coal information 2015

8/20/2019 Coal Information 2015

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COAL INFORMATION: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2015 edition) - 1

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

COAL INFORMATION2015 EDITION

DATABASE DOCUMENTATION


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2 - COAL INFORMATION: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2015 edition)


TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Changes from last edition .................................................................................................................... 3

2. List of electronic tables ......................................................................................................................... 4

3. Product definitions ............................................................................................................................... 6

4. Flow definitions – Statistics ............................................................................................................... 12

5. Flow definitions – Balances ................................................................................................................ 23

6. Flow definitions – Calorific values ..................................................................................................... 35

7. Geographical coverage definitions ................................................................................................... 37

8. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 46

9. Definitions ........................................................................................................................................... 48

Energy sources ................................................................................................................................. 48Flows: energy balance ...................................................................................................................... 52Coal resources and reserves ............................................................................................................ 55Units and conversions ...................................................................................................................... 55

10. Sources and notes .............................................................................................................................. 57

General notes ................................................................................................................................... 57People’s Republic of China .............................................................................................................. 58

Other sources ................................................................................................................................... 60

11. Country notes....................................................................................................................................... 63

12. Geographical coverage notes ........................................................................................................... 73

13. Abbreviations, conversion factors and calorific values .................................................................. 75

14. World coal market review ................................................................................................................... 78

Production ......................................................................................................................................... 78Trade ................................................................................................................................................ 82Consumption ..................................................................................................................................... 89

Uses of coal ...................................................................................................................................... 95CO 2 emissions .................................................................................................................................. 98


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1. CHANGES FROM LAST EDITION

What’s new?Provisional 2014 data

In this edition, the term “provisional” is used instead of “estimates” for the most recent year’s data. Energy data

reported for 2014 (shown as 2014p) are derived from provisional data based on submissions received in early 2015and on monthly submissions to the IEA from member countries. In some instances it has been necessary for the IEAto estimate some data; explanations of the estimates are provided in the country notes.

Geographical coverage:

In this edition, data for Niger became available from 2000 to 2013. Prior to 2000, data for Niger are presented inOther Africa.

In this edition data for South Sudan became available from 2012. Prior to 2012, they are included in Sudan.South Sudan became an independent country on 9 July 2011. From 2012, data for South Sudan are reportedseparately and therefore, breaks in the time series may occur between 2011 and 2012 for Sudan data.

The Netherlands Antilles was dissolved on 10 October 2010, resulting in two new constituent countries, Curaçao andSint Maarten, with the remaining islands joining the Netherlands as special municipalities. In this edition, the meth-odology for accounting for the energy statistics of the Netherlands Antilles has been revised in order to follow theabove-mentioned geographical changes. From 2012 onwards, data now account for the energy statistics of CuraçaoIsland only. Prior to 2012, data remain unchanged and still cover the entire territory of the former Netherland Antil-les. From this edition the country name has been changed from Netherland Antilles to Netherlands Antilles / Cura-çao.

Official data from the People’s Republic of China for 2013 and 2014 were not available prior to publication,therefore estimations have been used, based on available official sources and assumptions on consumption pat-terns, in this edition. Data revisions are expected from the People’s Republic of China later in 2015 and the IEAintends to update the electronic data files when these data become available. As a result of this growth rates be-tween 2012 and 2013 may be revised.


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2. LIST OF ELECTRONIC TABLESData for all available years are provided in this seriesof databases, generally from 1960 to 2013 for OECDcountries, 1971 to 2013 for non-OECD countries and1978-2013 for OECD Imports and Exports to partnercountries. Data for some products begin in 1978.

Some data is released for 2014 in July 2015 on a pro-visional basis and this data should be considered as

preliminary. Final data for 2014, including full con-sumption break-down will be received for the 2016

publication, and updating this data will form the basisof the preliminary 2016 edition, released in April2016.

World coal supply:

Coal World Supply.ivt

In this database, statistics for different types of coaland coal products, including manufactured gases areshown. These products are: anthracite, coking coal,other bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal, lignite,

patent fuel, coke oven coke, gas coke, coal tar, BKB,gas works gas, coke oven gas, blast furnace gas, otherrecovered gases, peat, peat products and oil shale andoil sands. The aggregates hard coal, brown coal andsteam coal are also included. This table provides ref-erence statistics of coal such as indigenous produc-tion, imports, exports and primary energy supply,

based in kilotonnes for solid fuel and TJ for gases forOECD and Non-OECD countries .

This database will not be updated in 2016 to includethe OECD revisions that form the preliminary edition,thus 2014 will refer to 2014e and provisional datasubmitted in early 2014 in all cases. This ensures that

the OECD and Non-OECD data provided within thisdatabase are on an equivalent basis.

This also means that differences may exist for OECDcountries and aggregates between this database and

the updated preliminary databases in shared flows,and the interactive specific information (such as coun-try notes or product definitions) provided for eachelement. This also means that the information provid-ed in this documentation may supercede the interac-tive information.

Final 2014 data in this database will be provided inthe 2016 publication.

OECD coal imports:

Coal Imports.ivt

This table presents detailed coal import data by coun-try of origin for OECD member states for the follow-ing coal products and aggregates: anthracite, cok-ingcoal, sub-bituminous coal, lignite, patent fuel, cokeoven coke, coal tar, BKB, peat, peat products, hardcoal, brown coal, and steam coal. The data is reportedin kilotonnes .

Data for 2014 are provisional.

OECD coal exports:

Coal Exports.ivt

This table presents detailed coal export data by coun-try of destination for OECD member states for thefollowing coal products and aggregates: anthracite,coking coal, sub-bituminous coal, lignite, patent fuel,coke oven coke, coal tar, BKB, peat, peat products,


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hard coal, brown coal and steam coal. The data is reported in kilotonnes .


OECD coal statistics:Coal Statistics OECD.ivt

In this table, statistics for different types of coal andcoal products, including manufactured gases areshown. These products are: anthracite, coking coal,other bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal, lignite,

patent fuel, coke oven coke, gas coke, coal tar, BKB,gas works gas, coke oven gas, blast furnace gas, otherrecovered gases, peat, peat products and oil shale andoil sands. The aggregates hard coal, brown coal and

steam coal are also included. This table provides fullsupply and consumption data of coal such as primaryenergy supply, transformation sector, energy sectorand final consumption based in kilotonnes for OECDcountries .


OECD coal balances:

Coal Balance OECD.ivt

In this table, a balance for different types of coal andcoal products, including manufactured gases is shown.These products are: anthracite, coking coal, other bi-tuminous coal, sub-bituminous coal, lignite, patent

fuel, coke oven coke, gas coke, coal tar, BKB, gasworks gas, coke oven gas, blast furnace gas, otherrecovered gases, peat, peat products, and oil shale andoil sands. The aggregates hard coal, brown coal andsteam coal are also included, as is a product coalwhich includes all primary coal types, and all derived

coal products, but not peat, peat products, or oil shaleand oil sands. This table provides full balance datasuch as primary energy supply, transformation sectorand final consumption based in kilotonnes of coalequivalent (7,000 Gigacalories) for OECD countriesand OECD country aggregate groups. Other units areselectable and they include kilotonnes of oil equivalent (10,000 Gigacalories), Terajoules and Teracalories .


OECD coal calorific values:

Coal NCV OECD.ivt

In this table, calorific values for select flows of differ-ent types of coal and coal products are shown on acountry by country basis. These products are: anthra-cite, coking coal, other bituminous coal, sub-

bituminous coal, lignite, patent fuel, coke oven coke,gas coke, coal tar and BKB, peat, peat products, andoil shale and oil sands. The aggregates, hard coal and

brown coal, are included for years prior to 1978 only.This table provides the calorific values used to con-

vert raw tonnes of coal and coal products into energyfor the OECD Coal Balance data. It is shown in Megajoules per tonne for OECD countries .



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3. PRODUCT DEFINITIONSCoal

Coal is a family name for a variety of solid organicfuels and refers to a whole range of combustible sed-imentary rock materials spanning a continuous quality

scale. For convenience, this continuous series is oftendivided into two main categories, which are them-selves divided into two subcategories:

Hard coal Anthracite Bituminous coal

- Coking coal- Other bituminous coal

Brown coal

Sub-bituminous coal

LigniteIn cases where data are presented in Mtoe or Mtce inthis book and sourced to OECD/IEA Energy Balances ,the term “Coal” includes all primary coal types listedabove, and coal products (patent fuel, coke oven coke,gas coke, coal tar, BKB, coke oven gas, gas worksgas, blast furnace gas, and other recovered gases). Fordisplay purposes in some cases, peat for energy use,

peat products and oil shale and oil sands are showntogether.

