chapter 9 emerging trends and technologies business, people, and technology tomorrow

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Management Information Systems Management Information Systems for the Information Agefor the Information Age

Second Canadian EditionSecond Canadian Edition

Copyright 2004 Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

All rights reservedAll rights reserved

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Chapter 9Chapter 9

Emerging Trends and Emerging Trends and TechnologiesTechnologies

Business, People, and Business, People, and Technology tomorrowTechnology tomorrow

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IntroductionIntroduction

Technology is changing every dayTechnology is changing every day The question posed in this chapter is: The question posed in this chapter is:

“how will these technological “how will these technological advancements affect my personal and advancements affect my personal and business life”business life”

We have chosen to introduce you to just a We have chosen to introduce you to just a few of many new technologiesfew of many new technologies

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IntroductionIntroduction

These technologies are presented in the context These technologies are presented in the context of trends:of trends: The Need For Information FilteringThe Need For Information Filtering The Movement Toward Intellectual ComputingThe Movement Toward Intellectual Computing The Changing of Physiological InteractionThe Changing of Physiological Interaction Increasing Portability and MobilityIncreasing Portability and Mobility The Digital FrontierThe Digital Frontier The Rebirth of E-CommerceThe Rebirth of E-Commerce The Most Important ConsiderationsThe Most Important Considerations

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Main MapMain Map

InformationInformationFilteringFiltering

IntellectualIntellectualComputingComputing

Physiological Physiological InteractionInteraction

Portability Portability andand

MobilityMobility

DigitalDigitalFrontierFrontier

Rebirth ofRebirth ofE-CommerceE-Commerce

Push,Push,not pullnot pull

Information supplierInformation supplierconvergenceconvergence

Auto. SpeechAuto. Speechunderstandingunderstanding

BiometricsBiometrics

Virtual RealityVirtual Reality

CAVEsCAVEs

InternetInternetPhone callsPhone calls

WearableWearablecomputerscomputers

Implant chipsImplant chipsMicro-paymentsMicro-payments

CybermediariesCybermediaries

3D3D

Digital CashDigital Cash

BroadeningBroadeningE-governmentE-government

C2C explosionC2C explosion

B2C growthB2C growth

Auto. SpeechAuto. SpeechRecognitionRecognition

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Information FilteringInformation Filtering





MobilityMobility








CAVEsCAVEs





3D3D






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The Need For Information FilteringThe Need For Information Filtering

There is too much information nowadaysThere is too much information nowadays Too much of it is not necessarily goodToo much of it is not necessarily good The real problem is in going through all the The real problem is in going through all the

information and deciding what is and is not information and deciding what is and is not important.important.

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Decision makers can suffer from “analysis Decision makers can suffer from “analysis paralysis”paralysis”

This is why we have tools such as This is why we have tools such as intelligent agents called data mining agent intelligent agents called data mining agent to help us find relationships in the vast to help us find relationships in the vast amount of information availableamount of information available

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Therefore information filtering is necessaryTherefore information filtering is necessary Two advancements existTwo advancements exist

Push, not pull technologiesPush, not pull technologies Information supplier convergenceInformation supplier convergence

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The Need For Information FilteringThe Need For Information FilteringPush, Not Pull TechnologiesPush, Not Pull Technologies

In a pull technology environment you request In a pull technology environment you request and find what information you want.and find what information you want.

Push technologyPush technology – an environment in which – an environment in which businesses and organizations come to you with businesses and organizations come to you with information, services, and product offerings information, services, and product offerings based on your profile.based on your profile.

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The Need For Information FilteringThe Need For Information FilteringPush, Not Pull TechnologiesPush, Not Pull Technologies

Figure 9.2Figure 9.2Pull versus Push Pull versus Push TechnologiesTechnologiespage 369page 369

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Information suppliers include businesses that provide Information suppliers include businesses that provide you with magazines, newspapers, Internet access, you with magazines, newspapers, Internet access, telephone service, cable TV, books, and the like. telephone service, cable TV, books, and the like.

