WOLLO UNIVERSITY (KOMBOLCHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER

ENGINEERING (ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION)

SEMISTER PROJECT (ECEG 4302)

2015 SEMESTER II

PROJECT TITLE:

ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE

UNDER SUPERVISION OF

MR. AREBU D.

Acknowledgement

We would like to express our deepest appreciation to all those who

provided us the possibility to complete this report. A special gratitude we

give to our supervisor, Arebu D.whose contribute in stimulating suggestions

and encouragement, helped us to coordinate our project especially in

writing this report. We also would like to thanks our senior students(5th

year),We have to appreciate the guidance given by our seniors and friends

in our project presentation by giving their comments and advices. Last but

not least, we appreciate everyone who help us either directly or indirectly

to complete our mini project.

Abstract

Voting is most pivotal process of democratic society through which

people determine its decision. Nowadays electronic voting machine has

become an effective voting tool compare with traditional paper-based

voting schemes. Flawless voting is ensure by electronic voting machine.

This is the reason it became more widespread. People are make sure that

their vote is secured. One more feature is that it avoids any kind of

malpractice or invalid votes. Besides that, talking about economic benefits,

this system is more economical than traditional paper-based voting

schemes since the expenditure incurred on manpower is saved. It is also

make voter feels convenient because he or she has to press only one button

of the respective candidates to vote. Thus, we are decided to design an

electronic voting machine to replace the traditional paper-based voting

schemes due to several advantages like security, automatic counting,

economic etc.

This project presents a way to develop an electronic voting machine

by using a 16x2 LCD. The electronic voting machine contains 4 reset

switches which are New Entry switch, 2 switches for 2 candidates, and a

Result switch. The New Entry switch is to avoid any kind of malpractice or

invalid votes. The New Entry switch is under supervision and control of a

conservator and a user can only vote after the New Entry is pressed.

Besides that, the electronic voting machine only allows 1 vote for each user.

If any user tries to press the switch multiple times to vote more, only the

first vote will be registered. The 2 switches represent the respective

candidates, voter can vote to the candidate that he or she desired to vote by

press the switch that represents the candidate. The result will only display

on the LCD screen at the end when the Result switch is press. So that, the

result would not affect the decision of the voter during the voting process is

on the way. Of course, the Result switch also under supervision and control

of a conservator. Finally the number of votes of respective candidate will

display on LCD and we can know that which candidate is won when the

Result switch is pressed.

CONTENTS

Chapter one: Introduction

1.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................................

1.2 Project overview............................................................................................................................................

1.3 Objective of project.......................................................................................................................................

Chapter two: Literature Review......................................................................................................................

Chapter Three: Methodology

3.1 How does the system work?....................................................................................................................

3.2 List of component...........................................................................................................................................

3.3 Hardware description..................................................................................................................................

3.4 Schematic diagram..........................................................................................................................................

3.5 Block diagram.....................................................................................................................................................

3.6 Flow chart..............................................................................................................................................................

Chapter Four: Software description

4.1 Keil u vision 4..............................................................................................................................

4.2 Proteus 8 professional.................................................................................................................

Chapter Five: Result and discussion

5.1 Problem statement and analysis................................................................................................

5.2 Result and discussion..................................................................................................................

Chapter Six: Conclusion

6.1 Conclusion...................................................................................................................................

6.2 Future work.................................................................................................................................

Appendix

References

Chapter one: Introduction

1.1 Introduction

This LCD based electronic voting machine is designed for two candidates. The input part consists of a set of 4 switches. The switches and 16x2 LCD are interfaced to microcontroller for various operations and displays. The provision of casting votes for the candidates has been provided through 2 of these switches (one for each candidate). These switches are made active high and connected to input pins of the controller. The remaining 2 switches are New Entry and Result. The New Entry switch initializes the voting system when pressed, while the Result switch ends the voting and displays the result (total number of votes for respective candidate) and winner on LCD screen. This system is set to 1 vote for each voter. In other word, the voter cannot make the second vote even he or she press the switch as long as the New Entry switch is press. Besides that, each of the switches has connected to a 1k ohm resistor and a LED. The resistor act as a pull down resistor which make the input normal LOW while the LED is to indicate the switch is being press.