Classifying different types of coal into practical cate-gories for use at an international level is difficult fortwo reasons:

Divisions between coal categories vary between clas-sification systems, both national and international,

based on calorific value, volatile matter content, fixedcarbon content, caking and coking properties, or somecombination of two or more of these criteria.

Although the relative value of the coals within a par-ticular category depends on the degree of dilution by

moisture and ash and contamination by sulphur,chlorine, phosphorous and certain trace elements, thesefactors do not affect the divisions between categories.

Coal quality can vary and it is not always possible toensure that the available descriptive and analyticalinformation is truly representative of the body of coalto which it refers.

The International Coal Classification of the EconomicCommission for Europe (UNECE) recognises two

broad categories of coal:i) Hard coal: Coal of gross calorific value not less

than 5 732 kcal/kg (24 GJ/t) on an ash-free butmoist basis and with a mean random reflectance ofvitrinite of at least 0.6.

ii) Brown coal: Non-agglomerating coal with a grosscalorific value less than 5 732 kcal/kg (24 GJ/t)and with a mean random reflectance of vitrinite ofless than 0.6.

The IEA has adopted the basis of these definitions ofhard coal and brown coal in this book and in other

publications for presenting statistics relating to coal production, trade and consumption.

Historically, while also adopted by the IEA in prioreditions, the boundary conditions of these definitionsdiffered to what is shown above. Cooperation betweenvarious authorities, including the IEA, has resulted inthe development of a harmonised suite of product and

energy flow definitions. These are available at:http://www.iea.org/interenerstat_v2/meetings.asp.

It should be stressed that this classification system is based on the inherent qualities of the coal in questionand not on the final use of the coal. In this way theclassification system attempts to be objective andsimple to apply, and this should also minimise thedifferences between reported data from consumer and

producer nations when international trade occurs oreven producers and consumers on a national basis.


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Some countries however may still choose to reportconsumption by classification based on or guided byusage, so data presented in this book may differ fromthose presented in the national publications of indi-vidual countries because the countries may haveadopted a different coal classification and reporting

system that better suits their particular national needs.As far as possible, national coal statistics reported bythe IEA in this book and in other publications have

been adjusted to be consistent with the IEA defini-tions noted above, however this may not always bethe case.

Due to the differing nature of the criteria for thesecoal types, in some cases it is possible to fulfil some,

but not all criteria. In this case a judgement call needsto be made. As a general rule though, para-bituminousand ortho-bituminous coals tend to be classed as other

bituminous coal despite failing to meet one of the cal-orific or vitrinite mean random reflectance criteria.

Primary coal used in pulverised (or granular) coalinjection in blast furnaces is commonly abbreviated toPCI (or GCI) coal. (In this book PCI includes GCI).The IEA does not have a separate product classifica-tion for PCI as the term defines a particular end-usefor coal. In IEA statistics, PCI is generally included insteam coal, with the exception of Japan, Korea, the

Netherlands, Poland, the Slovak Republic, Turkey andthe United Kingdom, where it is included with cokingcoal. This also means that PCI production and trade

are not available in this book.In order to improve the information base for coalmarket analysis and projections, these two main cate-gories of coal have been further sub-divided inIEA/OECD Coal Statistics from 1978 as follows:

Hard coal

Hard coal is calculated as the sum of anthracite and all bituminous coals.

Anthracite is a high-rank, hard coal used mainlyfor industrial and residential heat raising.

Bituminous coal is a medium- to high-rank coalused for gasification, industrial coking and heatraising and residential heat raising. Bituminouscoal that can be used in the production of a cokecapable of supporting a blast furnace charge isknown as coking coal .

Other bituminous coal , not included under cokingcoal, may also be commonly known as thermalcoal; however this less formal grouping increas-ingly tends to include a range of brown coals. Also

included in other bituminous coal statistics are re-covered slurries, middlings and other low-grade,higher-rank coal products not further classified bytype.

Note: In prior editions, for the following countries,hard coal data also contained sub-bituminous coal:

Australia, Belgium, Chile, Finland, France, Iceland, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Portugal andthe United States. Prior to 1978, where only hard coaland brown coal are available as classification break-downs, hard coal data for these countries may stillcontain sub-bituminous coal data.

Brown coal

Brown coal is calculated as the sum of sub- bituminous coal and lignite. In previous editions, oilshale mined and combusted directly was reported as

lignite, while shale oil was reported as other hydro-carbons in Oil Information . In the 2014 edition, oilshale and oil sands have their own category, whileshale oil continues to be reported as other hydrocar-

bons in Oil Information.

Definitions for sub-bituminous coal and lignite are asfollows:

Sub-bituminous coal : non-agglomerating coalswith a gross calorific value between 4 777 kcal/kg(20 GJ/t) and 5 732 kcal/kg (24 GJ/t) on an ash-free but moist basis.

Lignite : non-agglomerating coal with a gross calo-rific value less than 4 777 kcal/kg (20 GJ/t) on anash-free but moist basis.

Note: In the 2014 edition, the calorific floor for sub-bituminous coal (on an adjusted basis) has beenraised from 4 165 kcal/kg to 4 777 kcal/kg. Very little

product reclassification from sub-bituminous coal tolignite has occurred as a result of this change in re-quirements.

Steam Coal

Steam coal in this publication contains all anthracite,other bituminous coal and sub-bituminous coal, butnot lignite or coking coal.

Prior to the 2012 publication, all hard coals that werenot coking coal (including the sub-bituminous coalfrom the excepted countries) were classed as steamcoal. This also included by necessity countries (notlisted) where sub-bituminous coal was unable to beseparated from other bituminous coal data for report-ing purposes.


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For the Coal Information 2012 publication onwards,the definition of steam coal was adjusted to include allsub-bituminous coals. This move was done to achievegreater congruence with practical, formal and infor-mal definitions of steam (thermal) coal in the marketand coal industry at large.

The definitions of hard coal and brown coal as aggre-gates in terms of their component parts remain un-changed and consistent with the UNECE guidelinesabove and InterEnerStat definitions. This means hardcoal can no longer be calculated by adding steam coaldata to coking coal data.

Coal products

The primary coal types mentioned above may be di-rectly consumed or transformed into another fuel orenergy source. Derived solid fuels and liquids are

products resulting from the transformation from hardcoal, brown coal or other primary solid fuels, some-times with the addition of other materials.

Manufactured Gases

Manufactured gases created outside of refineries,sourced primarily from solid hydrocarbons are report-ed on the coal questionnaire. They include purpose

built products like gas works gas, whose manufactureis often the main purpose of the transformation pro-cess, and products like coke oven gas and blast fur-nace gas which are useful energy by-products of an-other process.

Peat

A solid formed from the partial decomposition ofdead vegetation under conditions of high humidity

and limited air access (initial stage of coalification). Itis available in two main forms for use as a fuel - sod

peat and milled peat. Peat is not considered a renewableresource as its regeneration period is considerable.

Oil shale and oil sands

Oil shale should not be confused with shale oil. Shaleoil (often obtained by in situ thermally enhanced min-ing practices) is reported as an oil product.

Oil shale is a sedimentary rock which contains organ-ic matter in the form of kerogen – a waxy hydrocar-

bon-rich material regarded as a precursor of petrole-um. In solid form, it contains more inert matter thancoal, while the sand in oil sands may often be in theform of sandstone. Oil shale may be burned directly,or retorted to extract shale oil, the process of which isreported as coal liquefaction transformation.

Heat and electricity

Data for electricity and heat includes disaggregated dataon inputs and outputs of ‘combined heat and power’ andon ‘district heating’. Data on heat became available indifferent years for different countries and thus aggre-gated country data should be used with caution.

Total electricity production includes production from both main activity producers (formerly known as pub-lic) and autoproducers. Generally, the split of totalelectricity production between main activity producersand autoproducers is available only after 1973.

2015 edition, definition changes

Any changes enacted for this release to the data defi-nitions in the following tables will be shown in red.


