LONDON

BY MARIETA PERÉZ AND HOUDA RAMI

VICTORIAN LONDON

How old was Victoria when she became queen?

What were some improvements during this

period?

-She had 57 years old when she was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland .From 1 May 1876, she had the additional title of Empress of India. -Much of the prosperity was due to the increasing industrialization, especially in textiles and machinery, as well as to the worldwide network of

VICTORIAN LONDON

trade and engineering that produce profits for British merchants and experts from across the globe. There was peace abroad and social peace at home. Opposition to the new order melted away, says Porter. The Chartist movement, peaked as a democratic movement among the working class in 1848; its leaders moved to other pursuits, such as trade unions and cooperative societies. Companies provided their employees with welfare services ranging from housing, schools and churches, to libraries, baths, and gymnasia. Middle-class reformers did their best to assist the working classes aspire to middle-class norms of 'respectability.'

What are “Bobbies”? What do they do?

A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder Their powers include the legitimized use of force. Police forces are often defined as being separate from military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors; however, gendarmerie are military units charged with civil policing.

How did the potato famine in Ireland affect

London?

The proximate cause of famine was Phytophthora infestans, a potato disease commonly known as potato blight which ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s. However, the impact in Ireland was disproportionate, as one third of the population was dependent on the potato for a range of ethnic, religious, political, social, and economic reasons, such as land acquisition, absentee landlords, and the Corn Laws, which all contributed to the disaster to varying degrees and remain the subject of intense historical debate.

When did the London Underground begin

operation? How many lines are there? What do

people call it?

The London Underground (also known as the Tube or simply the Underground) is a public rapid transit system serving a large part of Greater London and parts of the home counties of Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire and Essex. The network is considered the oldest rapid transit system, incorporating the world's first underground railway, the Metropolitan Railway, which opened in 1863 and is now part of the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines; and the first line to operate underground electric traction trains, the City & South London Railway in 1890, now part of the Northern lineThe network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2014/15 carried 1.305 billion passengers making the Underground the world's 11th busiest metro system.

Why did people move from the country to cities

like London?

to the Industrial Revolution people all over the world lived mainly in the countryside. In 1800, only 3 % of the world’s population lived in cities. In 1900 only 12 cities had more than 1 million people.

Today, about half of the world’s population lives in urban areas. There are over 400 cities with more than a million people. In developed countries, up to 70 % or more live in larger cities, whereas in poorer countries this rate is below 40 %. During the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century cities grew fast, especially in Europe and North America, because new industries were created there and people found many jobs . Later on cities grew more slowly because they became overcrowded and diseases could spread faster. Today death rates in cites are low because they have better doctors and more hospitals. In industrialized countries the growth of cities has stopped. New York and London grew very quickly during the 1800s and early 1900s, but since then their growth has slowed down. African and Asian cities like Lagos, Bombay or Calcutta are growing rapidly and this will probably continue during the next years. About 40 cities around the world have a population of over 5 million . They are called megacities . 80% of them are in poorer countries. People go to the cities for many reasons. The table shows you what pulls them to the cities and what pushes them away from the countryside.

What was housing like in London and other

cities?

The wealthy Victorian Children and their families lived a much more elegant and privileged life than the poor families lived. The difference between upper class and lower class was vastly greater than it is today. Wealthy families lived in large Victorian houses three and sometimes four stories high with several rooms. They had more than one bathroom and even had flushing toilets. They usually had servants that performed all the duties including cleaning the house, washing clothes and cooking supper. A nanny was hired to fulfill the children’s needs and was in many cases responsible for raising the children. The servants life was not anything to dream about but the servants quarters were still better than the poor families homes. Watch the slide show below to get a more vivid idea of a rich Victorian child’s home. The poor Victorian Children lived in much smaller accommodations than the rich children did. It is hard to adequately put into words how bad the conditions were for poor Victorian children. The poor did not live in houses since property was next to impossible to acquire and the rich were the only ones who could afford to buy it. Most poor families lived in small apartments. Some no bigger than one room. Sometimes two or more families would share an apartment. These apartments could be found in the very “ran down” part of town. They would be in buildings that were very close to or connected to another set of apartments. These apartment buildings were not like the attractive apartments we have today. They were built very cheaply with little consideration for safety and attractiveness. There was no plumbing or bathrooms much less flushing toilets. Public outhouses were used by everyone that lived within the block. Sewage ran down the street since there was no underground sewage pipes.