If you receive your newspaper from the same company If you receive your newspaper from the same company that supplies your Internet access you are experiencing that supplies your Internet access you are experiencing supplier convergence.supplier convergence.

You’ll notice a greater ability to filter information when You’ll notice a greater ability to filter information when you start to enjoy the convergence of information you start to enjoy the convergence of information suppliers. suppliers.

The Need For Information FilteringThe Need For Information FilteringInformation Supplier Convergence Information Supplier Convergence

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Intellectual ComputingIntellectual Computing





MobilityMobility








CAVEsCAVEs





3D3D






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Artificial intelligence is a controversial issueArtificial intelligence is a controversial issue Will we ever be able to create truly intelligent software?Will we ever be able to create truly intelligent software? Should we do so even if we had the capability?Should we do so even if we had the capability?

There are two important future impact of intelligent There are two important future impact of intelligent softwaresoftware Automatic speech understandingAutomatic speech understanding The realization that people will still make the decisionsThe realization that people will still make the decisions

The Movement Toward Intellectual ComputingThe Movement Toward Intellectual Computing

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Automatic speech recognition has come a Automatic speech recognition has come a long way in the past several years, but it long way in the past several years, but it still has a long way to go. still has a long way to go.

If we someday create intelligent software, If we someday create intelligent software, then speech recognition will become then speech recognition will become speech understanding. speech understanding.

The Movement Toward Intellectual ComputingThe Movement Toward Intellectual ComputingAutomatic Speech UnderstandingAutomatic Speech Understanding

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Regardless of how intelligent Regardless of how intelligent a computer system may a computer system may become, it will never become, it will never completely replace people in completely replace people in all aspects of decision all aspects of decision making. making.

The Movement Toward Intellectual ComputingThe Movement Toward Intellectual ComputingPeople Will Still Make The DecisionsPeople Will Still Make The Decisions

On Your Own

Where Should the Decision Rest?

(p. 372)

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Physiological InteractionPhysiological Interaction





MobilityMobility








CAVEsCAVEs





3D3D






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The Changing Of Physiological InteractionThe Changing Of Physiological Interaction

Now, your primary physical interfaces Now, your primary physical interfaces to your computerto your computer include include KeyboardKeyboard MouseMouse MonitorMonitor printerprinter

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Physiological interfaces capture and Physiological interfaces capture and utilize your real body characteristicsutilize your real body characteristics BreathBreath VoiceVoice HeightHeight WeightWeight Retina in your eyeRetina in your eye

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Biometrics Biometrics The use of your physical characteristics – The use of your physical characteristics –

such as your fingerprint, the blood vessels in such as your fingerprint, the blood vessels in the retina of your eye, the sound of your the retina of your eye, the sound of your voice, or perhaps even your breath – to voice, or perhaps even your breath – to provide identification. provide identification.

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Technologies to watch in this areaTechnologies to watch in this area Speech recognitionSpeech recognition Virtual realityVirtual reality CAVEs CAVEs

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The Changing Of Physiological InteractionThe Changing Of Physiological Interaction Automatic Speech RecognitionAutomatic Speech Recognition

Automatic speech recognitionAutomatic speech recognition ( (ASRASR)) It is a system that not only captures spoken It is a system that not only captures spoken

words but also distinguishes word groupings words but also distinguishes word groupings to form sentences. to form sentences.

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An ASR system follows three steps.An ASR system follows three steps.1.1. Feature analysisFeature analysis

2.2. Pattern classificationPattern classification

3.3. Language processingLanguage processing

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1.1. Feature analysisFeature analysis the system captures your words as you speak into a the system captures your words as you speak into a microphone, eliminates any background noise, and microphone, eliminates any background noise, and converts the digital signals of your speech into converts the digital signals of your speech into phonemes (syllables).phonemes (syllables).

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2.2. Pattern classificationPattern classification The system matches your spoken phonemes to a The system matches your spoken phonemes to a phoneme sequence stored in an acoustic model phoneme sequence stored in an acoustic model database. database.

3.3. Language processingLanguage processingThe system attempts to make sense of what you’re The system attempts to make sense of what you’re saying by comparing the word phonemes generated in saying by comparing the word phonemes generated in step 2 with a language model database. step 2 with a language model database.

