRADIAL cleavage
PROTOSTOMES DEUTEROSTOMES
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EMBRYOLOGY __________________
are the “exception to the rule”!
They are INVERTEBRATES but their embryos act like
_________________________
Echinoderms
DEUTEROSTOMES
Image from: http://www.bsac21.freeserve.co.uk/images/Critters/Starfish%20Bloody%20Henry.JPG
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Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
Becomes digestive system
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All animals except sponges, jellyfish, anemones have 3 germ layers in their
embryosEndoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
Muscle, excretory, bones,circulatory
Digestive system, respiratory
Outer skin, brain, nervous system
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Types of Coeloms (See-Lums)No cavity (space) around organs
Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16labman05/lb5pg10.htm
ACOELOM = “without space”
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FLATWORMS are ACOELOMATES!
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Types of Coeloms (See-Lums)Space around organs but only lined with
mesoderm on one side (mesoderm lines body wall BUT NOT around gut) Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16labman05/lb5pg10.htm
PSEUDOCOELOM
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ROUND WORMS are PSEUDOCOELOMATES!
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Kinds of Coeloms (See-Lums)EUCOELOM: Body cavity (space)
lined on BOTH sides by mesoderm
Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16labman05/lb5pg10.htm
EUCOELOM = TRUE COELOM = COELOM
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EUCOELOMATESALL VERTEBRATES & SOME INVERTEBRATES
ALL ANIMALS you will dissect this year are EUCOELOMATES!
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3 Types of Coeloms
ectodermmesodermendoderm
Image from: http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310images/310bil5.jpg
ACOELOM
PSEUDOCOELOM
EUCOELOM
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Advantages of having a COELOM (body space):
In animals without a skeleton- Fluid in coelom space can act as a HYDROSTATIC skeleton
In animals without blood vessels- Fluid in coelom space can circulate nutrients and oxygen to cells
Provides space for internal organs
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WHY is a EUCOELOM the best?
Digestive organ muscles and body wall muscles come from MESODERM in different places so organism can digest food and move at same time.
Images from: http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310images/310bil5.jpg http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Images/Animal_Images/coelomate.gif
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SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells.
LIFE SCIENCE:Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things
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SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
9-12.L.1.2. Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationship of major taxa. (APPLICATION)
• Kingdoms
Examples: animals, plants, fungi, protista, monera• Phyla
Examples: invertebrates, vertebrates, divisions of plants
LIFE SCIENCE:Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things
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SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
9-12.L.1.3. Students are able to identify structures and function relationships within major
LIFE SCIENCE:Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things
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Core High School Life SciencePerformance Descriptors
High school students performing at the
ADVANCED level:
predict the function of a given structure;
predict how homeostasis is maintained within living systems;
High school students performing at the
PROFICIENT level:
describe the relationship between structure and function
explain how homeostasis is maintained within living systems;
High school students performing at the
BASIC level
recognize that different structures perform different functions;
define homeostasis
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SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS
9-12.L.1.5A. Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationships of domains. (SYNTHESIS)
Examples: eubacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes
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SOURCES
Crab from: http://www.gifs.net
Ant from: http://www.wildaboutbritain.co.uk
Clam from: http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/animal%20dissections.htm
Anemone from: http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/children/animals/cnidaria.gif
Snail from: http://www.lucinda.net/surber/graphics/orlovsky.gif
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Starfish from: http://www.gifs.net
Millipede from: http://atschool.eduweb.co.uk/sirrobhitch.suffolk/key/images/invertebrates/millipede.jpg
Jellyfish from: http://www.aloha.com/~lifeguards/jellie75.jpg
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Turtle: http://www.50birds.com/images/endttboxturtle.jpg
Tree frog: http://www.dynamicearth.co.uk/education/images/tree_frog.jpg
Bird: http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/homepage.htm
Orangutan: http://www.biologycorner.com/webquests.php
Fish from: http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/trimethylamine/fish.gif
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Earthworm : http://www.york.ac.uk/org/ciec/CaringfortheEnvironment.29. 4.03/Exxon/Food%20Chain%20images/ExxonPicsLarge/Earthworms.jpg
Crab from: http://www.animation-station.com/fish/index.php?page=2
Snail from: http://www.lucinda.net/surber/graphics/orlovsky.gif
Starfish from: http://www.gifs.net
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All images on this page from: http://www.seaworld.org/AnimalBytes/animal_bytes.html