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Coal and coal productsFlow Short name Definition

Coal and coal products COAL (For balances only.) This is the sum of all primary coals (not peat, peat products or oil shale and oil sands) and all derived coal prod-

ucts (cokes, gases, tars, briquettes etc).Hard coal HARDCOAL Hard coal refers to coal of gross calorific value greater than

24 MJ/kg (~5 732 kcal/kg) on an ash-free but moist basis and with amean random reflectance of vitrinite of at least 0.6. Hard coal mayinclude coals with a GCV greater than or equal to 24 MJ/kg and amean Rr < 0.6%. Hard coal is the sum of anthracite, coking coal,other bituminous coal and for some countries, prior to 1978 (see

Note on Coal Classification above), hard coal includes sub- bituminous coal.

Brown coal BROWN Brown coal is the sum of lignite and sub-bituminous coal. For somecountries prior to 1978 (see Note on Coal Classification above),

brown coal excludes sub-bituminous coal.

Steam coal STEAMCOAL Steam coal is coal used for steam raising and space heating purpos-es and includes all anthracite and bituminous coals not includedunder coking coal and for all countries; steam coal also includessub-bituminous coal.

Anthracite ANTCOAL A high rank coal used for industrial and residential applications. Itis generally less than 10% volatile matter and a high carbon content(about 90% fixed carbon). Its gross calorific value is greater than24 MJ/kg (~5 732 kcal/kg) on an ash-free but moist basis. It has avitrinite mean random reflectance greater than or equal to 2% and isnon-agglomerating.

Coking coal COKCOAL Coal with a quality that allows the production of a coke suitable tosupport a blast furnace charge. Its gross calorific value is greaterthan 24 MJ/kg (~5 732 kcal/kg) on an ash-free but moist basis.

Other bituminous coal BITCOAL Other bituminous coal is used for steam raising and space heating purposes and includes all bituminous coal that is not included undercoking coal. It usually contains more than 10% volatile matter andrelatively high carbon content (less than 90% fixed carbon). Itsgross calorific value is greater than 24 MJ/kg (~5 732 kcal/kg) onan ash-free but moist basis and can include parabituminous and or-thobituminous coals.

Sub-bituminous coal SUBCOAL Non-agglomerating coals with a gross calorific value between

20 MJ/kg (~4 777 kcal/kg) and 24 MJ/kg (~5 732 kcal/kg) on amoist but ash free basis, and containing more than 31 per cent vola-tile matter on a dry, mineral free basis.

Lignite LIGNITE Non-agglomerating coal with a gross calorific value of less than20 MJ/kg (4 777 kcal/kg) on a moist, but ash free basis.

Patent fuel PATFUEL A composition fuel manufactured from hard coal fines with the ad-dition of a binding agent. The amount of patent fuel produced there-fore can be slightly higher than the actual amount of coal consumedin the transformation process.


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Coke oven coke OVENCOKE The solid product obtained from the carbonisation of coal, princi- pally coking coal, at high temperature. It is low in moisture content

and volatile matter. Also included are semi-coke, a solid productobtained from the carbonisation of coal at a low temperature, lignitecoke, semi-coke made from lignite/brown coal, coke breeze andfoundry coke. Cokes obtained from other sources such as processresidues or flue gas precipitation may also be shown here.

Gas coke GASCOKE A by-product of hard coal used for the production of town gas ingas works. Gas coke is used for heating purposes.

Coal tar COALTAR Coal tar is a result of the destructive distillation of bituminous coal.Coal tar is the liquid by-product of the distillation of coal to makecoke in the coke oven process. Coal tar can be further distilled intodifferent organic products (e.g. benzene, toluene, naphthalene),which normally would be reported as a feedstock to the petrochemi-cal industry.

Brown coal briquettes BKB Composition fuels manufactured from lignite/brown coal, produced by briquetting under high pressure. These figures include dried lig-nite fines and dust.

Gas works gas GASWKSGS Covers all types of gas produced in public utility or private plants,whose main purpose is the manufacture, transport and distributionof gas. It includes gas produced by carbonisation (including gas

produced by coke ovens and transferred to gas works), by total gasi-fication (with or without enrichment with oil products), by crackingof natural gas, and by reforming and simple mixing of gases and/orair. This heading also includes substitute natural gas, which is ahigh calorific value gas manufactured by chemical conversion of ahydrocarbon fossil fuel.

Coal seam gas is reported on the natural gas questionnaire as col-liery gas, as most likely will be the case for underground coal gasi-fication (UGC).

Coke oven gas COKEOVGS Coke oven gas is obtained as a by-product of solid fuel carbonisa-tion and gasification operations carried out by coke producers andiron and steel plants. It is calorifically rich, and when cleaned is

predominantly H 2.

Blast furnace gas BLFURGS Produced during the combustion of coke in blast furnaces in theiron and steel industry. It is recovered and used as a fuel partlywithin the plant and partly in other steel industry processes or in

power stations equipped to burn it. It is mainly nitrogen (N 2), withroughly equal amounts of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, andwill contain other trace gases. Off gases from direct reduced ironand other similar processes may also be reported here.


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Other recovered gases OGASES Other recovered gases were previously known as oxygen steel fur-nace gas, which is most commonly obtained as a by-product of the

production of steel in an oxygen-fired furnace; it is recovered uponleaving the furnace. The gas is also known as converter gas, LD gasor BOS gas. Other gases of similar nature are also reported in thiscategory, hence the change of name to be intrinsically more inclu-sive.

Peat PEAT Combustible soft, porous or compressed, fossil sedimentary depositof plant origin with high water content (up to 90 per cent in the rawstate), easily cut, of light to dark brown colour. Peat used for non-energy purposes is not included.

Peat products PEATPROD Peat products include peat briquettes and peat pellets. Milled peat isincluded in peat, not peat products..

Oil shale and oil sands OILSHALE Oil shale should not be confused with shale oil. Shale oil (often ob-tained by in situ thermally enhanced mining practices) is reported asan oil product.Oil shale is a sedimentary rock which contains organic matter in theform of kerogen – a waxy hydrocarbon-rich material regarded as a

precursor of petroleum. In solid form, it contains more inert matterthan coal, while the sand in oil sands may often be in the form ofsandstone. Oil shale may be burned directly, or retorted to extractshale oil, the process of which is reported as coal liquefaction trans-formation.


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4. FLOW DEFINITIONS – STATISTICS

SupplyFlow Short name Definition

Production INDPROD Production refers to the quantities of fuels extracted or produced,

calculated after any operation for removal of inert matter or impuri-ties (e.g. sulphur from natural gas). For “other hydrocarbons”(shown with crude oil), production should include synthetic crudeoil (including mineral oil extracted form bituminous minerals suchas oil shale and tar sands, etc.). Production of secondary oil productsrepresents the gross refinery output. Secondary coal products andgases represent the output from coke ovens, gas works, blast furnac-es and other transformation processes.

From other sources –coal

OSCOAL From other sources refers to both primary energy that has not beenaccounted for under production and secondary energy that has beenaccounted for in the production of another fuel. For example, underadditives: benzol, alcohol and methanol produced from natural gas;

under refinery feedstocks: backflows from the petrochemical indus-try used as refinery feed-stocks; under “other hydrocarbons” (in-cluded with crude oil): liquids obtained from coal liquefaction andGTL plants; under primary coal: recovered slurries, middlings, recu-

perated coal dust and other low-grade coal products that cannot beclassified according to type of coal from which they are obtained;under gas works gas: natural gas, refinery gas, and LPG, that aretreated or mixed in gas works (i.e. gas works gas produced fromsources other than coal).

From other sources –natural gas

OSNATGAS

From other sources – oil products

OSOIL

From other sources –renewables

OSRENEW

From other sources –not elsewhere specified

OSNONSPEC

Imports IMPORTS Imports comprise the amount of fuels obtained from or supplied toother countries, whether or not there is an economic or customs un-ion between the relevant countries. Coal in transit should not be in-cluded.

Exports EXPORTS Exports comprise the amount of fuels obtained from or supplied toother countries, whether or not there is an economic or customs un-ion between the relevant countries. Coal in transit should not be in-cluded.


