chapter outline chapter 27 the european search for stability, 1920–1939 civilization in the west,...

Chapter Outline

Chapter 27The European Search

for Stability, 1920–1939

Civilization in the West, Seventh Edition by Kishlansky/Geary/O’Brien

Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman

I. Geographical Tour: Europe after 1918II. Crisis and Collapse in a World EconomyIII. The Soviet Union’s Separate PathIV. The Rise of Fascist Dictatorship in ItalyV. Hitler and the Third ReichVI. Democracies in Crisis

Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939


I. Geographical Tour: Europe after 1918

A. New Nation-States, New ProblemsEnd of empires

Ottoman, Russian, Habsburg, German

FinlandBaltic states: Estonia, Latvia,

Lithuania Border DisputesTreaty of Riga

Europe After World War I

Carl Gustav Mannerheim



Ignacy Jan Paderewski (November 6, 1860 - June 29, 1941) was a Polish pianist, composer, diplomat, politician, and the third Prime Minister of Poland.

Mustapha Kemal Ataturk



I. Geographical Tour: Europe after 1918A. New Nation-States, New Problems

End of empiresOttoman, Russian, Habsburg,

German

FinlandBaltic states: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania

Border Disputes

Treaty of Riga

East-Central Europe

Thomas G. Masaryk: 1st President of Czechoslovakia



I. Geographical Tour: Europe after 1918

B. German RecoveryWeimar Republic

Territorial Advantages and GoalsAlsace-Lorraine, Saar

Treaty of Rapallo

Gustav Stresemannrevisions to the Treaty of Versailles

Locarno Treaties

C. France’s Search for SecurityLittle Entente

France, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Romania

Maginot Line

D. The United States in EuropeSecretary of State Frank Kellogg

Kellogg-Briand PactGerma

ny



II. Crisis and Collapse in a World Economy

A. International Loans and Trade Barriers

German reparations$33 billion26% of exports

Dawes plan

Young Plan

B. The Great DepressionAmerican stock market collapse,

October 1929

Dependence on the American EconomySmoot-Hawley Tariff

Political RepercussionsFascists in Germany


Definition of TermsAutocracy, Absolutism, AuthoritarianismTotalitarianism: Neither civil nor political rights –

no private sphere. The regime controls all sectors of life totally, often with help of technology. Characteristics include:1. Single party with an ideology (directs “the people”)2. Charismatic leader3. Utopianism (Official view that every sacrifice

towards a bright future was justified.)4. Command economy (incl. currency, travel)5. Control over media and censorship (propaganda)6. Use of state-sponsored terror (monopoly on force)



Hail to the Workers’ Holiday (1921)



The workers of Leningrad are strengthening the

gains of October with their hammers.



Celebrating May Day 1920Across the wreckage of capitalism to the world-wide brotherhood of the working class.



The Last Decisive Battle!



Let the Ruling Classes Tremble Before The

Communist Revolution



III. The Soviet Union’s Separate Path

A. The Soviet Regime at the End of the Civil War

Politburo

B. The New Economic Policy, 1921–1928

1921, New Economic Policy (NEP)

Nikolai Bukharin

Stalin Removes Trotsky and Bukharin Bukharin executed, 1938

Trotsky assassinated, 1940

C. Stalin’s Rise to PowerPeople's commissar for nationalities

General Secretary, Party’s Central Committee

A Blow Against the Interventionists

Industrial Party Trial, 1930


Steel Production in Magnitogorsk, 1930s


Mission to Moscow

American Propaganda

The OWI* report on Mission to Moscow concluded that it wouldbe a most convincing means of helping Americans to understand their Russian allies. Every effort has been made to show that Russians and Americans are not so very different after all. The Russians are shown to eat well and live comfortably, which will be a surprise to many Americans.[6] The leaders of both countries desire peace and both possess a blunt honesty of address and purpose ... One of the best services performed by this picture is the presentation of Russian leaders, not as wild-eyed madmen, but as far-seeing, earnest, responsible statesmen. They have proved very good neighbors, and this picture will help to explain why, as well as to encourage faith in the feasibility of post-war cooperation.[7]

*Office of War Information


Color Transparency 170: The Triumph of Musssolini

Thirty centuries of history allow us to look with supreme

pity on certain doctrines which are preached beyond the Alps by the descendants of those who were illiterate

when Rome had Caesar, Virgil and Augustus. (1/3/25)


Arthur Szyk’s The Four Horsemen

Contrast the point of view of the cartoon below with the one to the left. Be sure to support you key point with analysis.

Analyze the visual recordAnalyze the visual record


Asmara: A Museum of Art Deco/ Futurism


Color Transparency 172: Hitler at Nuremburg Stadium


Pablo Picasso’s Guernica, 1937



III. The Soviet Union’s Separate Path

D. The First Five-Year PlanStalin’s first Five-Year Plan (1929–1932)

E. The Comintern, Economic Development, and Purges

Communist International (Comintern), 1919

from 1929, non-cooperation

1933, Second Five-Year Plan

The Great Purge, from 1934

1938, Third Five-Year Plan

F. Women and the Family in the New Soviet State

1917, franchise1920, abortion legalized



IV. The Rise of Fascist Dictatorship in Italy

A. Mussolini’s ItalyBenito Mussolini

Fascist Party, 1920s

The March on Rome, October 1922

Giacomo Matteotti

Squadristi

Lateran Treaty

B. Mussolini’s Plans for EmpireEthiopia

Pact of Steel, Germany and Italy



V. Hitler and the Third Reich

A. Hitler’s Rise to PowerAdolf Hitler, Austrian

The Beer Hall Putsch of 1923Mein Kampf

Hitler as Chancellor, January 1933

SA, Storm TroopersSS, protection squad

B. Nazi GoalsLiving Space (lebensraum)

Rearmament

autarky (economic self-sufficiency)

Economic RecoveryFour-Year Plan, 1936

C. Propaganda, Racism, and Culture

Joseph Goebbels, Minister of Propaganda

Youth organizations Enemies of the State

Communists, Jews, mentally ill, disabled

Anti-semitismThe Nuremberg Laws Kristallnacht



VI. Democracies in Crisis

A. The Failure of the Left in FranceLéon Blum’s Popular Front

Left and Center parties, 1936

1937, fall

B. Muddling Through in Great Britain

Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald Labour government

> Coalition National Government

The British Union of Fascistsfounded, 1932, Sir Oswald Mosley

Governments of Europe, 1940

Diana Mitford Guinness Mosley


Meanwhile: The Abdication Crisis

1936

With a blackout on the story in the British press. What did inquiring minds do?




C. The Spanish Republic as Battleground

1931, democratic republic1936, Popular Front Civil War

Republicans, social revolutionNationalists, Francisco Franco

Soviet Union supports Republicans1939, Franco’s victory

The Spanish Civil War

1940: Himmler and Franco




C. The Spanish Republic as Battleground1931, democratic republic1936, Popular Front Civil War

Republicans, social revolution (Soviet Union)

Nationalists, Francisco Franco (Italy, Germany)

Italy, Germany supports Franco

1939, Franco’s victory National Income of the Powers in 1937

and Percentage Spent on Defense

Income(Billion dollars)

Percentage to Defense

United States

68 1.5

British Empire

22 5.7

France 10 9.1

Germany 17 23.5

Italy 6 14.5

USSR 19 26.4

Japan 4 28.2

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