Civil Engineering MaterialsCE-115byDr. S. Muhammad Jamil

School of Civil and Environment Engineering

National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad

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Building Materials

• Building stones• Bricks and clay products• Cement concrete• Timber and wood products• Metals and alloys• Paints, varnishes, distempers• Asphalt, bitumen and tar• Plastics and fibers• Glass• Insulating Materials• Miscellaneous Materials

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Paints and Varnishes

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Definitions

• Paint is a coating of fluid material applied over timber and metal surface as protective coating which on drying forms a thin film on surface

• Paint is a mixture of liquid or medium and a coloring or pigment to impart color and provide protective coating to the surface

• Oil based paints are polymers or pre-polymer solutions which form a film upon evaporation of the solvent

• Paint is a dispersion of pigments in a drying oil, with addition of driers and thinners

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Definitions

• Varnish is a transparent or nearly transparent solution of resinous material and oil, alcohol or turpentine to form a clear, tough, matt or glossy protective film on woodwork.

• Enamel. Bases like zinc oxide ground in varnish. Dry quickly to furnish hard glossy finish.

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Definitions

• Distemper is a comparatively cheap decorative paint for walls and ceilings applied on brickwork, or plastered surfaces

• Water Wash and Color Wash. Fresh lime slacked with water, mixed thoroughly, screened and added with glue and may be a pigment

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Definitions

• French Polish. Type of spirit varnish prepared by dissolving resin in methylated spirit at room temperature for use on hardwood substances to hide grain defects.

• Wax Polish. Bees wax dissolved in turpentine used for highlighting the grain over wooden surfaces.

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Functions of Paints

• To protect the surface from weathering effects of the atmosphere and actions by other liquids, fumes and gases

• To provide pleasing, colorful and decorative appearance to the surfaces

• To prevent decay of wooden members• To prevent corrosion of metallic surfaces• To provide a smooth surface for easy

cleaning

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Classification of Paints

Paints

OilPaints

WaterPaints

SpecialPaints

BituminousPaints

CementPaints

HeatResisting

Paint

FireproofPaint

ChlorinatedRubberPaint

LuminousPaints

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Classification of Paints

Paints

PrimingPaints

UndercoatingPaints

FinishingPaints

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Types of Paints

• Oil Paint: ordinary paint• Bituminous paint: prepared by dissolving asphalt or

bitumen in oil or petroleum• Cement paint: It consists of cement and hydrated lime

mixed along with a coloring pigment• Colloidal paint: a paint with no inert material• Aluminum paint: aluminum powder suspended in spirit

varnish or oil varnish• Asbestos paint:• Cellulose paint: prepared from nitro cotton celluloid

sheets

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Types of Paints

• Emulsion paint: It consists of polyvinyl acetate and synthetic resin as binding material

• Enamel paint: It consists of white lead ground in small quantity of oil and mixed with petroleum spirit and resinous matter

• Graphite paint:• Luminous paint: contains calcium sulphide with varnish• Silicate paint: prepared by mixing calcined ground silica

with resinous substances• Anti-corrosive paint: consists of oil and strong drier• Plastic paint: • Synthetic rubber paint: prepared from resin

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Composition of Oil Paints

• Constituents of oil paints– Base– Vehicle – an oil, generally linseed oil– Coloring pigment (s)– Solvent or thinner– Drier– Inert filler

• By suitable variation of the type and proportion of various constituents the paints are made as– Dry– Glossy– flat

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Composition of Oil Paints - Base

• Base : principal constituent, a solid matter forming the main body of paint and possessing binding properties.

• White lead, red lead, zinc oxide, iron oxide, metallic powders of aluminum, copper and bronze, etc– Makes the paint film harder and more resistant to

abrasion– Forms an opaque layer to obscure the surface– Reduces shrinkage cracks on drying

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Composition of Oil Paints - Base

• White lead– Cheapest and most commonly used base– Greater covering power than all others– Dense so good to obscure surfaces– Weathers well– Not suitable for delicate works as gets

discolored– Not suitable for painting of iron work due to

rusting

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Composition of Oil Paints - Base

• Red lead– Sticks well and protects against rusting. With

oil considered best for first coat or prime coat– Good drier for linseed oil

• Lead paints are poisonous. Precautions needed while spraying or scrapping paint

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Composition of Oil Paints - Base

• Zinc oxide or Zinc white– Not affected by weather– Takes a fine polish hence good for decoration works– Not poisonous– Less durable and more costly than lead based

• Iron oxide– Used basically in finishing coat for iron work– Prevents rust formation– Comparatively cheaper– Tints vary from yellowish brown to black

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Composition of Oil Paints - Vehicle