The main objective of this project is to design and create a general electronic voting machine to replace the traditional paper-based voting schemes so that we can take an advantages in term of economic and convenient. Electronic voting machine is more economic because less manpower is required and may save transportation cost due to its compact size. It is also more convenient and time conscious as less time required for voting and counting. Besides that, it is also more secure due to avoid invalid voting such asa people make a vote twice. Other than that, paper-based voting can actually miss ballots due to human mistakes in placing the paper-based ballot in the machine. But, this will be not happen at electronic voting machine.

The following is the advantages of electronic voting machine: 1. It is economical 2. Less manpower required 3. Time conscious 4. Avoids invalid voting 5. Convenient

1.2 project overview

An embedded system is a combination of software and hardware

to perform a dedicated task. Some of the main devices used in embedded

products are Microprocessors and Microcontrollers. Microprocessors are

commonly referred to as general purpose processors as they simply accept

the inputs, process it and give the output. In contrast, a microcontroller not

only accepts the data as inputs but also manipulates it, interfaces the data

with various devices, controls the data and thus finally gives the result.

The Project Electronic Voting System based is an exclusive project that can

be used by the government instead of normal ballot paper system. By using

this system the saving of considerable printing stationery and transport of

large volumes of electoral material, easy transportation, storage, and

maintenance, no invalid votes, reduction in polling time, resulting in fewer

problems in electoral preparations, law and order, candidates' expenditure,

etc. and easy and accurate counting without any mischief at the counting

centre, Eco friendly.

The entire process is very easy to understand:

1. Like in earlier system, your name is called and you are asked to sign

or put your thumb impression in a register.

2. After your identification is done by Election Officer, an ink mark is

put on your finger, same as earlier.

3. Then the Election Officer gives you a slip that bears the Voter register

number where you signed or put your thumb impression.

4. You hand over this slip to the presiding officer who confirms the

serial number and permits you to vote by pressing the button of the

Control Unit of EVM.

5. You are not given any ballot thereafter, and are sent to the EV

Machine placed behind a card board in a corner. The machine is

placed in such a way that your polled vote will be a secret.

6. On the EVM, you press the switch placed in front of your favorite

candidate and release.

7. As soon as the button is pressed, the LED indicator lights off and a

buzzer sound comes from the machine. This signifies that your vote

has been casted rightly. Now you can come out.

After the hour fixed for the close of the poll and the last voter has recorded

his vote, the EVM is closed so that no further recording of votes in the

machine is possible.

1.3 Objective of project

To program the Microcontroller 8051 to create an electronic voting machine.

To interface the Microcontroller 8051 with 2x16 LCD screen.

To program the Microcontroller for automatic counting and secured system

to define ballots

to cast and count votes

to report or display election results

to maintain and produce any audit

trail information

1.4 advantage and disadvantage of EVM

1.4.1 Advantages

It is economical.

Less manpower required

Time conscious, as less time required for voting & counting.

Avoids invalid voting.

Saves transportation cost due to its compact size.

Convenient on the part of voter.

1.4.2 Disadvantages

Security issues and unequal internet access.

We have to use external chip to store the votes.

We have provide continuous power supply,

Chapter Two: Literature Review

According to the electronic voting machine that designed by others,

we found that it is similar to our design. First of all, their security system

has control by 2 buttons. The first switch is New Entry switch to display the

Welcome from thanks after a vote has been casted. While the second

switch is Ready switch to indicate the voter ready to cast a vote. Then the

voter can only cast a vote after the New Entry is pressed and follow by

Ready button. Our security system is only control by one switch which is

New Entry switch. After a vote has been casted, our voting machine will be

display Welcome automatically from thanks after some delay. Then the

voter can only cast a vote after the New Entry switch has pressed.

Otherwise, any vote will not be counted. Besides that, their voting system is

designed for 4 candidates and the counter for number of votes for each

candidate can reach 3-digits number while we had designed for 2

candidates and the counter for number of votes for each candidate can only

reach 2-digits number. But, we can add the number of candidate and also

the counter by modified the program as well. Due to the time constraints

we designed this as a prototype.