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The Changing Of Physiological InteractionThe Changing Of Physiological Interaction Virtual RealityVirtual Reality

Virtual realityVirtual reality It is a three-dimensional computer simulation in It is a three-dimensional computer simulation in

which you actively and physically participate.which you actively and physically participate. GloveGlove

It is an input device that captures and records the It is an input device that captures and records the shape and movement of your hand and fingers and shape and movement of your hand and fingers and the strength of your hand and finger movements.the strength of your hand and finger movements.

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HeadsetHeadset• It is a combined input and output device that (1) captures and It is a combined input and output device that (1) captures and

records the movement of your head and (2) contains a screen records the movement of your head and (2) contains a screen that covers your entire field of vision and displays various views that covers your entire field of vision and displays various views of an environment based on your movements.of an environment based on your movements.

WalkerWalker • It is an input device that captures and records the movement of It is an input device that captures and records the movement of

your feet as you walk or turn in different directions.your feet as you walk or turn in different directions.

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Team Work

Finding Applications Of Virtual Reality

(p. 375)

MatsushitaMatsushita VolvoVolvo AirlinesAirlines MotorolaMotorola healthcarehealthcare

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The Changing Of Physiological InteractionThe Changing Of Physiological Interaction Cave Automatic Virtual EnvironmentCave Automatic Virtual Environment

CAVECAVE ( (cave automatic virtual environmentcave automatic virtual environment) ) It is a special 3-D virtual reality room that can display images of It is a special 3-D virtual reality room that can display images of

other people and objects located in other CAVEs all over the other people and objects located in other CAVEs all over the world. world.

Holographic devicesHolographic devices It is devices that create, capture, and/or display images in true It is devices that create, capture, and/or display images in true

three-dimensional form. three-dimensional form.

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The Changing Of Physiological InteractionThe Changing Of Physiological Interaction Cave Automatic Virtual EnvironmentCave Automatic Virtual Environment

Figure 9.3Figure 9.3CAVEs (Cave Automatic Virtual Environments) CAVEs (Cave Automatic Virtual Environments) page 376page 376

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Portability and MobilityPortability and Mobility





MobilityMobility








CAVEsCAVEs


WearableWearablecomputerscomputersImplant chipsImplant chipsMicro-paymentsMicro-payments


3D3D






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Increasing Portability and MobilityIncreasing Portability and Mobility

Portability refers to how easy it is for you Portability refers to how easy it is for you to carry around your technology. to carry around your technology.

Mobility encompasses what you have the Mobility encompasses what you have the ability to do with your technology while ability to do with your technology while carrying it around. carrying it around.

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Increasing Portability and MobilityIncreasing Portability and MobilityFree Internet Phone CallsFree Internet Phone Calls

Figure 9.4Figure 9.4Making an Internet Making an Internet Phone CallPhone Callpage 377page 377

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Increasing Portability and MobilityIncreasing Portability and Mobility

To achieve maximum portability and mobility we To achieve maximum portability and mobility we would need completely wireless communicationswould need completely wireless communications

In that context we will discussIn that context we will discuss Free internet phone callsFree internet phone calls Micro-payments and financial cybermediariesMicro-payments and financial cybermediaries Wearable computersWearable computers Implant chipsImplant chips

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Increasing Portability and MobilityIncreasing Portability and MobilityMicro-Payments and Financial CybermediariesMicro-Payments and Financial Cybermediaries

Micro-paymentsMicro-payments Techniques to facilitate the exchange of small Techniques to facilitate the exchange of small

amounts of money for an Internet transaction. amounts of money for an Internet transaction.

Financial cybermediariesFinancial cybermediaries Internet-based companies that make it easy for one Internet-based companies that make it easy for one

person to pay another person over the Internet. person to pay another person over the Internet.

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Increasing Portability and MobilityIncreasing Portability and MobilityWearable ComputersWearable Computers

Wearable computerWearable computer - a fully-equipped - a fully-equipped computer that you wear as a piece of clothing or computer that you wear as a piece of clothing or attached to a piece of clothing similar to way you attached to a piece of clothing similar to way you would carry your cell phone on your belt. would carry your cell phone on your belt.