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International marine bunkers

MARBUNK International marine bunkers covers those quantities delivered toships of all flags that are engaged in international navigation. The

international navigation may take place at sea, on inland lakes andwaterways, and in coastal waters. Consumption by ships engaged indomestic navigation is excluded. The domestic/international split isdetermined on the basis of port of departure and port of arrival, andnot by the flag or nationality of the ship. Consumption by fishingvessels and by military forces is also excluded. See definitions oftransport , fishing , and other non-specified .

International aviation bunkers

AVBUNK As per international marine bunkers, International aviation bunkerscovers those quantities delivered to aircraft of all flags that are en-gaged in international aviation. Consumption by aircraft engaged indomestic aviation is excluded. The domestic/international split isdetermined on the basis of airport of departure and airport of arrival,

and not by the flag or nationality of the aircraft. Consumption bymilitary forces is also excluded.

Stock changes STOCKCHA Stock changes reflects the difference between opening stock levelson the first day of the year and closing levels on the last day of theyear of stocks on national territory held by producers, importers,energy transformation industries and large consumers. Oil and gasstock changes in pipelines are not taken into account. With the ex-ception of large users mentioned above, changes in final users'stocks are not taken into account. A stock build is shown as a nega-tive number, and a stock draw as a positive number.

Domestic supply DOMSUP Domestic supply is defined as production + from other sources +

imports - exports - international marine bunkers ± stock changes .Transfers TRANSFER Transfers comprises interproduct transfers, products transferred and

recycled products. Interproduct transfers results from reclassificationof products either because their specification has changed or becausethey are blended into another product, e.g. kerosene may be reclassi-fied as gasoil after blending with the latter in order to meet its winterdiesel specification. The net balance of interproduct transfers is zero.Products transferred is intended for petroleum products imported forfurther processing in refineries. For example, fuel oil imported forupgrading in a refinery is transferred to the feedstocks category. Re-cycled products are finished products which pass a second timethrough the marketing network, after having been once delivered to

final consumers (e.g. used lubricants which are reprocessed).Statistical differences STATDIFF Statistical difference is defined as deliveries to final consumption +

use for transformation processes and consumption by energy indus-try own use + losses - domestic supply - transfers . Statistical differ-ences arise because the data for the individual components of supplyare often derived from different data sources by the national admin-istration. Furthermore, the inclusion of changes in some large con-sumers' stocks in the supply part of the balance introduces distor-tions which also contribute to the statistical differences.


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Transformation processesFlow Short name Definition

Transformation processes

TOTTRANF Transformation processes comprise the conversion of primaryforms of energy to secondary and further transformation (e.g. cok-

ing coal to coke, crude oil to oil products, and fuel oil to electrici-ty).

Main activity producerelectricity plants

MAINELEC Electricity plants refers to plants which are designed to produceelectricity only. If one or more units of the plant is a CHP unit (andthe inputs and outputs can not be distinguished on a unit basis) thenthe whole plant is designated as a CHP plant. Main activity produc-ers generate electricity and/or heat for sale to third parties, as their

primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. Notethat the sale need not take place through the public grid.

Autoproducerelectricity plants

AUTOELEC Electricity plants refers to plants which are designed to produceelectricity only. If one or more units of the plant is a CHP unit (andthe inputs and outputs can not be distinguished on a unit basis) thenthe whole plant is designated as a CHP plant. Autoproducer under-takings generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for theirown use as an activity which supports their primary activity. Theymay be privately or publicly owned.

Main activity producerCHP plants

MAINCHP Combined heat and power plants refers to plants which are de-signed to produce both heat and electricity (sometimes referred toas co-generation power stations). If possible, fuel inputs and elec-tricity/heat outputs are on a unit basis rather than on a plant basis.However, if data are not available on a unit basis, the conventionfor defining a CHP plant noted above should be adopted. Main ac-tivity producers generate electricity and/or heat for sale to third

parties, as their primary activity. They may be privately or publiclyowned. Note that the sale need not take place through the publicgrid.

Autoproducer CHP plants

AUTOCHP Combined heat and power plants refers to plants which are de-signed to produce both heat and electricity (sometimes referred toas co-generation power stations). If possible, fuel inputs and elec-tricity/heat outputs are on a unit basis rather than on a plant basis.However, if data are not available on a unit basis, the conventionfor defining a CHP plant noted above should be adopted. Note thatfor autoproducer's CHP plants, all fuel inputs to electricity produc-tion are taken into account, while only the part of fuel inputs to heatsold is shown. Fuel inputs for the production of heat consumed

within the autoproducer's establishment are not included here butare included with figures for the final consumption of fuels in theappropriate consuming sector. Autoproducer undertakings generateelectricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their own use as an ac-tivity which supports their primary activity. They may be privatelyor publicly owned.


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Main activity producerheat plants

MAINHEAT Heat plants refers to plants designed to produce heat only and whosell heat to a third party (e.g. residential, commercial or industrial

consumers) under the provisions of a contract. Main activity pro-ducers generate electricity and/or heat for sale to third parties, astheir primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned.

Note that the sale need not take place through the public grid.

Autoproducer heat plants

AUTOHEAT Heat plants refers to plants designed to produce heat only and whosell heat to a third party (e.g. residential, commercial or industrialconsumers) under the provisions of a contract. Autoproducer under-takings generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for theirown use as an activity which supports their primary activity. Theymay be privately or publicly owned.

Heat pumps THEAT Heat pumps includes heat produced by heat pumps in transfor-mation. Heat pumps that are operated within the residential sectorwhere the heat is not sold are not considered a transformation pro-cess and are not included here – the electricity consumption wouldappear as residential use.

Electric boilers TBOILER Includes electric boilers used to produce heat.

Chemical heat forelectricity production

TELE Includes heat from chemical processes that is used to generate elec-tricity.


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Blast furnaces TBLASTFUR Blast furnaces covers the quantities of fuels used for the productionof blast furnace gas and oxygen steel furnace gas. The production

of pig-iron from iron ore in blast furnaces uses fuels for supportingthe blast furnace charge and providing heat and carbon for the re-duction of the iron ore. Accounting for the calorific content of thefuels entering the process is a complex matter as transformation(into blast furnace gas) and consumption (heat of combustion) oc-cur simultaneously. Some carbon is also retained in the pig-iron;almost all of this reappears later in the oxygen steel furnace gas (orconverter gas) when the pig-iron is converted to steel. In the1992/1993 annual questionnaires, Member Countries were askedfor the first time to report in the transformation sector the quantitiesof all fuels (e.g. pulverised coal injection [PCI] coal, coke ovencoke, natural gas and oil) entering blast furnaces and the quantity of

blast furnace gas and oxygen steel furnace gas produced. The Sec-retariat then needed to split these inputs into the transformation andconsumption components. The transformation component is shownin the row blast furnaces/gas works in the column appropriate forthe fuel, and the consumption component is shown in the row ironand steel, in the column appropriate for the fuel. Originally, theSecretariat assumed that there was a transformation efficiency of100%, which meant that the energy going into the transformation

process was equal to the energy coming out (i.e. equivalent to theenergy content of the gases produced). However, when the IEAdata were used to calculate CO2 emissions from fuel combustionusing the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)methodology, as published in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelinesfor National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, the blast furnaces wereshowing a carbon gain. Starting with the 1998 edition, the Secretar-iat decided to assume a transformation efficiency such that the car-

bon input into the blast furnaces should equal the carbon output.This is roughly equivalent to assuming an energy transformationefficiency of 40%.

Gas works TGASWKS Gas works covers the quantities of fuels used for the production oftown gas.

Coke ovens TCOKEOVS Coke plants covers the use of fuels for the manufacture of coke andcoke oven gas.

Patent fuel plants TPATFUEL Patent fuel plants covers the use of fuels for the manufacture of patent fuels.

BKB/PB plants TBKB BKB plants covers the use of fuels for BKB manufacture, and peatfor manufacture of peat products.

Oil refineries TREFINER Oil refineries covers the use of hydrocarbons for the manufacture offinished petroleum products.


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Petrochemical industry TPETCHEM Covers backflows returned from the petrochemical industry. Notethat backflows from oil products that are used for non-energy pur-

poses (i.e. white spirit and lubricants) are not included here, but innon-energy use.

Coal liquefaction plants

TCOALLIQ Includes coal liquefaction plants.

Gas-to-liquids (GTL) plants

TGTL Includes gas-to-liquid plants.

For blended naturalgas

TBLENDGAS Includes other gases for blending with natural gas.