Moreover, we had found that some weakness and flaw in their

system. We found that their electronic voting machine will display the

number of votes for respective candidates after a vote has been casted. This

phenomena may cause an unfair election happen due to the voter could tell

the next voter about the result. This may affect the decision of other voters.

Besides that, the guideline of the message that shown on LCD display not

really clear. The LCD screen will display nothing when the period for voter

ready to cast their vote. This may confused the users of this voting machine.

Thus, we are enhance the system by hide the number of votes for

each candidates as long as the Result button is pressed. Once the result are

out, the voting process is end and the LCD screen will declare the winner.

Next, we also enhance the guideline of the system by adding the message

Please vote during the period for voter ready to cast a vote. So that the

voter would not be confused.

Chapter Three: Methodology

3.1 How does it work?

First, the LCD screen will always display Welcome to vote! as long as the

voting is started by pressing the New Entry switch after which the user is

prompted to vote. Then, the LCD screen will display Please vote to

indicate the voter could start to cast a vote. The count of votes is stored in

two different variables. As soon as the user votes for a candidate by

pressing one of the switches, the value of the corresponding variable is

increased by one. After this, a Thank you message is displayed on LCD to

acknowledge the registration of users vote and the LCD screen will be

automatically display back Welcome to vote! after some delay. The

message will be stays on the screen until the next voter come and a

conservator presses the New Entry switch. Then the voter have to press the

switch to cast another vote and finally the Result switch is pressed to get

the poll results. When the Result button is pressed the names of the

candidates are displayed along with their vote counts. After some delay, the

result is displayed which could be either declaration of the winner

candidate or the candidates with a clash of their number of votes.

3.2 Component List

Component/Equipment Quantity

8051 Development System 1

Light Emitted Diode (LED) 4

Reset Button Switch 4

1k ohm Resistor 4

2x16 LCD Screen 1

3.3 Hardware Description

Microcontroller board 8051

The 8051 Microcontroller was designed in

1980s by Intel. Its foundation was on

Harvard Architecture and was developed

principally for bringing into play in

Embedded Systems. At first it was created

by means of NMOS technology but as NMOS technology needs more power to

function therefore Intel re-intended Microcontroller 8051 employing CMOS

technology and a new edition came into existence with a letter C in the title

name, for illustration: 80C51. These most modern Microcontrollers need fewer

amount of power to function in comparison to their forerunners.

There are two buses in 8051 Microcontroller one for program and other for

data. As a result, it has two storage rooms for both program and data of 64K by

8 size. The microcontroller comprise of 8 bit accumulator & 8 bit processing

unit. It also consists of 8 bit B register as majorly functioning blocks and 8051

microcontroller programming is done with embedded C language using Keil

software. It also has a number of other 8 bit and 16 bit registers.

For internal functioning & processing Microcontroller 8051 comes with

integrated built-in RAM. This is prime memory and is employed for storing

temporary data. It is unpredictable memory i.e. its data can get be lost when

the power supply to the Microcontroller switched OFF.

8051 Pin Diagram & Description

For describing pin diagram and pin configuration of 8051, we are taking

into consideration a 40 pin DIP (Dual inline

package). Now lets go through pin configuration in

detail.

Pin-40 : Named as Vcc is the main power source.

Usually its +5V DC.

You may note some pins are designated with two

signals (shown in brackets).

Pins 32-39: Known as Port 0 (P0.0 to P0.7) In

addition to serving as I/O port, lower order

address and data bus signals are multiplexed with

this port (to serve the purpose of external memory

interfacing). This is a bi directional I/O port (the

only one in 8051) and external pull up resistors are

required to function this port as I/O.

Pin-31:- ALE aka Address Latch Enable is used to demultiplex the address-

data signal of port 0 (for external memory interfacing.) 2 ALE pulses are

available for each machine cycle.

Pin-30:- EA/ External Access input is used to enable or disallow external

memory interfacing. If there is no external memory requirement, this pin is

pulled high by connecting it to Vcc.

Pin- 29:- PSEN or Program Store Enable is used to read signal from external

program memory.

Pins- 21-28:- Known as Port 2 (P 2.0 to P 2.7) in addition to serving as I/O

port, higher order address bus signals are multiplexed with this quasi bi

directional port.

Pin 20:- Named as Vss it represents ground (0 V) connection.

