Classification III:Classification III:Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

AP BiologyAP Biology

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae Plants had to adapt to life outside water to Plants had to adapt to life outside water to

prevent drying out, still allow gametes to travel, prevent drying out, still allow gametes to travel, and prevent UV radiation damageand prevent UV radiation damage Dipoid sporophyte generation: 2 copies of each Dipoid sporophyte generation: 2 copies of each

chromosome allow recessive mutations to be maskedchromosome allow recessive mutations to be masked Cuticle: waxy covering to prevent dessicationCuticle: waxy covering to prevent dessication Vascular system: water distribution throughout the Vascular system: water distribution throughout the

plant, later xylem for water & phloem for foodplant, later xylem for water & phloem for food Pollen: gametes packaged for easy deliveryPollen: gametes packaged for easy delivery Ovary: protection for gametophytesOvary: protection for gametophytes Seasonal variation: deciduous and desert annualsSeasonal variation: deciduous and desert annuals

Phylum: 1. BryophytaPhylum: 1. Bryophyta

Mosses, liverworts, hornwortsMosses, liverworts, hornworts Produce haploid spores via meiosis (wind borne)Produce haploid spores via meiosis (wind borne) Lack vascular systemLack vascular system No true roots, true stems, or true leavesNo true roots, true stems, or true leaves Remain smallRemain small Water must be available for absorption through Water must be available for absorption through

surface tissues and as a transport medium for surface tissues and as a transport medium for sperm (flagellated)sperm (flagellated)

BryophytaBryophyta

Tracheophytes (vascular plants)Tracheophytes (vascular plants)

The next divisions are vascular plantsThe next divisions are vascular plants Possess xylem and phloemPossess xylem and phloem Have true roots, stems and leavesHave true roots, stems and leaves In first 3: Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, PterophytaIn first 3: Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, Pterophyta

Produce flagellated sperm which swim to fertilize Produce flagellated sperm which swim to fertilize the eggsthe eggs

Diploid zygote produced, which grows in to the Diploid zygote produced, which grows in to the sporophytesporophyte

Phylum: 2. LycophytaPhylum: 2. Lycophyta

2 Groups:2 Groups: 1. Now extinct: woody trees common in 1. Now extinct: woody trees common in

Carboniferous period (300 mya)Carboniferous period (300 mya) 2. Tropical epiphytes (plants that live on other 2. Tropical epiphytes (plants that live on other

plants) and small herbaceous plants (club mosses)plants) and small herbaceous plants (club mosses)

Phylum: 3. SphenophytaPhylum: 3. Sphenophyta

Extinct woody trees common during Extinct woody trees common during Carboniferous periodCarboniferous period

HorsetailsHorsetails Hollow, ribbed stems that are jointed at nodesHollow, ribbed stems that are jointed at nodes Nodes produce small scale-like leaves and Nodes produce small scale-like leaves and

sometimes branchessometimes branches Bushy branches give the appearance of a horsetailBushy branches give the appearance of a horsetail Stems, branches and leaves are green and Stems, branches and leaves are green and

photosyntheticphotosynthetic

SphenophytaSphenophyta

Phylum: 4. PterophytaPhylum: 4. Pterophyta

FernsFerns Clusters of sporangia called sori develop on Clusters of sporangia called sori develop on

the undersurface of fern frondsthe undersurface of fern fronds Sporangia undergo meiosis and produce sporesSporangia undergo meiosis and produce spores

Seed PlantsSeed Plants Two kinds of spores produced: male & femaleTwo kinds of spores produced: male & female Microsporangia produce microspores (male)Microsporangia produce microspores (male) Macrosporangia produce macrospores (female)Macrosporangia produce macrospores (female)

Microspores produce 4 haploid cells that mature into Microspores produce 4 haploid cells that mature into pollenpollen

Megaspores produce 1 surviving haploid megaspore Megaspores produce 1 surviving haploid megaspore which becomes 1 egg (flowering plants) or 2 eggs which becomes 1 egg (flowering plants) or 2 eggs (conifers)(conifers)

When pollen contacts the megasporangium, a tube When pollen contacts the megasporangium, a tube directs the pollen to the eggdirects the pollen to the egg

