Conversational Implicature Found in The Talkshow

Program of “Talk Indonesia” Metro TV

THESIS

By:

Aulia Hasni Nairi

NIM 11320023

Advisor:

Vita Nur Santi, M.Pd.

NIP 198306192011012008

ENGLISH LETTERS AND LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES

MAULANA MALIK IBRAHIM STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

MALANG

2016

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MOTTO

Nabi Muhammad shollallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam said : “The seeking of knowledge is

obligatory for every Muslim.” (HR: Tirmidhi 74)

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DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to my beloved parents:

Mr. Birhasan Nairi and Mrs. Siti Fatimah.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Praise and gratitude is submitted to God Almighty, Allah SWT who always

guides me and provides me with mercy and tremendous blessing empowering me to

finish this thesis entitled with “Conversational Implicature Found in the Talk Show

Program of Talk Indonesia Metro TV”. This writing is intended to fulfil the requirement

in achieving the bachelor degree in the State Islamic University Maulana Malik Ibrahim

of Malang.

Peace and salutation is always granted the prophet Muhammad SAW who has

brought Islam as a religion, which is rahmatan lil-alamun. He saves human from the

darkness and leads them to the right path of life.

I would also thank all parties who have contributed to the thesis completion. I

would like to express thanks to Prof. Dr. H. Mudjia Rahardjo, M.Si as the rector of the

State Islamic University Maulana Malik Ibrahim of Malang, to Dr. Hj. Istiadah, MA as

the dean of faculty of Humanities, to Dr. Syamsuddin, M.Hum as the head of the

English Language and Letters department, and to all lecturers of the English Language

and Letters department. I would also acknowledge my thesis Supervisor Ms. Vita Nur

Santi, M.Pd for being supportive and patient in the thesis writing process.

The greatest appreciation is also dedicated to my parents: Birhasan Nairi and Siti

Fatimah, who always pray for my well-being, support, encourages, love and motivate

me in my whole life. I also thank my brothers, Fathkur Rahman Nairi, Yanuar Alvin

Nairi, and my little brother, Azizul Ghofur Nairi for their love and support. The last but

not least, the special thanks is also granted to my best partner and discussion

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companion, M. Rizky Fitrul Gofur for his assistance and accompaniment in the process

of the thesis writing.

I would also acknowledge my beloved friends, Fitri Astutik, Siti Mahmuda

Agustina, Mega Listra, Dian Safitri, Kholidah Imaniah, Feni Putri, and Andi Nur.

Special gratitude is also awarded to Ika Rahmawati Diniar, Siti Indah Nurvianti, and

Heny Ika Wahyuningsih for always sparing your time and giving me support,

commentaries, and guidance. This acknowledgment is also dedicated for my friend in

English Language and Letters department batch 2011 for being a great companion

during my study in the State Islamic University Maulana Malik Ibrahim of Malang.

Lastly, I would like to thank all parties unmentioned in this writing for their

time, support, commentaries, and guidance in completing this writing. I hope that this

works will be useful for many parties.

Malang, Mei 19,2016

The Researcher

Aulia Hasni Nairi

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ABSTRACT

Nairi, Aulia Hasni 2015. Conversational Implicature Found in The Talkshow Program

“Talk Indonesia”Metro TV. Thesis, Linguistic, English Language and Letters

Department.Faculty of Humanities. Maulana Malik Ibrahim States Islamic

University of Malang. Advisor: Vita Nur Santi M.Pd.

Keywords: Pragmatics, Conversational Maxim, Flouting Maxim, Conversational

Implicature, Talk Indonesia Talkshow program

Conversation is an interaction, which runs regularly between two participants or

more. To unveil the phenomena occurring the conversation process, language study

introduces the concept of implicature. It is a concept to scrutinize the meaning inferred

from utterances. Using this concept, one may reveal that what is said is not necessarily

what is meant.

This pragmatic study analyzes the conversational implicature. The researcher

interprets and explains the analysis descriptively. This study is conducted to answer the

following questions: (1) What are the types of conversational implicature used in the

dialogue of Talk Indonesia? And (2) What are the functions of implicature that occur in

the Talk Indonesia?.

The results of the study show that it is revealed flouted maxims occurences

covering four maxim of quality, nine maxim of quantity, five maxim of manner, and

two maxim of relevance. The total of flout the maxim are 20 utterances with the most

occurrence of flouting maxim of quantity. In addition, two type of conversational

implicature are also found which are generalized implicature with 5 utterances and the

particularized implicature with 15 utterances. The analysis also successfully identify

five types of functions of speech act. There are 16 utterances categorized as

representative functions which are criticize, report, clarified, conjecturing, state,

describe, and testified. Three utterances are identified as directive function involving

advising, respons, and asking. One utterance functions as expressive which indicates the

function of commmisive and declarative function.