Pins 18 and 19:- Used for interfacing an external crystal to provide system

clock.

Pins 10 17:- Known as Port 3. This port also serves some other functions

like interrupts, timer input, control signals for external memory interfacing

RD and WR , serial communication signals RxD and TxD etc. This is a quasi

bi directional port with internal pull up.

Pin 9:- As explained before RESET pin is used to set the 8051

microcontroller to its initial values, while the microcontroller is working or

at the initial start of application. The RESET pin must be set high for 2

machine cycles.

Pins 1 8:- Known as Port 1. Unlike other ports, this port does not serve

any other functions. Port 1 is an internally pulled up, quasi bi directional

I/O port.

Microcontroller board 8255

The Intel 8255A is a general purpose

programmable I/O device which is designed for

use with all Intel and most other

microprocessors. It provides 24 I/O pins which

may be individually programmed in 2 groups of

12 and used in 3 major modes of operation. In

MODE 0, each groups of 12 I/O pins may be programmed in sets of 4 and 8

to be inputs or outputs. In MODE 1, each group may be programmed to

have 8 lines of input or output. 3 of the remaining 4 pins are used for

handshaking and interrupt control signals. MODE 2 is a strobed bi-directional bus

configuration. The 8255 is a 40 pin integrated circuit (IC), designed to perform a variety

of interface functions in a computer environment. The 8255 wasnt originally designed

to be connected to the Z80. It was manufactured by Intel for the 8080 microprocessor.

D0 - D7 These are the data input/output lines for the

device. All information read from and written to the

8255 occurs via these 8 data lines.

CS (Chip Select Input). If this line is a logical 0, the

microprocessor can read and write to the 8255.

RD (Read Input) Whenever this input line is a logical 0

and the RD input is a logical 0, the 8255 data outputs

are enabled onto the system data bus.

WR (Write Input) Whenever this input line is a logical 0 and the CS input is

a logical 0, data is written to the 8255 from the system data bus

A0 - A1 (Address Inputs) The logical combination of these two input lines

determines which internal register of the 8255 data is written to or read

from.

RESET The 8255 is placed into its reset state if this input line is a logical 1.

All peripheral ports are set to the input mode.

PA0 - PA7, PB0 - PB7, PC0 - PC7 These signal lines are used as 8-bit I/O

ports. They can be connected to peripheral devices. The 8255 has three 8

bit I/O ports and each one can be connected to the physical lines of an

external device. These lines are labelled PA0-PA7, PB0-PB7, and PC0-PC7.

The groups of the signals are divided into three different I/O ports labelled

port A (PA), port B (PB), and port C (PC).

LCD2x16

The Serial LCDs are very functional,

liquid crystal displays that can be

easily interfaced to and controlled by a

microcontroller using an I/O pin. The LCD displays provide basic text wrapping

so that your text looks correct on the display. Full control over all of their

advanced LCD features allows you to move the cursor anywhere on the display

with a single instruction and turn the display on and off in any configuration.

They support the same visible characters as the Terminal (ASCII Dec 32-127). In

addition, you may define up to eight of your own custom characters to display

anywhere on the LCD. This device can be connected to a PC serial port using a

MAX232 line driver. The circuit isn't supported by us.

Resistor

Resistor is a passive two terminal

components which widely use in the circuit.

Its function is to limit the current of the circuit. In this miniproject, we used

4 1k resistors as a pull down resistor for the 4 reset buttons.It also used

as a safety mechanism if a circuit exceeds safe margins.

LED

Light-Emitting Diode (LED) is a basic component we

widely use in the circuit. It usually connect in series

with resistor to emit light. We used the LED to

indicate the reset buttons have pressed.

Reset Button

In electronics and technology, a reset button is

a button that can reset a device. On video game

consoles. Reset buttons are found on circuit

breakers to reset the circuit. This button can cause

data corruption so this button often doesn't exist

on many machines. Usually, in computers and

other electronic devices, it is present as a small

button, possibly recessed into the case or only

accessible by a pin or similar thin object, to prevent

it being pressed accidentally.