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Increasing Portability and MobilityIncreasing Portability and MobilityWearable ComputersWearable Computers

Figure 9.5Figure 9.5Wearable ComputersWearable Computerspage 378page 378

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Increasing Portability and MobilityIncreasing Portability and MobilityImplant ChipsImplant Chips

Implant chipImplant chip A technology-enabled microchip implanted into the human A technology-enabled microchip implanted into the human

body. Implant chips server two functions:body. Implant chips server two functions:1.1. Contains memory which stores important information about you.Contains memory which stores important information about you.

2.2. Many of these chips are GPS-enabled. Many of these chips are GPS-enabled.

A GPS is a collection of 24 earth-orbiting satellites that A GPS is a collection of 24 earth-orbiting satellites that continuously transmit radio signals to determine your continuously transmit radio signals to determine your current longitude, latitude, speed, and direction of current longitude, latitude, speed, and direction of movement.movement.

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Increasing Portability and MobilityIncreasing Portability and MobilityImplant ChipsImplant Chips

Team Work

Selling the Idea of ImplantChips at Your School

(p. 379)

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Digital FrontierDigital Frontier





MobilityMobility








CAVEsCAVEs





3D3D






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The Digital FrontierThe Digital Frontier

Are we at the digital frontier? Can the entire Are we at the digital frontier? Can the entire world use the digital technology to its world use the digital technology to its fullest? No!fullest? No!

What seems to be the most major challengesWhat seems to be the most major challenges The technology itselfThe technology itself The willingness of people to embrace this technologyThe willingness of people to embrace this technology

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Digital economyDigital economy – marked by the electronic movement of all types – marked by the electronic movement of all types of information, not limited to numbers, words, graphs, and photos of information, not limited to numbers, words, graphs, and photos but including physiological information such as voice recognition but including physiological information such as voice recognition and synthesization, biometrics (your retina scan and breath for and synthesization, biometrics (your retina scan and breath for example), and 3-D holograms.example), and 3-D holograms.

Last-mile bottleneck problemLast-mile bottleneck problem - occurs when information is - occurs when information is traveling on the Internet over a very fast line for a certain distance traveling on the Internet over a very fast line for a certain distance and then comes near your home where it must travel over a slower and then comes near your home where it must travel over a slower line. line.

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There are 2 technology innovations that There are 2 technology innovations that support a digital economy, worth support a digital economy, worth looking atlooking at Three dimensional technologyThree dimensional technology Digital cashDigital cash

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The Digital FrontierThe Digital FrontierThree-Dimensional TechnologyThree-Dimensional Technology

Three-dimensionalThree-dimensional ( (3-D3-D) technology ) technology Presentations of information that give you the Presentations of information that give you the

illusion that the object you’re viewing is illusion that the object you’re viewing is actually in the room with you. actually in the room with you.

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The Digital FrontierThe Digital FrontierDigital CashDigital Cash

Digital cashDigital cash (also called (also called electronic cashelectronic cash or or e-cashe-cash) ) It is an electronic representation of cash.It is an electronic representation of cash.

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The Digital FrontierThe Digital FrontierDigital CashDigital Cash

Figure 9.6Figure 9.6How Digital Cash How Digital Cash Will Work on the Will Work on the InternetInternetpage 381page 381

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Rebirth of E-CommerceRebirth of E-Commerce





MobilityMobility








CAVEsCAVEs





3D3D






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The Rebirth of E-CommerceThe Rebirth of E-Commerce

Many companies failed in using the internet Many companies failed in using the internet for commerce and business becausefor commerce and business because They did not know what they were doingThey did not know what they were doing They did not have a well though of business planThey did not have a well though of business plan They did not show a clear path to profitabilityThey did not show a clear path to profitability

However, ecommerce as a business However, ecommerce as a business survived the failure of the marketsurvived the failure of the market

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The Rebirth of E-CommerceThe Rebirth of E-Commerce