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المستخلص

Talk المحادثات المكتشفة في برنامج المحادثة "اآلثار المترتبة على . 2015نريي، أوليا حاسين،

Indonesia( مترو تلفزيون " Metro TV) البحث العلمي. قسم اللغة اإلجنليزية وآداهبا، كلية العلوم . .اإلنسانية. جامعة موالنا مالك إبراهيم اإلسالمية احلكومية ماالنج

: فيتا نور سانيت، املاجستري. المشرف

الرباغماتية، مكسيم احملادثة، االنتهاكات على املكسيم، اآلثار املرتتبة يف احملادثة، برنامج احملادثة ": األساسية الكلمات

Talk Indonesia."

احملادثة تفاعل حيدث بانتظام بني الشخصني أو أكثر. للكشف عن الظاهرة اليت حتدث يف عملية احملادثة، (. هي مفهوم لفحص املعىن املستدل من الكالم. وباستخدام هذا Implikasiتعرف علوم اللغة مفهوم اآلثار املرتتبة )

.املفهوم، ميكن للمرء أن يكشف أن ما يتحدث املرء به ال يتوافق بالضرورة مع مقصوده

هذا العلم الرباغماتية حيلل اآلثار املرتتبة على احملادثة. يفسر الباحث ويشرح هذا التحليل بشكل وصفي. يتم إجراء هذا Talk Indonesia( ما أنواع اآلثار املرتتبة على احملادثة املستخدمة يف حوار 1البحث لإلجابة على األسئلة التالية: )

؟ Talk Indonesiaليت حتدث داخل برنامج ( ما وظيفة اآلثار املرتتبة ا2؟ و )

تظهر النتائج أن هناك أربعة أنواع مكسيم النوعية، تسعة مكسيم الكمية، مخسة مكسيم التنفيذية، واثنني من مكسيم األمهية. جمموع االنتهاكات اليت حتدث فيه عشرون كلمة مع أكثرها شيوعا هي مكسيم الكمية. وباإلضافة إىل ذلك،

من اآلثار املرتتبة املوجودة هي اآلثار املشرتكة خبمس كلمات واآلثار اخلاصة خبمسة عشر كلمة. حدد هناك نوعانالتحليل أيضا مخسة أنواع وظائف التمثيل الكالمي. هناك ستة عشر كلمة تصنف بوصفها وظائفا متثيلية مثل االنتقاد،

شهادة. ويتم حتديد ثالثة كلمات كوظيفة التوجيه مثل تقدمي واإلبالغ، والتوضيح، والتخمني، والشرح، والبيان، وإعطاء ال .النصائح، واالستجابة، وطرح األسئلة. فكلمة واحدة توظف التعبري، يعين إظهار الوظائف اجلماعية واإلعالنية

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ABSTRAK

Nairi, Aulia Hasni 2015. Implikasi Percakapan yang Ditemukan di Program Talk Show

“Talk Indonesia” Metro TV. Skripsi. Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris,

Fakultas Humaniora. Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang.

Dosen Pembimbing : Vita Nur Santi M.Pd.

Kata Kunci : Pragmatik, Maxim Percakapan, Pelanggaran Maxim, Implikasi

Percakapan, Program Talkshow Talk Indonesia.

Percakapan adalah sebuah interaksi yang berlangsung secara teratur antara dua

orang atau lebih. Untuk mengungkap fenomena yang terjadi pada proses percakapan,

Ilmu bahasa memperkenalkan konsep Implikasi. Ini adalah konsep untuk meneliti

makna yang disimpulkan dari ucapan-ucapan. Dengan menggunakan konsep ini,

seseorang dapat mengungkapkan bahwa apa yang diucapkan belum tentu sesuai dengan

apa yang dimaksud.

Ilmu pragmatik ini menganalisa tentang implikasi percakapan. Peneliti

menginterpretasi dan menjelaskan analisa ini secara deskriptif. Penelitian ini dilakukan

untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan berikut : (1) Apa saja jenis implikasi

percakapan yang digunakan dalam dialog Talk Indonesia? Dan (2) Apa fungsi dari

implikasi yang terjadi di dalam program Talk Indonesia?