3.4 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

3.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR ELETRONIC VOTING MACHINE

A block diagram is drawn to ease the understanding to connection of circuit design. This block diagram explains roughly about the connection of the microcontroller 8051, PPI 8255, 2x16 LCD screen and LEDs. Based on this block diagram, we write the program code according to our circuit design.

8051 8255

4 switches/reset

buttons

4 LEDs

2x16 LCD screen

3.6 Flow Chart

Start

LCD display: WELCOME TO VOTE!

LCD display: PLEASE LCD

display: C1 C2

LCD display: CONGRATULATION!!

LCD display: DRAW!! PROCEED TO THE NEXT VOTING...

LCD display: CONGRATULATION!! C2 WINS!!!

Is the New Entry switch being press?

Is the switch that represent C1 being press?

Is the switch that represent C2 being press?

The number of votes for C1 +1

The number of votes for C2 +1

Is the Result switch being press?

LCD display: THANK

AFTER A

YES NO

NO NO

YES YES

YES

XXY

AFTER A

NO

Chapter Four: Software description

4.1 keil u vision4 compiler

Keil compiler is software used where the machine language code is written

and compiled. After compilation, the machine source code is converted into

hex code which is to be dumped into the microcontroller for further

processing. Keil compiler also supports C language code.

Its important that you know C language for microcontroller which is

commonly known as Embedded C. As we are going to use Keil C51

Compiler, hence we also call it Keil C.

Keil C is not much different from a normal C program. If you know

assembly, writing a C program is not a crisis. In Keil, we will have a main

function, in which all your application specific work will be defined. In case

of embedded C, you do not have any operating system running in there. So

you have to make sure that your program or main file should never exit.

This can be done with the help of simple while (1) or for (;;) loop as they

are going to run infinitely.

We have to add header file for controller you are using, otherwise you

will not be able to access registers related to peripherals.

#include //header file for 89C51

To create a project, write and test the previous example source code, follow

the following steps:

1. Open Keil and start a new project

2. You will be prompted to choose a name for your new project, Create a

separate folder where all the files of your project will be stored, choose a

name and click save. The window will appear where you will be asked to

select a device for Target 'Target 1'

3. From the list at the left, seek for the brand name ATMEL, then under

ATMEL, select AT89S51. You will notice that a brief description of the

device appears on the right. Leave the two upper check boxes unchecked

and click OK. The AT89S52 will be called your 'Target device', which is the

final destination of your source code. You will be asked whether to 'copy

standard 8051 startup code' click No.

4. Click File, New, and something similar to the following window should

appear. The box named 'Text1' is where your code should be written later.

5. Now you have to click 'File, Save as' and choose a file name for your

source code ending with the letter '.c'. You can name as 'code.c' for example

and click save. Then you have to add this file to your project work space at

the left as shown in the following

6. After right-clicking on 'source group 1', click on 'Add files to group...',

then you will be prompted to browse the file to add to 'source group 1',

choose the file that you just saved, eventually 'code.c' and add it to the

source group. You will notice that the file is added to the project tree at the

left.

7. In some versions of this software you have to turn ON manually the

option to generate HEX files. make sure it is turned ON, by right-clicking on

target 1, Options for target 'target 1', then under the 'output' tab, by

checking the box 'generate HEX file'. This step is very important as the HEX

file is the compiled output of your project that is going to be transferred to

the microcontroller.

8. You can then start to write the source code in the window titled 'code.c'

then before testing your source code; you have to compile your source

code, and correct eventual syntax errors. In KEIL IDE, this step is called

'rebuild all targets' and has this icon: .

9. If after rebuilding the targets, the 'output window' shows that there is 0

errors, then you are ready to test the performance of your code. In keil, like

in most development environment, this step is called Debugging, and has

this icon: . After clicking on the debug icon, you will notice that some part

of the user interface will change; some new icons will appear, like the run

icon circled in the following figure:

4.2 proteus 8 professional

Chapter five: Result and discussion

5.1 Problem statement and analysis

Problem 1:

When we display those message on LCD screen, we found that the cursor on LCD screen keep on moving and it is too annoying for the user.

Solution:

We change the command to LCD from 0E(display on, cursor on) to 0C(display on, cursor off).

Problem 2:

We are going to display the number of votes of candidate that have stored in register on LCD screen. Then, we realise that the LCD display the other character instead of the number.