What caused so much pollution in

the cities?

The Great Smog of 1952, caused by smoke from coal fires in the UK capital, killed thousands of Londoners. This led to the UK adopting the Clean Air Act in 1956 which allowed the UK to overcome the crisis by restricting the use of coal in household fires. This ground-breaking legislation showed that the law can be used to protect the environment and people’s lives. Today, 4,300 people die in London every year because of air pollution caused by traffic fumes.

What were some of the

improvments made for the poor?

Previously, the rich and poor had lived in the same districts: the rich in the main streets; the poor in the service streets behind. Now, the prosperous moved out of town centres to the new suburbs, while much of the housing for the poor was demolished for commercial spaces, or to make way for the railway stations and lines that appeared from the 1840s. Property owners received compensation; renters did not: it was always cheaper to pay off the owners of a few tenements than the houses of many middle-class owners. Thus the homes of the poor were always the first to be destroyed.

Where did children work? Describe

their lives in some of these places.

Children worked on farms, in homes as servants, and in factories. Children often did jobs that required small size and nimble fingers. But they also pushed heavy coal trucks along tunnels in coal mines. Boys went to sea, as boy-sailors, and girls went 'into service' as housemaids. Children worked on city streets, selling things such as flowers, matches and ribbons. Crossing boys swept the roads clean of horse-dung and rubbish left by the horses that pulled carts and carriages.

• What was the most famous Tudor King?

Henry VIII is probably the most well known of the Tudor Kings

TUDOR LONDON

• What was he like and did he do?

• He was a very selfish person and by the end of his life everyone was

afraid of him.One of his first acts was to reduce the level of taxation

that his father had imposed on his subjects. He also had the organisers

of the tax regime executed! These measures ensured that the English

and Welsh people liked the new King. They also warmed to him as he

was an energetic fun loving King. His government was run largely by

Ministers on his behalf, Henry, in the early years of his Kingship at

least, did not like government. Henry VIII married Catherine of

Aragon, his dead brothers widow. This marriage made sure that the

strong links with Spain were retained.

• Who was the last tudor monarch? What was she like and what did she

do? Which country was her greatest enemy?

• The last monarch was Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

• She was very well educated and was fluent in six languages.

• Elizabeth was rule is remembered as the Golden Age.

• Elizabeth Fought against Philips II was navy (The Spanish Armada)

• What Famous playwright lived during this time?

The playwright and Authors who lived during William Shakespeare´s

life were truly groundbreaking. This was the Renaissance.

• What Famous theatre was built?

The Globe Theatre was a Theatre in London associated with William

Shakespeare.

TUDOR AND STUART LONDON (1603-1704)

• Who were two stuart kings?

It were: James VI of Scotland and James I of Scotland.

• What was the Gunpowder Plot?

The Gunpowder of 1605 in earlier often called the Gunpowder

Treason Plot or the Jesuit Treason, was a failed assossiation

attempt against King James I of England VI of Scotland.

• What coused the Great Plague in 1665? How many people died?

It was coused by the Yersinia Pestis bacterium. Wich is usually

transmited through the bite of an infected rat fleat.

It died 100.000 people.

• Why was there a big fire risk in the city?

Why was the damage so bad?

The fire started early in the morning in a baker's shop in Pudding Lane, and quickly

spread. Surviving written records indicate that it was windy, which blew burning embers

around the still-sleeping city. Unfortunately, one of the first structures to burn was the

huge wooden waterwheel on the Thames that supplied water to the city. Losing the

waterwheel significantly reduced the amount of available water throughout the city. The

bucket brigades didn't stand a chance.

The fire raged for days. Structure after structure burned, with the fire spreading from one

district to another. After several days, the king, King Charles II, called in the Duke of

York, who was in charge of the Royal Navy, to be responsible for putting out the fire.