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada empat jenis maxim kualitas, Sembilan

maxim kuantitas, lima maxim pelaksanaan, dan dua maxim relevansi. Total dari

pelanggaran maxim yang terjadi yakni duapuluh ucapan dengan jumlah yang paling

sering terjadi adalah maxim kuantitas. Selain itu, dua jenis implikasi percakapan yang

ditemukan yakni implikasi umum dengan lima ucapan dan implikasi khusus dengan

lima belas ucapan. Analisa ini juga berhasil mengidentifikasi lima jenis fungsi tindak

tutur. Ada enam belas ucapan yang dikategorikan sebagai fungsi representative seperti

mengkritik, melaporkan, mengklarifikasi, menduga, menyatakan, menjelaskan, dan

memberi kesaksian. Tiga ucapan diidentifikasikan sebagai fungsi direktif seperti

menasihati, memberi respons, dan bertanya. Satu ucapan berfungsi sebagai ekspresif

yakni menunjukkan fungsi-fungsi commisive dan deklaratif.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL SHEET……………………………………………………... i

LEGISTIMATION SHEET………………………………………………. ii

STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY…………….…………………….... iii

MOTTO…………………………………………………………………... iv

DEDICATION……………………………………………………………. v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………... vi

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………….... viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………… xi

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION………………………………..……….. 1

1.1 Background of the Study……………………………………….... 1

1.2 Research Problems……………….…………………………….… 4

1.3 Objectives of the Study………….………………………………. 5

1.4 Scope and Limitation.....………………………………....………. 5

1.5 Significances of the Study………………………………………. 6

1.6 Definition of the Key Terms…..…………………………………. 6

1.7 Research Method……………………………………………….... 6

1.7.1 Research Design……………………………………………. 6

1.7.2 Source of Data………………………………………............ 7

1.7.3 Data Collection ........……………………………………….. 8

1.7.4 Data Analysis ..……………………………………………... 8

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE……………….. 11

2.1 Pragmatics ............ ……….......………………………………..... 11

2.2 Context.. …………………………….....................……………. 12

2.3 Cooperative Principle ..................................................................

2.4 Flouting Maxim ..........................................................................

2.5 Implicatures .................................................................................

2.5.1 Conventional Implicature ..................................................

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2.5.2 Conversational Implicature ...............................................

2.5.2.1 Generalized Conversational Implicature ....................

2.5.2.2 Particularized Conversational Implicature .................

2.6 Speech Acts .................................................................................

2.7 Inference ....................................................................................

2.8 Presupposition ..........................................................................

2.9 Previous Study............ ………………………………………...

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CHAPTER III: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION………………………… 31

3.1 Findings……………………………................…………………. 31

3.2 Discussion………………………………………………………. 59

CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION…………………. 64

4.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………. 64

4.2 Suggestion………………………………………………………. 65

BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………….. 67

APPENDIXES………………………………………………………..….. 68

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents background of study, problems of the study,

objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation, definitions

of the key terms, and research methodology.

1.1 Background of Study

Conversations is interaction of communication in which regularly involves

two participants or more to transfer messages.Conversation as one of

communication media has several forms such as speech, letters, email, text, or

sign language. However, well-served communication is needed to make the

interaction purpose achieved effectively.

Two or more people involved in the interaction or communication must

speak interactively to understand each other. There are some sorts of cooperative

principle done by the speaker and addressee in order to make the communication

process proceed smoothly. Grice (1975) suggested that in order to implement the

principles of cooperation, each speaker must adhere to the four maxims of

conversation, namely maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relevance,

and maxim of manner.

In the process of communication, speakers may find difficulties in

comprehending the intention of other speaker in a conversation. As stated by

Grice (1975) that there are two distinctions between what is said and waht is

implied by speaker of a verbal utterance. The implied meaning can be either

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conventional or conversational. Furthermore, Grice (1975) classified implicature

into Conversational Implicature, Generalized Implicature and Particularized

Implicature. Generalized Implicature refers to an implicature whose meanings are

inferred without specific contexts. Particularized Implicature refers to an

implicature whose meanings are inferred to specific contexts.

Mass media as a medium of communication grows rapidly in the last

decades. This media is commonly used by a group of people to convey the

information or deliver message. The significant role of mass media in the process

of communication is the high efficiency in reaching out the communicant. Mass

media has a number of types such as newspapers, radio, and television. Among

the mass media types, television has the strongest attractiveness. It is stated that

television is the most ‘massive’ media in terms of reach, time spent and

popularity, which has barely changed over thirty years and it adds all the time to

its global audience (McQuail, 2009).