Solution:

We found that LCD can only read ASCII code and the number that stored in the register is HEX code. By refer to the table of comparison between ASCII code and HEX code, we found that we could convert the HEX code to ASCII code by adding 30H for the numbering part. In other word, 30H will display 0 on LCD, 31H will display 1 on LCD.

Problem 3:

After we solved the problem 2, we are facing the other problem that we can only display the single digit (0-9) to LCD screen due to only 0-9 available on ASCII code. Double digits such as 17, 23 will display the other characters on LCD.

Solution:

First we move the number that stored in the register to Accumulator and move 10H to register B. After that, we use the function DIV AB and move the content of A and B to another 2 registers follow by add 30H for both registers and finally display on LCD screen.

Example:

23H A, 10H B

DIV AB A=2, B=3 A R5+30H, B R6+30H

5.2 result and discussion

First of all, the electronic voting machine will be starting by display

WELCOME TO VOTE! as shown in figure below as long as the New Entry

switch is being pressed. The switch 1 represented New Entry switch and

switch 4 represented Result switch. While the switch 2 and 3 represented

candidate 2 and 3.

After that, the LCD screen will display PLEASE VOTE immediately to

indicate the voter could start to cast their vote. The result is shown in

figure below.

After the voting process is ended, the Resconservator. Then all the candidates follow by the number of votes will be display on LCD screen and after some delay it would declare the winner automatically.

Based on the figures above candidate1 (C1) get 18 votes while candidate2 (C2) only 11 votes. So C1 has wins the poll and the LCD screen will make congratulationscreen will display C2 wins if the number of votIn case of the number of votes for both candidates clash, the LCD screen will ask for proceed to another voting.

In this project, we still require to make some improvement to make it more effective for future scope. First, we cainitially to choose how much the candidate will be involved. Next, in security system, we could add a finger print scanning to mark down the people who have voted to ensure that a same people cannot vote for the second times. We can also whom English is not the first language.when it comes to disabled peovoting machine can provide headphones to read off instructiovoters. Additional tools can be incorporated into these voting machines to help with other disabilities and to aid the elderly as well.constraints we have not been able to implement project. But it is possible

Result

After the voting process is ended, the Result switch is being pressed by a conservator. Then all the candidates follow by the number of votes will be display on LCD screen and after some delay it would declare the winner

Based on the figures above candidate1 (C1) get 18 votes while candidate2 (C2) only 11 votes. So C1 has wins the poll and the LCD screen

congratulation and declare that C1 wins! Conversely the LCD screen will display C2 wins if the number of votes for C2 is more than C1. In case of the number of votes for both candidates clash, the LCD screen will ask for proceed to another voting.

In this project, we still require to make some improvement to make it more effective for future scope. First, we can make an option initially to choose how much the candidate will be involved. Next, in security system, we could add a finger print scanning to mark down the

voted to ensure that a same people cannot vote for the also provide several different languages to voters for

whom English is not the first language. Finally, there are also advantages when it comes to disabled people, such as blind individuals. Electronic

can provide headphones to read off instructiovoters. Additional tools can be incorporated into these voting machines to help with other disabilities and to aid the elderly as well. Due to time constraints we have not been able to implement these features in our project. But it is possible to make it in the future.

Declare The

ult switch is being pressed by a conservator. Then all the candidates follow by the number of votes will be display on LCD screen and after some delay it would declare the winner

Based on the figures above candidate1 (C1) get 18 votes while candidate2 (C2) only 11 votes. So C1 has wins the poll and the LCD screen

and declare that C1 wins! Conversely the LCD es for C2 is more than C1.