• Vehicle: Carrier liquid which carries solid materials of base and helps them to spread evenly on the surface to be painted. Linseed oil, poppy oil, nut oil, soyabean oil, castor oil, fish oil, latex emulsions– Oily liquid in which base and pigment are soluble– Facilitates the paint to be conveniently spread evenly

over the surface– Acts as a binder for the base and causes it to stick to

the surface– On drying forms a tough and elastic film

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Composition of Oil Paints - Vehicle

• Raw linseed oil– Thin, pale and transparent oil– Sweet taste, no smell– Becomes hard and stiff on exposure to air– When spread in thin film, looks like varnish– Dries very slowly– Used for painting delicate interior work and

wood work

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Composition of Oil Paints - Vehicle

• Boiled linseed oil– Thicker and darker in color (deep amber to rich

brown)– Dries quickly. On drying leaves a hard, glossy and

durable surface– Has more area coverage capacity– Used for exterior work

• Double boiled linseed oil– Light in color as raw linseed oil but with different smell– Dries quicker and gives better results– Requires and thinning agent like turpentine oil

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Composition of Oil Paints - Pigment

• Coloring pigments: finely divided solid coloring matter to provide shade, color and capacity to paint– Blacks: lamp black, vegetable black, ivory black– Blues: indigo, Prussian blue– Yellows: chrome yellow, raw Siena, yellow ochre– Greens: copper sulphate– Browns: raw umber, burnt umber– Red: red lead, vermillion, carmine

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Composition of Oil Paints - Thinner

• Solvent or thinner: A volatile liquid added to prepare paint to increase fluidity thus workability and ease of application– Thinner helps penetration of paint in porous

surfaces– Turpentine oil is most common thinner– Excessive thinner dulls the colors and gloss– Excessive thinner reduces protective value of

paint

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Composition of Oil Paints - Drier

• Drier: added to paint to quicken the drying of vehicle– Linseed oil dries by absorbing oxygen– Drying process expedited by adding oxygen

rich substances– Common driers are: Litharge, Red lead, Lead

acetate, Manganese dioxide, Zinc sulphate– Excessive drier destroys the elasticity of paint

and causes flaking– Drier is added to the paint just before use

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Composition of Oil Paints - Filler

• Inert filler– An adulterant mixed to replace the base in

part thus reducing the cost of paint– Commonly used fillers are silica, charcoal,

powdered chalk, aluminum silicate, barium sulphate, etc

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Characteristics of Good Paints

• Should have a good body or spreading power• Should work smoothly and freely to be laid in thin coat• Should form durable, tough and wear resistant film upon

drying• Color should not fade or change• Painted surface should dry in about 9 hours• Should become hard enough in 24 hours to take up

another coat• Should not crack upon drying• Should give a smooth and pleasing finish• Should dry quickly• Should not damage the painted surface

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Manufacture of Oil Paints

• The base (white lead) is thoroughly ground in oil• Thinner (turpentine oil) is mixed to give it

necessary workability• Pigment and drier are separately ground in

linseed oil and mixed with turpentine oil to make it thin

• Pigment mixture intimately mixed with already prepared base

• Prepared paint is strained through fine cloth or sieve

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Manufacture of Oil Paints

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Defects in Painting

• Cracking: cracks extending throughout the entire thickness of paint, due to– Improper seasoning of wood– Excessive use of drier– Application of too many coats

• Crazing and crocodiling: Hairline cracks in top coat, due to– Use of excessive oil– Use of impure oil– Insufficient drying of under coat

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Defects in Painting

• Blistering and peeling:– Exposure of paint to strong sunshine– Leaving oil or grease on the surface to be painted– Painting a surface with moisture on surface or in

pores of wood

• Runs and sage:– Application of too thick or slow drying paint– Painting over a glossy surface– Use of excessive drier– Excessive humidity or rapid thermal changes during

drying period

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Defects in Painting

• Chalking: rub off with hands or clothes– Use of insufficient oil in priming coat

• Washing off: deposition of water soluble dissolved matter at lower edges forming streaks

• Dull appearance: caused by use of excessive drier or on aging

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Defects in Painting

• Slow drying: – use of inferior or old oils– Painting over damp surfaces– Painting during unfavorable weather

• Yellowing of white paint:– Use white enamel where gloss is desired– For indoors use linseed oil with yellow tint that

does not bleach unless exposed to sunshine

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LINSEED OIL

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Brown Ochre• Ochre or Ocher (pronounced /ˈoʊkər/ OH-kər, from

the Greek ὠχρός, ōkhrós, pale) is term for both a golden-yellow or light yellow brown color and for a form of

earth pigment which produces the color.

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VARIOUS PIGMENTS