Charcoal production plants

TCHARCOAL Includes the transformation of solid biomass into charcoal.

Not elsewherespecified(Transformation)

TNONSPEC Includes non-specified transformation.


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Energy industry own use and lossesFlow Short name Definition

Energy industry ownuse

TOTENGY Energy industry own use covers the amount of fuels used by the energy producing industries (e.g. for heating, lighting and operation of all equip-

ment used in the extraction process, for traction and for distribution).It includes energy consumed by energy industries for heating, pump-ing, traction and lighting purposes [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 05, 06, 19and 35, Group 091 and Classes 0892 and 0721].

Coal mines EMINES Represents the energy which is used directly within the coal industryfor hard coal and lignite mining. It excludes coal burned in pithead

power stations (included under electricity plants in transformation processes) and free allocations to miners and their families (consid-ered as part of household consumption and therefore included underresidential).

Oil and gas extraction EOILGASEX For oil and gas extraction, flared gas is not included.

Blast furnaces EBLASTFUR Companies’ own consumption of fuels in operating a furnace.

Gas works EGASWKS Comprises consumption of fuels at the gas works and gasification plants.

Gasification plants for biogas

EBIOGAS Includes own consumption of biogas necessary to support tempera-tures needed for anaerobic fermentation.

Coke ovens ECOKEOVS Companies’ own consumption of fuels at the coking plant.

Patent fuel plants EPATFUEL Comprises own consumption of fuels by patent fuel plants.

BKB/PB plants EBKB Comprises own consumption of fuels by briquetting plants.

Oil refineries EREFINER Comprises own consumption of fuels in refineries.


ECOALLIQ Comprises own consumption of fuels at coal liquefaction plants.

Liquefaction (LNG) /regasification plants

ELNG Comprises own consumption of fuels at liquefaction (LNG)/ regasifi-cation plants.


EGTL Comprises own consumption of fuels at gas-to-liquids (GTL) plants.

Own use in electricity,CHP and heat plants

EPOWERPLT Companies’ own consumption of fuels in electricity plants, combinedheat and power plants (CHP) and heat plants.

Used for pumped

storage

EPUMPST Represents electricity consumed in hydro-electric plants for pumped

storage. Nuclear industry ENUC Represents the energy used in the nuclear industry.


ECHAR-COAL

Represents the energy used in charcoal production plants.

Not elsewherespecified (Energy)

ENONSPEC Represents use in energy industries supporting transformations notrepresented above, or support for processes unable to be reported intheir actual transformation for other reasons.

Losses DISTLOSS Losses in gas distribution, electricity transmission, and coal transport.


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Final consumptionFlow Short name Definition

Final consumption FINCONS Equal to the sum of the consumption in the end-use sectors. Energyused for transformation processes and for own use of the energy pro-

ducing industries is excluded. Final consumption reflects for the most part deliveries to consumers (see note on stock changes ).Backflows from the petrochemical industry are not included in finalconsumption (see from other sources under supply and petrochemical

plants in transformation processes).Starting with the 2009 edition, international aviation bunkers is nolonger included in final consumption at the country level.

Industry TOTIND Industry consumption is specified as follows: (energy used fortransport by industry is not included here but is reported undertransport):

Iron and steel IRONSTL [ISIC Rev. 4 Group 241 and Class 2431]

Chemical and petrochemical

CHEMICAL [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 20 and 21] Excluding petrochemical feed-stocks.

Non-ferrous metals NONFERR [ISIC Rev. 4 Group 242 and Class 2432] Basic industries.

Non-metallic minerals NONMET [ISIC Rev. 4 Division 23] Such as glass, ceramic, cement, etc.

Transport equipment TRANSEQ [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 29 and 30]

Machinery MACHINE [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 25 to 28] Fabricated metal products, machin-ery and equipment other than transport equipment.

Mining and quarrying MINING [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 07 and 08 and Group 099] Mining (excludingfuels) and quarrying.

Food and tobacco FOODPRO [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 10 to 12]

Paper, pulp and print PAPERPRO [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 17 and 18]

Wood and wood products

WOODPRO [ISIC Rev. 4 Division 16] Wood and wood products other than pulpand paper.

Construction CONSTRUC [ISIC Rev. 4 Division 41 to 43]

Textile and leather TEXTILES [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 13 to 15]

Not elsewherespecified (Industry)

INONSPEC [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 22, 31 and 32] Any manufacturing industrynot included above. Note: Most countries have difficulties supplyingan industrial breakdown for all fuels. In these cases, the not elsewhere

specified industry row has been used. Regional aggregates of indus-trial consumption should therefore be used with caution.

Transport TOTTRANS Consumption in transport covers all transport activity (in mobile en-gines) regardless of the economic sector to which it is contributing[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 49 to 51], and is specified as follows:


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Domestic aviation DOMESAIR Includes deliveries of aviation fuels to aircraft for domestic aviation -commercial, private, agricultural, etc. It includes use for purposes

other than flying, e.g. bench testing of engines, but not airline use offuel for road transport. The domestic/international split should bedetermined on the basis of departure and landing locations and not bythe nationality of the airline. Note that this may include journeys ofconsiderable length between two airports in a country (e.g. San Fran-cisco to Honolulu). For many countries this incorrectly includes fuelused by domestically owned carriers for outbound internationaltraffic;

Road ROAD Road includes fuels used in road vehicles as well as agricultural andindustrial highway use. Excludes military consumption as well asmotor gasoline used in stationary engines and diesel oil for use intractors that are not for highway use.

Rail RAIL Rail includes quantities used in rail traffic, including industrial rail-ways.

Pipeline transport PIPELINE Includes energy used in the support and operation of pipelines trans- porting gases, liquids, slurries and other commodities, including theenergy used for pump stations and maintenance of the pipeline. Ener-gy for the pipeline distribution of natural or manufactured gas, hotwater or steam (ISIC Rev. 4 Division 35) from the distributor to finalusers is excluded and should be reported in energy industry own use ,while the energy used for the final distribution of water (ISIC Rev. 4Division 36) to household, industrial, commercial and other usersshould be included in commercial/public services . Losses occurring

during the transport between distributor and final users should be reported as losses ;

Domestic navigation DOMESNAV Includes fuels delivered to vessels of all flags not engaged in interna-tional navigation (see international marine bunkers ). The domestic/international split should be determined on the basis of port of depar-ture and port of arrival and not by the flag or nationality of the ship.

Note that this may include journeys of considerable length betweentwo ports in a country (e.g. San Francisco to Honolulu). Fuel used forocean, coastal and inland fishing and military consumption are ex-cluded;

Not elsewherespecified (Transport)

TRNONSPE Includes all transport not elsewhere specified. Note: Internationalmarine bunkers and international aviation bunkers are shown in Sup-

ply and are not included in transport as part of final consumption.

Other TOTOTHER Includes residential, commercial/public services, agriculture/forestry,fishing and non-specified (other).

Residential RESIDENT Includes consumption by households, excluding fuels used fortransport. Includes households with employed persons [ISIC Rev. 4Division 97] which is a small part of total residential consumption.

Commercial and public services

COMMPUB [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 33, 36-39, 45-47, 52, 53, 55-56, 58-66, 68-75,77-82, 84 (excluding Class 8422), 85-88, 90-96 and 99]


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Agriculture/forestry AGRICULT Includes deliveries to users classified as agriculture, hunting and for-estry by the ISIC, and therefore includes energy consumed by such

users whether for traction (excluding agricultural highway use), pow-er or heating (agricultural and domestic) [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 01and 02].

Fishing FISHING Includes fuels used for inland, coastal and deep-sea fishing. Fishingcovers fuels delivered to ships of all flags that have refuelled in thecountry (including international fishing) as well as energy used in thefishing industry [ISIC Rev. 4 Division 03]. Prior to last year, fishingwas included with agriculture/forestry and this may continue to bethe case for some countries .

Not elsewherespecified (Other)

ONONSPEC Includes all fuel use not elsewhere specified as well as consumptionin the above-designated categories for which separate figures havenot been provided. Military fuel use for all mobile and stationary con-sumption is included here (e.g. ships, aircraft, road and energy usedin living quarters) regardless of whether the fuel delivered is for themilitary of that country or for the military of another country.

Non-energy use NONENUSE Non-energy use covers those fuels that are used as raw materials inthe different sectors and are not consumed as a fuel or transformedinto another fuel. Non-energy use is shown separately in final con-sumption under the heading non-energy use.