In case of the number of votes for both candidates clash, the LCD screen

In this project, we still require to make some improvement to n make an option

initially to choose how much the candidate will be involved. Next, in security system, we could add a finger print scanning to mark down the

voted to ensure that a same people cannot vote for the rovide several different languages to voters for

are also advantages ple, such as blind individuals. Electronic

can provide headphones to read off instructions to blind voters. Additional tools can be incorporated into these voting machines to

Due to time these features in our

Declare The

Chapter 6: Conclusion

This project show that we can use the microcontroller 8051 to design a

electronic voting machine which is more secured, convenient, and

economic compare with the traditional paper-based voting scheme. We are

successfully build up an electronic voting machine which can be used for

school and college level council elections or any voting purpose event.The

function of the circuit is working according to what are we predicted and

the objectives is achieve. This show that our program code and circuit

design can be implemented to a real life

In this project, we learned some extra code of microcontroller 8051

which we did not learn from the lab session and we are able to use those

code. For an instance, we had used the registers from Bank 1 and the

alternative way to display a message on LCD screen. We learned how to

interface the microcontroller 8051 with PPI 8255, LCD screen, and LED. We

are able to use the ports from PPI 8255 to send an output from

microcontroller 8051 or send an input to microcontroller 8051. We learned

how to solve the problem that we faced during this project.

We hope that our project will not only work on our circuit design, but

also it can work in a real life by do some improvement on it. So that it could

be used for voting purpose at any required place.

Appendix

Assembly program code: CPU"8051.TBL" INCL"8051.INC" MOV SP, #030H ORG 2000H PA: EQU 4000H PB: EQU 4001H PC: EQU 4002H PCTR: EQU 4003H MOV A, #10010000B MOV DPTR, #PCTR MOVX @DPTR, A MOV A, #38H LCALL COMNWRT LCALL DELAY MOV A, #0CH LCALL COMNWRT LCALL DELAY MOV A, #10H LCALL COMNWRT LCALL DELAY MOV A, #01H LCALL COMNWRT LCALL DELAY MOV R0, #0H MOV R6, #0H MOV R1, #0H MOV R2, #0H MOV R3, #0H MOV R4, #0H MOV R5, #0H MOV R7, #0H SETB F0 ;=========================================================================; ;========================================================================= START: LCALL BUTTONPRESS LCALL FIRSTLINE LCALL SECONDLINE CJNE R0, #2, START1 MOV R0, #0 LCALL DELAY1 LCALL DELAY1 LCALL DELAY1 LCALL DELAY1

LCALL DELAY1 LCALL DELAY1 LCALL DELAY1 START1: CJNE R0, #3, START LCALL DELAY1 LCALL DELAY1 LCALL DELAY1 LCALL DELAY1 LCALL DELAY1 LCALL DELAY1 LCALL DELAY1 LCALL DELAY1 LCALL DELAY1 LCALL DELAY1 LCALL DELAY1 LCALL DELAY1 LCALL DELAY1 LCALL DELAY1 LCALL DELAY1 LCALL WINNER AGAIN: SJMP AGAIN ;=========================================================================; SCAN BUTTON ;========================================================================= BUTTONPRESS: MOV DPTR, #PA MOVX A, @DPTR ANL A, #00001111B CJNE A, #00000001B, RCHECK1 MOV R0, #1 CLR F0 RET RCHECK1: CJNE A, #00000010B, RCHECK2 JB F0, DONTH INC R1 MOV R0, #2 SETB F0 RET RCHECK2: CJNE A, #00000100B, RCHECK3 JB F0, DONTH INC R2 MOV R0, #2 SETB F0 RET RCHECK3: CJNE A, #00001000B, DONTH MOV R0, #3 RET DONTH: RET ;=========================================================================; DISPLAY MESSAGES ON LCD ;========================================================================= FIRSTLINE: LCALL DELAY

MOV A, #80H LCALL COMNWRT LCALL DELAY MOV R4, #0 LOOP1: MOV A, R4 LCALL COND0 MOVC A, @A+DPTR INC R4 JZ PROCEED1 LCALL DATAWRT LCALL DELAY SJMP LOOP1 PROCEED1: RET ;=========================================================================; DISPLAY THE TOTAL NUMBER OF VOTES ;========================================================================= SECONDLINE: MOV DPTR, #PA MOVX A, @DPTR ANL A, #00001000B CJNE A, #00001000B, DONTH1 MOV A, #0C0H LCALL COMNWRT LCALL DELAY MOV A, R1 MOV R7, A LCALL HEXTOBCD MOV A, R5 ADD A, #30H LCALL DATAWRT LCALL DELAY MOV A, R6 ADD A, #30H LCALL DATAWRT LCALL DELAY MOV A, #20H LCALL DATAWRT LCALL DELAY MOV A, #20H LCALL DATAWRT LCALL DELAY MOV A, R2 MOV R7, A LCALL HEXTOBCD MOV A, R5 ADD A, #30H LCALL DATAWRT LCALL DELAY