Phylum: 5. ConiferophytaPhylum: 5. Coniferophyta

Conifers (“cone-bearing”): pines, firs, spruce, Conifers (“cone-bearing”): pines, firs, spruce, junipers, redwoods, cedars, and othersjunipers, redwoods, cedars, and others

Male and female reproductive structures are in Male and female reproductive structures are in pollen-bearing male cones and ovule-bearing pollen-bearing male cones and ovule-bearing female conesfemale cones

Gymnosperms: “naked seeds”Gymnosperms: “naked seeds” Fertilization and seed development is lengthy, Fertilization and seed development is lengthy,

requiring 1-3 yearsrequiring 1-3 years

ConifersConifers

Phylum: 6. AnthophytaPhylum: 6. Anthophyta

Angiosperms (flowering plants)Angiosperms (flowering plants) Parts of the flower:Parts of the flower:

Carpel (or pistil): female reproductive structureCarpel (or pistil): female reproductive structure Ovary, Style, & StigmaOvary, Style, & Stigma

Stamen: male reproductive structureStamen: male reproductive structure Anther (pollen-bearing), Filament (stalk)Anther (pollen-bearing), Filament (stalk)

Petals & sometime Sepals function to attract Petals & sometime Sepals function to attract pollinatorspollinators

Angiosperm FlowersAngiosperm Flowers

The flower is a major evolutionary advancement:The flower is a major evolutionary advancement: Special adaptation to attract pollinatorsSpecial adaptation to attract pollinators Ovules are protected inside an ovaryOvules are protected inside an ovary Ovary develops into a fruit which fosters the dispersal Ovary develops into a fruit which fosters the dispersal

of seeds by wind, insects, birds, mammals, and other of seeds by wind, insects, birds, mammals, and other animalsanimals

Angiosperm FertilizationAngiosperm Fertilization

Pollen lands on sticky stigmaPollen lands on sticky stigma Pollen tube grows down style toward ovulePollen tube grows down style toward ovule 2 sperm cells inside the pollen tube2 sperm cells inside the pollen tube 1 diploid nucleus formed, and 1 triploid 1 diploid nucleus formed, and 1 triploid

nucleus formed (becomes endosperm); this is nucleus formed (becomes endosperm); this is called double fertilizationcalled double fertilization

Endosperm provides nourishment for embryo Endosperm provides nourishment for embryo and seedlingand seedling

AngiospermsAngiosperms

Additional advancements:Additional advancements: More specialized vascular More specialized vascular

tissuestissues Numerous variations in habit Numerous variations in habit

and growthand growth Result: advanced survival Result: advanced survival

ability in a variety of ability in a variety of environmental conditionsenvironmental conditions

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

Angiosperm GroupsAngiosperm Groups Divided into monocots & dicotsDivided into monocots & dicots

Plant TissuesPlant Tissues

Ground TissuesGround Tissues Parenchyma cells: storage, photosynthesis, secretionParenchyma cells: storage, photosynthesis, secretion Collenchyma cells: mechanical supportCollenchyma cells: mechanical support Sclerenchyma cells: also mechanical supportSclerenchyma cells: also mechanical support

Dermal TissueDermal Tissue Epidermis cells: secrete waxy cuticleEpidermis cells: secrete waxy cuticle

Vascular TissueVascular Tissue Xylem: conducts water/mineralsXylem: conducts water/minerals Phloem: conducts sugar/starches produced in Phloem: conducts sugar/starches produced in

photosynthesisphotosynthesis

Roots and ShootsRoots and Shoots

Most growth occurs at the tips of roots and Most growth occurs at the tips of roots and shootsshoots

Apical meristems: area of primary growthApical meristems: area of primary growth Primary growth: gives plants height, length in Primary growth: gives plants height, length in

roots at apical meristemsroots at apical meristems Secondary growth: widens plant girthSecondary growth: widens plant girth

Monocot RootMonocot Root

Dicot RootDicot Root

Monocot StemMonocot Stem

Dicot StemDicot Stem

LeavesLeaves

Cohesion-Tension TheoryCohesion-Tension Theory