Furthermore, television is an electronic mass communication media which

presents audiovisual information and allows people to receive the information by

looking at pictures and listen to the sound simultaneously. In addition, television

is more attractive than magazines, newspapers, and radio because it serves a

variety of TV shows that can be seen, heard, and life like. However, television is

also known as a source of entertainment. It is stated in UU No. 40/1999 about

press that the function of media is to entertain. In its operation, television presents

various kinds of entertainment programs; one of them is talk show program.

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The talk show is a complex program whose boundaries are difficult to

draw. According to Carbaugh’s (1988), the talk show is categorized into

personality-type and issue-type reflecting the change. Furthermore, talk show has

undergone from the format from a mere chat with a personnel to the discussion

with audience members about social issues. Talk show of social issues comprises

a series of short interviews with (and occasionally also performances of)

personalities, mainly of the entertainment industry. In Indonesian context, this

type of talk show can be seen in Talk Indonesia in Metro TV.

Talk Indonesia is chosen as the object of study for several reasons. First,

this program is one of the programs delivered in English, among a few talk show

program delivered in English. Second, this program is guided by Dalton

Tanonaka, an international senior journalist. As cited on wikipedia.org, Dalton

Tanonaka previously was the announcer at NHK Japan, NBC Asia, CNBC Asia,

and CNN International. As the international senior journalist who has broad

knowledge on the global issues, the researcher assumes that his experience in

journalism can influence the way he brings the talk show. The broad knowledge

owned by Dalton may enrich the topics being discussed in the talk show program.

In addition, Dalton's way of speaking which is unadorned, clear, and does not

rambling is quite interesting. It can influence the course of the dialogue on the talk

show and also may reveal more information from the guests. Third, this talk show

program discusses many issues involving diverse guests from various

backgrounds, including artists, singers, politicians, state officials, and many

others. The guests are invited to talk about several of topics, including political,

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cultural, and current issues which are being a heated-discussed. The wide range of

guests is believed will be the factor that influences how they speak and how they

choose the words.

Regarding the previous researches, there are several studies conducted in

relation to the use of implicature in conversation. For example, in movies studies,

Kurniawan (2010) analyzed the implicature used in Devil Wears Prada, Makin

(2015) studied conversational implicature and its violation maxims in Grown Ups

2, and Mas’ud (2012) investigated the implicature of utterances produced by the

round characters in Arthur movie. In novel analysis, Rahmawati (2006) analyzed

implicature in the utterances in Danielle Stell’s Kaleidoscope. While in headline

news, Laili (2011) investigated implicature used in the Headline News of

“Indonesia This Morning” Program in Metro TV Website.

Different from the previous studies which studied movies, headline news,

and novels, the present study focuses on the dialogue in a Talk show program,

Talk Indonesia in Metro TV. Furthermore, the present study does not only employ

the implicature theory proposed by Grice but also utilizes speech act theory

classification proposed by Searle to classify the function of the utterances.

1.2 Research Problems

Based on the background stated above, this study is conducted to answer

the following questions:

1. What are the types of conversational implicature used in the dialogue of Talk

Indonesia?

2. What are the functions of implicature that occur in the Talk Indonesia?

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1.3 Objectives of the Study

Related to the research problems above, this study is aimed to identify and

determine the types of conversational implicature that occurs in Talk Indonesia

based on Grice’s theory of implicature and Searle’s theory of speech act. By

knowing the types of implicature in this talk show, people are intended to

recognize the function of implicature in their speech since implicature

indisputably occur in daily speech.

1.4 Scope and Limitation

This study is conducted within the scope of discourse analysis and

pragmatics. The researcher only analyzes the utterances produced by the presenter

and the guests to find out their conversational implicatures. The researcher

employs Grice’s theory of Conversational Implicatures as the basis of the

analysis.

1.5 Significances of the Study

This study is expected to theoretically and practically contribute towards

the field of discourse analysis. Theoretically, the findings are expected to be

useful and offer the new insight on linguistics field, especially in implicatures of

discourse analysis. Practically, the researcher expects that the result of this study

presents a model of implicature analysis on the talk show program which may

also contribute in a way of understanding implicit meanings on a dialogue.

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1.6 Operational Definitions of the Key Terms

1. Pragmatics is the study of meaning and use of language in a particular

context. This knowledge is more emphasis on the meaning of the speaker’s

utterances, language and the context.

2. Implicatures refers to the implied meaning in utterance which can be

understood thought not directly implied. It is an implied meaning that is

referred from an utterance (Grice, 1913-1988).