MOV A, R6 ADD A, #30H LCALL DATAWRT LCALL DELAY RET DONTH1: RET ;=========================================================================; DECLARE WINNER ;========================================================================= WINNER: CLR C MOV A, #01H LCALL COMNWRT LCALL DELAY MOV A, #80H LCALL COMNWRT LCALL DELAY MOV R4, #0 LOOP2: MOV A, R1 MOV 50H, R2 CJNE A, 50H, LOOP3 LCALL COND6 MOV A, R4 MOVC A, @A+DPTR INC R4 JZ PROCEED2 LCALL DATAWRT LCALL DELAY SJMP LOOP2 LOOP3: JC LOOP4 MOV A, R4 LCALL COND4 MOVC A, @A+DPTR INC R4 JZ PROCEED2 LCALL DATAWRT LCALL DELAY SJMP LOOP3 LOOP4: MOV A, R4 LCALL COND5 MOVC A, @A+DPTR INC R4 JZ PROCEED2 LCALL DATAWRT LCALL DELAY SJMP LOOP4 PROCEED2: MOV R0, 255 MOV A, #18H LCALL COMNWRT LCALL DELAY1

LCALL DELAY DEC R0 MOV A, R0 JNZ PROCEED2 RET ;=========================================================================; SELECT WHICH MESSAGE TO BE DISPLAY ;========================================================================= COND0: CJNE R0, #0, COND1 MOV DPTR, #MSG0 RET COND1: CJNE R0, #1, COND2 MOV DPTR, #MSG1 RET COND2: CJNE R0, #2, COND3 MOV DPTR, #MSG2 RET COND3: MOV DPTR, #MSG3 RET COND4: MOV DPTR, #MSG4 RET COND5: MOV DPTR, #MSG5 RET COND6: MOV DPTR, #MSG6 RET ;=========================================================================; CONVERT HEX TO BCD ;========================================================================= HEXTOBCD: CLR C MOV A, R7 MOV B, #10 DIV AB MOV R5, A MOV R6, B RET

;=========================================================================; LCD COMMAND ;========================================================================= COMNWRT: MOV DPTR, #PC MOVX @DPTR, A CLR P1.0 ;RS CLR P1.1 ;RW SETB P1.2;E ACALL DELAY CLR P1.2 RET DATAWRT: MOV DPTR, #PC MOVX @DPTR, A SETB P1.0 CLR P1.1 SETB P1.2 ACALL DELAY CLR P1.2 RET ;=========================================================================; DELAY ;========================================================================= DELAY: MOV R3, #225 HERE1: DJNZ R3, HERE1 RET DELAY1: SETB PSW.4 MOV R7, #255 HERE: MOV R3, #255 HERE2: DJNZ R3, HERE2 DJNZ R7, HERE CLR PSW.4 RET ;=========================================================================; DECLARE MESSAGE TO BE DISPLAY ON LCD ;========================================================================= ORG 3800H MSG0: DFB "WELCOME TO VOTE!", 0H ORG 3830H MSG1: DFB "PLEASE VOTE... ", 0H ORG 3850H MSG2: DFB "THANK YOU... ", 0H

ORG 3870H MSG3: DFB "C1 C2 ", 0H ORG 3890H MSG4: DFB "CONGRATULATION!! C1 WINS!!!", 0H ORG 3910H MSG5: DFB "CONGRATULATION!! C2 WINS!!!", 0H ORG 3950H MSG6: DFB " DRAW!! PROCEED TO THE NEXT VOTING...", 0H END

REFERENCE 1. http://www.electronics.dit.ie/staff/tscarff/8255PPI/8255.htm 2. http://www.circuitstoday.com/8051-microcontroller

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8255

4.http://www.cdrummond.qc.ca/cegep/informat/professeurs/alain/files/asc ii.htm

5. Laboratory Manual EEE226 Microprocessor I

6. The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems

7. Appendix 8051 Instructions, Timing, And Registers

8051 Pin Diagram & Description