It had long been a practice to use long poles, with hooks on the end, to pull down

adjacent buildings to a fire to keep the fire from spreading. Unfortunately, the

combination of heat, wind, and lack of water kept that from working. The concept of a

"fire break," depriving a fire of fuel, was nonetheless a valid way of containing a fire. The

Duke of York applied it to a large degree.

He had his men fan out past where the fire was burning and create a large swath of empty

land. They did it not only by pulling down buildings where they could, but by using

gunpowder to blow up and clear away buildings where they couldn't be pulled down. The

tactic worked. In the end, the fire burned to the edge of the large fire break and finally

died for lack of fuel. After raging for 5 days, the Great Fire of London was finally out.

10 monuments London

• Tower of London

Another one of London’s most famous landmarks, the Tower of London is a

remarkable fortress standing majestically on the North Bank of River Thames. A

highly significant part of England’s history, Tower of London houses several

exhibits including the magnificent crown jewels and the coveted Koh-I-Noor.

Also worth a watch is the Ceremony of the Keys, the locking up of the towers,

which has been performed every night from the past 800 years. The ceremony is

extremely popular among foreign tourists, as such; it is advised to book tickets

well in advance.Over the years the Tower of London has served as a castle, a

palace, an observatory, storehouse and mint. Don’t be confused by the name;

Tower of London actually refers to a huge castle complex formed after centuries

of additions and alterations. The 900-year old complex is often identified with the

striking White Tower, which gives the entire castle its name

Your trip to London is incomplete without a visit to the Queen’s London home. If

you happen to be in London during the summers, you can tour the 19 State

Rooms, magnificently decorated with some of the greatest treasures from the

Royal collection. The Picture Gallery features works by Rembrandt, Van Dyck

and Canaletto.

Buckingham Palace

Be a part of the famous British ceremony of Changing the Guard that takes place

outside the Buckingham Palace. It takes place daily from May to July and on

alternate days from August to March at 11:30 am. Reach early so that you can

catch this wonderful spectacle of the choreographed marching of the guards in

their bright red uniforms and bearskin hats

• The Big Ben

Big Ben is the nickname of the Great Bell of Westminster, and often extended to

refer to the clock and the clock tower, officially known as Elizabeth Tower. It is

one of the most recognizable sights of London and possibly the most famous

clock face in the world. It is the name given to the enormous bell in the clock

tower of the Palace of Westminster, which weighs more than 13 tons. Standing at

a height of 96 metres, the iconic tower has 4 clocks that are 7 metres in diameter.

Here is a fun fact: the Big Ben has rarely stopped, and even after a bomb

destroyed the Commons chamber during World War II, the clock tower survived

and the Big Ben continued to function. You will also have the chance to visit the

mechanism room and see how the clock functions.

• Tower Bridge

Tower Bridge has stood over the River Thames in London since 1894 and is one

of the finest, most recognisable bridges in the World. It is the London bridge you

tend to see in movies and on advertising literature for London. Tower Bridge is

the only Tham

Its middle section can be raised to permit large vessels to pass the Tower

Bridge. Massive engines raise the bridge sections, which weigh about 1000 tons

each, in just over a minute. It used to be raised about 50 times a day, but

nowadays it is only raised 4 to 5 times a week

es bridge which can be raised.

• The Houses of Parilament

The Palace of Westminster, also known as the Houses of Parliament or

Westminster Palace, in London, is where the two Houses of the

Parliament of the United Kingdom meet.

In 1605, Guy Gunpowder Plot, and is celebrated on 5 November every

year.

The original building was used as a palace and home to the Parliament of

England. After a fire in 1834, the building was used as a Parliament

building.

Westminster Palace, Westminster Abbey and Saint Margaret's Church

make up a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[1] Westminster Palace is an

example of Gothic Revival architecture.

Fawkes attempted to blow the Palace up. He was caught and later

executed. This was called the

Trafalgar Square.

The shard.

Shakespeare's Globe Theatre.

Royal Observatory Greenwich.

Westminster abbey.