Over the next 10 years we shall see Over the next 10 years we shall see some interesting trends includingsome interesting trends including The broadening of e-governmentThe broadening of e-government An explosion of consumer-to-consumer e-An explosion of consumer-to-consumer e-

commercecommerce

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The Rebirth of E-CommerceThe Rebirth of E-CommerceBroadening of E-GovernmentBroadening of E-Government

There are four primary focuses in the e-government arena.There are four primary focuses in the e-government arena.1.1. Government-to-GovernmentGovernment-to-Government ( (G2GG2G) – performing ) – performing

electronic commerce activities within a single nation’s electronic commerce activities within a single nation’s government focusing on vertical integration and government focusing on vertical integration and horizontal integration.horizontal integration.

2.2. Government-to-BusinessGovernment-to-Business ( (G2BG2B) – the electronic ) – the electronic commerce activities performed between a government commerce activities performed between a government and its business partners for such purposes as and its business partners for such purposes as purchasing direct and indirect materials, soliciting bids purchasing direct and indirect materials, soliciting bids for work, and accepting bids for work.for work, and accepting bids for work.

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3.3. Government-to-ConsumerGovernment-to-Consumer ( (G2CG2C) – the electronic ) – the electronic commerce activities performed between a government commerce activities performed between a government and its citizens or consumers including paying taxes, and its citizens or consumers including paying taxes, registering vehicles, and providing information and registering vehicles, and providing information and services.services.

4.4. International Government-to-GovernmentInternational Government-to-Government ( (IG2GIG2G) – ) – the electronic commerce activities performed between the electronic commerce activities performed between two or more governments including providing foreign two or more governments including providing foreign aid.aid.

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Figure 9.7Figure 9.7The PrimaryThe PrimaryFocuses of E-Focuses of E-GovernmentGovernmentpage 383page 383

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The Rebirth of E-CommerceThe Rebirth of E-CommerceExplosion of C2C E-CommerceExplosion of C2C E-Commerce

Of all the types of private-sector e-commerce Of all the types of private-sector e-commerce activities – B2B, B2C, C2C, and C2B – the least activities – B2B, B2C, C2C, and C2B – the least amount of revenue dollars right now is in the amount of revenue dollars right now is in the C2C (consumer-to-consumer) space. C2C (consumer-to-consumer) space.

We expect that to change rather dramatically in We expect that to change rather dramatically in the next several years. the next several years.

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The Most ImportantThe Most ImportantConsiderationsConsiderations

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The Most Important ConsiderationsThe Most Important Considerations

There are five key topics in this course. There are five key topics in this course. Each Each Is a culmination of the material you have Is a culmination of the material you have

learnedlearned Is inescapable such that you will have to deal Is inescapable such that you will have to deal

with it sooner or laterwith it sooner or later Is vitally importantIs vitally important

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The Most Important ConsiderationsThe Most Important Considerations

There are five important things you need to There are five important things you need to consider:consider: The necessity of ITThe necessity of IT Closing the great digital divideClosing the great digital divide Technology for the betterment of people and societyTechnology for the betterment of people and society Exchanging privacy for convenienceExchanging privacy for convenience Ethics, ethics, ethics Ethics, ethics, ethics

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The Most Important ConsiderationsThe Most Important ConsiderationsThe Necessity of TechnologyThe Necessity of Technology

Technology is a necessity today. Technology is a necessity today.

It’s hard to imagine a world without technology.It’s hard to imagine a world without technology.

Just as we need electricity to function on an Just as we need electricity to function on an everyday basis, we need technology as well.everyday basis, we need technology as well.

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The Most Important ConsiderationsThe Most Important ConsiderationsClosing the Great Digital DivideClosing the Great Digital Divide

The power of technology needs to be The power of technology needs to be realized on a worldwide scale. realized on a worldwide scale.

We cannot afford to have any technology-We cannot afford to have any technology-challenged nation or culture (within challenged nation or culture (within reason).reason).