Note that for biomass commodities, only the amounts specificallyused for energy purposes (a small part of the total) are included in theenergy statistics. Therefore, all non-energy use quantities are null bydefinition.

Non-energy useind./transf./energy

NEINTREN Non-energy in industry, transformation processes and energy industryown use.

Of which: Non-energyuse in chemical/

petrochemical industry

NECHEM The petrochemical industry includes cracking and reforming process-es for the purpose of producing ethylene, propylene, butylene, syn-thesis gas, aromatics, butadene and other hydrocarbon-based raw ma-terials in processes such as steam cracking, aromatics plants andsteam reforming [part of ISIC Rev. 4 Group 201].

Non-energy use intransport

NETRANS Non-energy use in transport.

Non-energy use in

other sectors

NEOTHER Non-energy use in “Other”.


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Electricity output (GWh)Flow Short name Definition

Electricity output inGWh

ELOUTPUT Shows the total number of GWh generated by thermal power plantsseparated into electricity plants and CHP plants, as well as produc-

tion by nuclear and hydro, geothermal, etc.Electricity output-main activity

producer electricity plants

ELMAINE Total electricity generated in main activity producer electricity plants.

Electricity output-autoproducerelectricity plants

ELAUTOE Total electricity generated in autoproducer electricity plants.

Electricity output-main activity

producer CHP plants

ELMAINC Total electricity generated in main activity producer CHP plants.

Electricity output-autoproducer CHP

plants

ELAUTOC Total electricity generated in autoproducer CHP plants.

Heat output (TJ)Flow Short name Definition

Heat output in TJ HEATOUT Shows the total amount of TJ generated by power plants separated

into CHP plants and heat plants.Heat output-mainactivity producerCHP plants

HEMAINC Total heat generated in main activity producer CHP plants.

Heat output-autoproducer CHP

plants

HEAUTOC Total electricity generated in autoproducer CHP plants.

Heat output-mainactivity producer heat

plant

HEMAINH Total electricity generation in main activity producer heat plants.

Heat output-autoproducer heat plants

HEAUTOH Total electricity generation in autoproducer heat plants.


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5. FLOW DEFINITIONS – BALANCES


Production INDPROD Production is the production of primary energy, i.e. hard coal, lig-nite/brown coal, peat, crude oil, NGLs, natural gas, combustible re-

newables and waste, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, solar and the heatfrom heat pumps that is extracted from the ambient environment. Pro-duction is calculated after removal of impurities (e.g. sulphur fromnatural gas). Calculation of production of hydro, geothermal, etc.and nuclear electricity is explained in Section 6.

Imports IMPORTS Comprise amounts having crossed the national territorial boundariesof the country whether or not customs clearance has taken place. Imports comprise the amount of fuels obtained from other countries,whether or not there is an economic or customs union between therelevant countries. Coal in transit should not be included.

Exports EXPORTS Comprise amounts having crossed the national territorial boundariesof the country whether or not customs clearance has taken place. Exports comprise the amount of fuels supplied to other countries,whether or not there is an economic or customs union between therelevant countries. Coal in transit should not be included.

International marine bunkers

MARBUNK Covers those quantities delivered to ships of all flags that are engagedin international navigation. The international navigation may take placeat sea, on inland lakes and waterways, and in coastal waters. Consump-tion by ships engaged in domestic navigation is excluded. The domes-tic/international split is determined on the basis of port of departure and

port of arrival, and not by the flag or nationality of the ship. Consump-tion by fishing vessels and by military forces is also excluded. See do-mestic navigation , fishing and other non-specified .

Internationalaviation bunkers

AVBUNK Includes deliveries of aviation fuels to aircraft for international avia-tion. Fuels used by airlines for their road vehicles are excluded. Thedomestic/international split should be determined on the basis of de-

parture and landing locations and not by the nationality of the airline.For many countries this incorrectly excludes fuel used by domestical-ly owned carriers for their international departures.


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Stock changes STOCKCHA Reflects the difference between opening stock levels on the first dayof the year and closing levels on the last day of the year of stocks on

national territory held by producers, importers, energy transformationindustries and large consumers. A stock build is shown as a negativenumber, and a stock draw as a positive number.

Total primary energysupply

TPES Total primary energy supply (TPES) is made up of production +imports - exports - international marine bunkers - internationalaviation bunkers ± stock changes.

Transfers TRANSFER Comprises interproduct transfers , products transferred and recycled products . Interproduct transfers results from reclassification of products either because their specification has changed or because they are blendedinto another product, e.g. kerosene may be reclassified as gasoil after

blending with the latter in order to meet its winter diesel specification.The net balance of interproduct transfers is zero. Products transferred is intended for oil products imported for further processing in refineries. For example, fuel oil imported for upgradingin a refinery is transferred to the feedstocks category.

Recycled products are finished products which pass a second timethrough the marketing network, after having been once delivered tofinal consumers (e.g. used lubricants which are reprocessed).

Statisticaldifferences

STATDIFF Includes the sum of the unexplained statistical differences for indi-vidual fuels, as they appear in the basic energy statistics. It also in-cludes the statistical differences that arise because of the variety ofconversion factors in the coal and oil columns.


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Transformation processes

TOTTRANF Transformation processes comprises the conversion of primary forms ofenergy to secondary and further transformation (e.g. coking coal to coke,

crude oil to oil products, and fuel oil to electricity). Inputs to transfor-mation processes are shown as negative numbers and output fromthe process is shown as a positive number. Transformation losseswill appear in the “total” column as negative numbers.

Main activity producer electricity plants

MAINELEC Refers to plants which are designed to produce electricity only. If oneor more units of the plant is a CHP unit (and the inputs and outputscan not be distinguished on a unit basis) then the whole plant is des-ignated as a CHP plant. Main activity producers generate electricityfor sale to third parties, as their primary activity. They may be pri-vately or publicly owned. Note that the sale need not take placethrough the public grid.

Autoproducerelectricity plants

AUTOELEC Refers to plants which are designed to produce electricity only. If oneor more units of the plant is a CHP unit (and the inputs and outputscan not be distinguished on a unit basis) then the whole plant is des-ignated as a CHP plant. Autoproducer undertakings generate electric-ity wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which supportstheir primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned.

Main activity producer CHP plants

MAINCHP Refers to plants which are designed to produce both heat and electric-ity (sometimes referred to as co-generation power stations). If possi-

ble, fuel inputs and electricity/heat outputs are on a unit basis ratherthan on a plant basis. However, if data are not available on a unit ba-sis, the convention for defining a CHP plant noted above should beadopted. Main activity producers generate electricity and/or heat for

sale to third parties, as their primary activity. They may be privatelyor publicly owned. Note that the sale need not take place through the public grid.

Autoproducer CHP plants

AUTOCHP Refers to plants which are designed to produce both heat and electric-ity (sometimes referred to as co-generation power stations). If possi-

ble, fuel inputs and electricity/heat outputs are on a unit basis ratherthan on a plant basis. However, if data are not available on a unit ba-sis, the convention for defining a CHP plant noted above should beadopted. Note that for autoproducer CHP plants, all fuel inputs toelectricity production are taken into account, while only the part offuel inputs to heat sold is shown. Fuel inputs for the production ofheat consumed within the autoproducer's establishment are not in-

cluded here but are included with figures for the final consumption offuels in the appropriate consuming sector. Autoproducer undertak-ings generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their ownuse as an activity which supports their primary activity. They may be

privately or publicly owned.


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Main activity producer heat plants

MAINHEAT Refers to plants (including heat pumps and electric boilers) designedto produce heat only and who sell heat to a third party (e.g. residen-

tial, commercial or industrial consumers) under the provisions of acontract. Main activity producers generate heat for sale to third par-ties, as their primary activity. They may be privately or publiclyowned. Note that the sale need not take place through the public grid.

Autoproducer heat plants

AUTOHEAT Refers to plants (including heat pumps and electric boilers) designedto produce heat only and who sell heat to a third party (e.g. residen-tial, commercial or industrial consumers) under the provisions of acontract. Autoproducer undertakings generate heat, wholly or partlyfor their own use as an activity which supports their primary activity.They may be privately or publicly owned.

