childhood cognitive disorders

8/3/2019 Childhood COGNITIVE Disorders

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CHILDHOOD

COGNITIVE

DISORDERS



ADHD



MENTAL RETARDATION



IQ (INTELLIGENCEQUOTIENT)

IQ = MENTAL AGE x 100

CHRONOLOGICAL AGE



MENTAL AGE –refers to the typical intelligence level found

for people at a given chronological age.

• Example: A 16 y/o performs at the level ofa 14 y/o

IQ = 14/16 x 100 = 88 (Below Average)



IQ SCORES PERCENTILERANGE CLASSIFICATION

> 130 > 98 Very

120-129 91-97 110-119 74-89 High Average 90-109 25-73 Average 80-89 9-23 Below Average 70-79 2-8 Borderline 50-69 Below 2nd Mild MR 35-49 Below 1st Moderate MR 20-34 Below 1st Severe MR < 20 Below 1st Profound MR



MENTAL

RETARDATION• means

subaverageintellectual

functioning.



DEGREES OF MRCLASSIFICATION IQ LEVEL MANAGEMENT

MILD (Moron) 55-69 EDUCABLE

Can enroll SPED (specialeducation school)

MODERATE (Imbecile) 40-54 TRAINABLE

- Vocational school for ADL SEVERE (Idiot) 25-39 CLOSE SUPERVISION

- highly structured environment;needs assistance in ADL

PROFOUND Less than 25 COSTUDIAL CARE -totally dependent -treat the child like an infant - needs assistance in ADL



MENTAL RETARDATION

Description:

• In MR, the child manifests

subaverage intellectual functioningalong with deficits in adaptive skills

• Example is DOWN SYNDROME



DOWN SYNDROME

- is a congenital condition that results inmoderate to severe retardation and hasbeen linked to an extra group of

chromosome – Chromosome 21

- onset at birth

Cli i l if t ti



Clinical manifestationsof Down Syndrome:

- brachycephaly (head)

- epicanthal folds

- flat nasal bridge- low set ears

- protruding tongue

- Simean crease on palms



AUTISM



AUTISM • Description:

AUTISM – is a severe mental disorder beginning in infancy ortoddlerhood. It is characterized by impairment in reciprocalsocial interaction and in verbal and nonverbalcommunication.

- The cause is unknown and the prognosis may be poor.- Diagnosis is established based on symptoms and through

the use of specialized autism assessment tools.

- Also called as Infantile Autism.

- The disorder is apparent before the child is 3 years old.



Clinical manifestations: Trapped in their own world/Aloof

Unusual language

Indifference to others

Rigid and ritualistic

Security blanket

Dislikes changes in routines/ADL

Headbanging, hitting, biting, temper tantrums

Unusual fascination with inanimate objects suchas fans & aircons



Diagnosis: at 2-3 years old

Management:

Nutrition-provide small frequentfeeding, assist in eating with well-

balanced dietSafety: paddings on walls and floors

-Helmet

N i I i M di i



Nursing Interventions

- Monitor behavior 1:1

- Consistent

environment to avoidconfusion

-Gradually introduce

new activities- Love and

belongingness

- involve families in

activities

- Family therapy

Medications

- Haloperidol (Haldol)-

commonly used todecreasetantrums/stereotypicalbehaviors

-CNS stimulants-Naloxone-Tofranil



ATTENTION DEFICITHYPERACTIVITY

DISORDER

(ADHD)



ADHDDescription:

- A developmental disorder characterized bydevelopmentally inappropriate degrees ofinattention, overactivity and impulsivity.

- One of the most common reasons of referral for

children to mental health services. Morecommon in males.

- Impulsive, violators/law-breakers

- Hyperactive, poor/short attention span, usuallydirty

Diagnosis not later than 7 y/o



• Diagnosis: not later than 7 y/o

• Nutrition: give finger foods

- To prevent aspiration: avoid foods with seeds

or with skin• Give foods high in CALORIES,PROTEIN &

CARBOHYDRATES

• Nursing Diagnosis:

• Risk for injury (other) –removesharps/metalics,/glasswares, Avoid contact sports

• Sleep Deprivation –give warm milk and bath, avoid napin the pm.

• Consistent limit- setting • Provide Love and Belongingness

childhood cognitive disorders

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