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The Most Important ConsiderationsThe Most Important ConsiderationsTechnology for the Betterment of People and SocietyTechnology for the Betterment of People and Society

As you approach the development and As you approach the development and use of technological innovations (or use of technological innovations (or even standard technologies), think in even standard technologies), think in terms of the betterment of people and terms of the betterment of people and society in general.society in general.

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The Most Important ConsiderationsThe Most Important ConsiderationsExchanging Privacy for ConvenienceExchanging Privacy for Convenience

You need to consider how much of your You need to consider how much of your personal privacy you’re giving up in exchange personal privacy you’re giving up in exchange for convenience. for convenience.

Everyday you’re giving up just a little more Everyday you’re giving up just a little more privacy in exchange for a little more privacy in exchange for a little more convenience. convenience.

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The Most Important ConsiderationsThe Most Important ConsiderationsEthics, Ethics, EthicsEthics, Ethics, Ethics

Ethics guide your behavior Ethics guide your behavior that affects other people. that affects other people.

It’s quite possible to be very It’s quite possible to be very ethical and very successful. ethical and very successful.

On Your Own

Necessity, Convenience,

and Privacy(p. 386)

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Closing Case Study OneClosing Case Study OneAirtexting: Wave Your Cell Phone Message In The AirAirtexting: Wave Your Cell Phone Message In The Air

North American manufacturers of cell phones and North American manufacturers of cell phones and providers of cell phone service are heavily targeting providers of cell phone service are heavily targeting teenagers. teenagers.

Wildseed has determined that teenagers have three cell Wildseed has determined that teenagers have three cell phone concerns including visual appeal, functionality, phone concerns including visual appeal, functionality, and price.and price.

Are cell phones a technology of convenience or Are cell phones a technology of convenience or necessity? necessity?

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Closing Case Study TwoClosing Case Study TwoStadiums of the FutureStadiums of the Future

Stadiums of the future will have many technology-based Stadiums of the future will have many technology-based activities from ordering and paying for food and activities from ordering and paying for food and beverages at your seat to sending messages to other beverages at your seat to sending messages to other people in the stadium.people in the stadium.

Can you think of any other industries that are Can you think of any other industries that are implementing technology-based activities?implementing technology-based activities?

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Summary Summary Student Learning OutcomesStudent Learning Outcomes

1.1. Describe why information filtering is becoming Describe why information filtering is becoming important and the two trends that will support important and the two trends that will support information filtering.information filtering.

2.2. Describe the movement toward intellectual computing Describe the movement toward intellectual computing including automatic speech understanding and the role including automatic speech understanding and the role of people in decision making.of people in decision making.

3.3. Define biometrics, automatic speech recognition, Define biometrics, automatic speech recognition, virtual reality, and CAVEs as they relate to changes in virtual reality, and CAVEs as they relate to changes in physiological interaction.physiological interaction.

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Summary Summary Student Learning OutcomesStudent Learning Outcomes

4.4. Describe the various technology innovations and Describe the various technology innovations and trends that will increase portability and mobility.trends that will increase portability and mobility.

5.5. Discuss the challenges of and technological Discuss the challenges of and technological innovations for the coming digital frontier.innovations for the coming digital frontier.

6.6. Describe the broadening of e-government and the Describe the broadening of e-government and the coming C2C explosion as they relate to the rebirth of coming C2C explosion as they relate to the rebirth of e-commerce.e-commerce.

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Summary Summary Assignments & ExercisesAssignments & Exercises

1.1. Researching wearable computersResearching wearable computers2.2. Information supplier convergence in your areaInformation supplier convergence in your area3.3. Finding a good automatic speech recognition Finding a good automatic speech recognition

systemsystem4.4. Understanding the relationships between Understanding the relationships between

trends and technological innovationstrends and technological innovations5.5. Making a phone call on the internetMaking a phone call on the internet

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Summary Summary Assignments & ExercisesAssignments & Exercises

6.6. Learning about financial cybermediaries Learning about financial cybermediaries

7.7. Researching intelligent home appliancesResearching intelligent home appliances

8.8. Researching e-government servicesResearching e-government services

9.9. Finding technological innovationsFinding technological innovations

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