Heat pumps THEAT Includes heat produced by heat pumps in transformation. Heat pumpsthat are operated within the residential sector where the heat is notsold are not considered a transformation process andare not included here – the electricity consumption would appear asresidential use.

Electric boilers TBOILER Includes electric boilers used to produce heat.

Chemical heat forelectricity

production

TELE Includes heat from chemical processes that is used to generate electricity.

Blast furnaces TBLASTFUR Blast furnaces covers the quantities of fuels used for the productionof blast furnace gas and oxygen steel furnace gas. The production of

pig-iron from iron ore in blast furnaces uses fuels for supporting the blast

furnace charge and providing heat and carbon for the reduction of theiron ore. Accounting for the calorific content of the fuels entering the process is a complex matter as transformation (into blast furnace gas)and consumption (heat of combustion) occur simultaneously. Some car-

bon is also retained in the pig-iron; almost all of this reappears later inthe oxygen steel furnace gas (or converter gas) when the pig-iron is con-verted to steel. In the 1992/1993 annual questionnaires, Member Coun-tries were asked for the first time to report in transformation processes the quantities of all fuels (e.g. pulverised coal injection [PCI] coal, cokeoven coke, natural gas and oil) entering blast furnaces and the quantity of

blast furnace gas and oxygen steel furnace gas produced. The Secretariatthen needed to split these inputs into the transformation and consumptioncomponents. The transformation component is shown in the row blast

furnaces in the column appropriate for the fuel, and the consumptioncomponent is shown in the row iron and steel , in the column appropriatefor the fuel. The Secretariat decided to assume a transformation efficien-cy such that the carbon input into the blast furnaces should equal thecarbon output. This is roughly equivalent to assuming an energy trans-formation efficiency of 40%.

Gas works TGASWKS Includes the manufacture of town gas. Note: in the summary balanc-es this item also includes other gases blended with natural gas(TBLENDGAS).


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Coke ovens TCOKEOVS Includes the manufacture of coke and coke oven gas.

Patent fuel plants TPATFUEL Includes the manufacture of patent fuels.

BKB/PB plants TBKB Includes the manufacture of BKB and peat products.

Oil refineries TREFINER Includes the manufacture of finished oil products.

Petrochemical plants TPETCHEM Covers backflows returned from the petrochemical industry. Notethat backflows from oil products that are used for non-energy pur-

poses (i.e. white spirit and lubricants) are not included here, but innon-energy use.


TCOALLIQ Includes coal, oil and tar sands used to produce synthetic oil.

Gas-to-liquids

(GTL) plants

TGTL Includes natural gas used as feedstock for the conversion to liquids,

e.g. the quantities of fuel entering the methanol product process fortransformation into methanol.

For blended naturalgas

TBLENDGAS Includes other gases that are blended with natural gas.


TCHARCOAL Includes the transformation of solid biomass into charcoal.

Not elsewherespecified(Transformation)

TNONSPEC Includes other transformation processes and data unable to be speci-fied elsewhere.


Losses DISTLOSS Losses in gas distribution, electricity transmission and coal transport.

Flow used in the summary balances


OWNUSE Is equal to the sum of EMINES, EOILGASEX, EBLASTFUR,EGASWKS, EBIOGAS, ECOKEOVS, EPATFUEL, EBKB, ERE-FINER, ECOALLIQ, ELNG, EGTL, EPOWERPLT, EPUMPST,

ENUC, ECHARCOAL, ENONSPEC and DISTLOSS.Flow Short name Definition


TOTENERGY Energy industry own use covers the amount of fuels used by the en-ergy producing industries (e.g. for heating, lighting and operation ofall equipment used in the extraction process, for traction and fordistribution).It includes energy consumed by energy industries for heating, pump-ing, traction and lighting purposes [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 05, 06, 19and 35, Group 091 and Classes 0892 and 0721].


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Coal mines EMINES Represents the energy which is used directly within the coal industryfor hard coal and lignite mining. It excludes coal burned in pithead

power stations (included under electricity plants in transformation processes) and free allocations to miners and their families (consid-ered as part of household consumption and therefore included underresidential).[CURRENTLY NOT SHOWN SEPARATELY]

Oil and gasextraction

EOILGASEX Represents the energy which is used for oil and gas extraction. Flaredgas is not included.[CURRENTLY NOT SHOWN SEPARATELY]

Blast furnaces EBLASTFUR Represents the energy which is used in blast furnaces.[CURRENTLY NOT SHOWN SEPARATELY]

Gas works EGASWKS Represents the energy which is used in gas works.[CURRENTLY NOT SHOWN SEPARATELY]

Gasification plantsfor biogas

EBIOGAS Represents own consumption of biogas necessary to support tempera-tures needed for anaerobic fermentation.[CURRENTLY NOT SHOWN SEPARATELY]

Coke ovens ECOKEOVS Represents the energy used in coke ovens.[CURRENTLY NOT SHOWN SEPARATELY]

Patent fuel plants EPATFUEL Represents the energy used in patent fuel plants.[CURRENTLY NOT SHOWN SEPARATELY]

BKB plants EBKB Represents the energy used in BKB plants.[CURRENTLY NOT SHOWN SEPARATELY]

Oil refineries EREFINER Represents the energy used in oil refineries.[CURRENTLY NOT SHOWN SEPARATELY]


ECOALLIQ Represents the energy used in coal liquefaction plants.[CURRENTLY NOT SHOWN SEPARATELY]

Liquefaction (LNG) /regasification plants

ELNG Represents the energy used in LNG and regasification plants.[CURRENTLY NOT SHOWN SEPARATELY]


EGTL Represents the energy used in gas-to-liquids plants.

[CURRENTLY NOT SHOWN SEPARATELY]Own use inelectricity, CHP andheat plants

EPOWERPLT Represents the energy used in main activity producer electricity, CHPand heat plants.[CURRENTLY NOT SHOWN SEPARATELY]

Used for pumpedstorage

EPUMPST Represents electricity consumed in hydro-electric plants for pumpedstorage.[CURRENTLY NOT SHOWN SEPARATELY]


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Nuclear industry ENUC Represents the energy used in the nuclear industry.[CURRENTLY NOT SHOWN SEPARATELY]


ECHARCOAL Represents the energy used in charcoal production plants.[CURRENTLY NOT SHOWN SEPARATELY]

Not elsewherespecified (Energy)

ENONSPEC Represents use in energy industries supporting transformations notrepresented above, or support for processes unable to be reported intheir actual transformation for other reasons.[CURRENTLY NOT SHOWN SEPARATELY]


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Total finalconsumption

TFC Equal to the sum of the consumption in the end-use sectors. Energyused for transformation processes and for own use of the energy

producing industries is excluded. Final consumption reflects for themost part deliveries to consumers (see note on stock changes ).Backflows from the petrochemical industry are not included in finalconsumption (see from other sources under supply and petrochemi-cal plants in transformation).Starting with the 2009 edition, international aviation bunkers is nolonger included in final consumption at the country level.

Industry TOTIND Industry consumption is specified as follows: (energy used fortransport by industry is not included here but is reported undertransport):

Iron and steel IRONSTL [ISIC Rev. 4 Group 241 and Class 2431]

Chemical and petrochemical

CHEMICAL [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 20 and 21] Excluding petrochemical feedstocks.

Non-ferrous metals NONFERR [ISIC Rev. 4 Group 242 and Class 2432] Basic industries.

Non-metallicminerals

NONMET [ISIC Rev. 4 Division 23] Such as glass, ceramic, cement, etc.

Transportequipment

TRANSEQ [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 29 and 30]

Machinery MACHINE [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 25 to 28] Fabricated metal products, machin-ery and equipment other than transport equipment.

Mining andquarrying

MINING [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 07 and 08 and Group 099] Mining (excludingfuels) and quarrying.

Food and tobacco FOODPRO [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 10 to 12]

Paper, pulp and print

PAPERPRO [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 17 and 18]

Wood and wood products

WOODPRO [ISIC Rev. 4 Division 16] Wood and wood products other than pulpand paper.

Construction CONSTRUC [ISIC Rev. 4 Division 41 to 43]

Textile and leather TEXTILES [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 13 to 15]

Not elsewherespecified (Industry)

INONSPEC [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 22, 31 and 32] Any manufacturing industrynot included above. Note: Most countries have difficulties supplyingan industrial breakdown for all fuels. In these cases, the not else-where specified industry row has been used. Regional aggregates ofindustrial consumption should therefore be used with caution.


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Transport TOTTRANS Consumption in transport covers all transport activity (in mobileengines) regardless of the economic sector to which it is contributing

[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 49 to 51], and is specified as follows:Domestic aviation DOMESAIR Includes deliveries of aviation fuels to aircraft for domestic aviation -

commercial, private, agricultural, etc. It includes use for purposes oth-er than flying, e.g. bench testing of engines, but not airline use of fuelfor road transport. The domestic/international split should be deter-mined on the basis of departure and landing locations and not by thenationality of the airline. Note that this may include journeys of con-siderable length between two airports in a country (e.g. San Franciscoto Honolulu). For many countries this incorrectly includes fuel used

by domestically owned carriers for outbound international traffic;

Road ROAD Includes fuels used in road vehicles as well as agricultural and in-dustrial highway use. Excludes military consumption as well as mo-tor gasoline used in stationary engines and diesel oil for use in trac-tors that are not for highway use;

Rail RAIL Includes quantities used in rail traffic, including industrial railways;

Pipeline transport PIPELINE Includes energy used in the support and operation of pipelines transport-ing gases, liquids, slurries and other commodities, including the energyused for pump stations and maintenance of the pipeline. Energy for the

pipeline distribution of natural or manufactured gas, hot water or steam(ISIC Rev. 4 Division 35) from the distributor to final users is excludedand should be reported in energy industry own use , while the energyused for the final distribution of water (ISIC Rev. 4 Division 36) tohousehold, industrial, commercial and other users should be included incommercial/public services . Losses occurring during the transport be-tween distributor and final users should be reported as losses ;

Domesticnavigation

DOMESNAV Includes fuels delivered to vessels of all flags not engaged in inter-national navigation (see international marine bunkers ). The domes-tic/international split should be determined on the basis of port ofdeparture and port of arrival and not by the flag or nationality of theship. Note that this may include journeys of considerable length be-tween two ports in a country (e.g. San Francisco to Honolulu). Fuelused for ocean, coastal and inland fishing and military consumptionare excluded;

Not elsewhere

specified(Transport)

TRNONSPE Includes all transport not elsewhere specified. Note: International

marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers are shown inSupply and are not included in the transport sector as part of finalconsumption.

Other TOTOTHER Includes residential, commercial/public services, agriculture/forestry,fishing and non-specified (other).

Residential RESIDENT Includes consumption by households, excluding fuels used fortransport. Includes households with employed persons [ISIC Rev. 4Division 97] which is a small part of total residential consumption.


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Commercial and public services

COMMPUB [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 33, 36-39, 45-47, 52, 53, 55-56, 58-66, 68-75, 77-82, 84 (excluding Class 8422), 85-88, 90-96 and 99]

Agriculture/forestry AGRICULT Includes deliveries to users classified as agriculture, hunting andforestry by the ISIC, and therefore includes energy consumed bysuch users whether for traction (excluding agricultural highway use),

power or heating (agricultural and domestic) [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 01and 02].

Fishing FISHING Includes fuels used for inland, coastal and deep-sea fishing. Fishingcovers fuels delivered to ships of all flags that have refuelled in thecountry (including international fishing) as well as energy used inthe fishing industry [ISIC Rev. 4 Division 03].

Not elsewherespecified (Other)

ONONSPEC Includes all fuel use not elsewhere specified as well as consumptionin the above-designated categories for which separate figures have

not been provided. Military fuel use for all mobile and stationaryconsumption is included here (e.g. ships, aircraft, road and energyused in living quarters) regardless of whether the fuel delivered isfor the military of that country or for the military of another country.

Non-energy use NONENUSE Non-energy use covers those fuels that are used as raw materials in thedifferent sectors and are not consumed as a fuel or transformed into an-other fuel. Non-energy use is shown separately in final consumptionunder the heading non-energy use.

Note that for biomass commodities, only the amounts specificallyused for energy purposes (a small part of the total) are included inthe energy statistics. Therefore, the non-energy use of biomass is nottaken into consideration and the quantities are null by definition.

Non-energy useindustry/transformation/energy

NEINTREN Non-energy in industry, transformation processes and energy indus-try own use.

Of which: Non-energy use inchemical/ petro-chemical industry

NECHEM The petrochemical industry includes cracking and reforming pro-cesses for the purpose of producing ethylene, propylene, butylene,synthesis gas, aromatics, butadene and other hydrocarbon-based rawmaterials in processes such as steam cracking, aromatics plants andsteam reforming [part of ISIC Rev. 4 Group 201].

Non-energy use in

transport

NETRANS Non-energy use in transport.

Non-energy use inother

NEOTHER Non-energy use in “Other”.


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Electricity output (GWh)Flow Short name Definition

Electricity output inGWh

ELOUTPUT Shows the total number of GWh generated by power plants separatedinto electricity plants and CHP plants. Contrary to the Basic Energy

Statistics , electricity production for hydro pumped storage isexcluded.


producer electricity plants

ELMAINE

Electricity output-autoproducerelectricity plants

ELAUTOE


producer CHP plants

ELMAINC

Electricity output-autoproducer CHP

plants

ELAUTOC

Heat output (TJ)Flow Short name Definition

Heat output in TJ HEATOUT Shows the total number of TJ generated by power plants separatedinto CHP plants and heat plants.

Heat output-mainactivity producerCHP plants

HEMAINC

Heat output-autoproducer CHP

plants

HEAUTOC

Heat output-mainactivity producerheat plant

HEMAINH

Heat output-autoproducer heat

plants

HEAUTOH


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6. FLOW DEFINITIONS – CALORIFICVALUES

Net calorific valuesExpressed in Megajoules / tonne or kilojoules / kilogramme

Flow Short name Definition

Average NCV of supply NAVERAGE Weighted average of production, imports and negativeexports.

NCV of production NINDPROD

NCV of imports NIMPORTS

NCV of exports NEXPORTS

NCV of coke ovens NCOKEOVS

NCV of blast furnaces NBLAST

NCV in main activity producerelectricity plants

NMAIN

NCV in autoproducerelectricity plants

NAUTOELEC

NCV in main activity CHP plants

NMAINCHP

NCV in autoproducer CHP plants

NAUTOCHP

NCV in main activity heat plants

NMAINHEAT

NCV in autoproducer heat plants

NAUTOHEAT

NCV in industry NIND

NCV for other uses NOTHER Energy values for aggregated totals should be the sumof their components multiplied by the specific calorificvalue for each component, rather than using the aggre-gated total and this flow.


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7. GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE(WORLD)

Countries and regionsFlow Short name Definition

Australia AUSTRALI Excludes the overseas territories.Austria AUSTRIA

Belgium BELGIUM

Canada CANADA

Chile CHILE

Czech Republic CZECH

Denmark DENMARK Excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland.

Estonia ESTONIA

Finland FINLANDFrance FRANCE Includes Monaco, and excludes the following overseas

departments and territories (Guadeloupe, French Guiana,Martinique, New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Reunion, andSaint Pierre and Miquelon).

Germany GERMANY Germany includes the new federal states of Germany from 1970onwards.

Greece GREECE

Hungary HUNGARY

Iceland ICELAND

Ireland IRELAND

Israel ISRAEL The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under theresponsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of suchdata by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the GolanHeights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bankunder the terms of international law.

Italy ITALY Includes San Marino and the Holy See.


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Countries and regionsFlow Short name Definition

Japan JAPAN Includes Okinawa.

Korea KOREA

Luxembourg LUXEMBOU

Mexico MEXICO

Netherlands NETHLAND The Netherlands excludes Suriname, Aruba, and the former Netherlands Antilles (Curaçao, Sint Maarten, and the specialmunicipalities of Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba).

New Zealand NZ

Norway NORWAY

Poland POLAND

Portugal PORTUGAL Includes the Azores and Madeira.Slovak Republic SLOVAKIA

Slovenia SLOVENIA

Spain SPAIN Includes the Canary Islands.

Sweden SWEDEN

Switzerland SWITLAND Does not include Liechtenstein.

Turkey TURKEY

United Kingdom UK The United Kingdom excludes the British overseas territories.Coal exports to the Crown dependencies are not recorded.Supplies of solid fuel to these islands from the UK are thereforeincluded as part of Uni

coal information 2015

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