3. Talk Indonesia, it is one of the talk show programs in Metro TV which

presents a dialogue between the presenters and guests and also discusses

interesting topics.

4. Transcript of Talk Indonesia talk show program is a set of dialogue’s

utterances on that program which is transcribed in written text.

1.7 Research Method

1.7.1 Research Design

The study concerns with the conversational implicature occurred in the

conversation of Talk Indonesia. It is aimed at investigating the conversational

implicature being formed in the conversation of Talk Indonesia and determining

the type of conversational implicature and the function of implicature in the

conversation of Talk Indonesia. This study uses implicature theory proposed by

Grice (1975) to identify the forming process of conversational implicature and

determine the type of conversational implicature. To identify the context, the

researcher uses Hymes’ Concept of Context (1974) as well as applies the theory

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of speech act classification which by Searle (1975) to determine the function of

implicature.

This study is descriptive qualitative. The qualitative method is a procedure

that produces descriptive data. Therefore, this type of research is chosen because

the data are in the form of utterances of the speech in Talk Indonesia.

Furthermore, the result of data analysis will be clearly presented and described

using words.

To analyze and collect the data, this study employs descriptive qualitative

method which, furthermore, is analyzed using conversational implicatures by

Grice. The data, the utterances of the presenter and the guest, are taken from the

transcript of the conversation between the presenter and the guests in Talk

Indonesia. The analyzed data are the utterances containing implicature, which

arethen classified and identified into the types of conversational implicatures

produced by the presenter and the guest using Grice’s theory of implicature.

Finally, the researcher categorizes those utterances containing conversational

implicature into their types. The researcher interprets and explains the analysis

descriptively. This study is intended to provide the broad knowledge about the

application of pragmatic to the phenomena happening around us, for example

entertainment and news, which have many types including talk show program.

1.7.2 Data Source

This research primary data source is Talk Indonesia program in Metro TV

obtained from Metro TV official website. The data of this study are the

transcribed utterances which indicate flout maxim of conversation. The data are in

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the form of words, phrases, and sentences. The data are limited to the utterances

indicating flouting the maxim of conversation. There are five talk show program

videos obtained from Talk Indonesia Talk show program aired in the Metro TV.

The five videos were aired on 6th November 2011, 19th July 2012, 27th

November 2012, 6th Mei 2013, and 8th October 2013. The researcher selects

these videos because these videos has been screened and contains many

implicatures.

1.7.3 Data Collection

The data collection in this research involves a number of steps. The first

step is downloading the video of Talk Indonesia on Metro TV website. The next

step is verifying the accuracy of English transcription with the video. After that,

the utterances are analyzed to classify the types of conversational implicature

found on the data. The last step is presenting the obtained data systematically in

the writing.

1.7.4 Data Analysis

To analyze the data, the researcher uses theory of implicature by Grice and

theory of speech act classification proposed by Searle as the guide. Additionally,

the researcher employs the theory of context from Dell Hymes (1974) to

determine the context of the implicature. To overcome the research problem

proposed in the first chapter, there are several steps conducted.

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First, the earliest step is finding out the utterances which are indicated to

contravene the maxim of conversation. The rest of data which does not break the

rule of maxim is then reduced.

Second, the researcher classifies these utterances based on the type of

conversational maxim being flouted which was proposed by Grice (1975), maxim

of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relevant, and maxim of manner. For

example, data 1 flouted the maxim of quality and was labeled as QL (maxim

quality) in the column of Flouted Maxim. After being labeled, the utterances are

analyzed to find the implicature inside the utterances. There are some devices

such as table and codes which are used.

Table 1.1: Sample Table of Flouting Maxim

No Utterances Flouted Maxim

Implicature QL QT RL MN

Note: QL = Maxim of Quality

QT = Maxim of Quantity

RL = Maxim of Relevance

MN= Maxim of Manner

Third, the data are classified based on the type of implicature proposed by

Grice (1975). After classified, the data are categorized into the function of

implicature based on the theory of speech act classification proposed by Searle

(1975).

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The data are labeled according to the types. There are also some devices

such as table and codes. The example of table as follow:

Table 1.2: Sample Table Type of Implicature and Function

Data Utterances Implicature Types of Implicature

Function

GCI PCI

Note: GCI = Generalized Conversational Implicature

PCI= Particularized Conversational Implicature

The last, the researcher draws the conclusion from the data which relates

to process of forming implicature, the types of conversational implicature, and the

function of implicature. In the process of analyzing the data, the researcher also

uses the theory of context from Dell Hymes (1974) to contextualize and clarify

the context of communication based on each element in linguistic research.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter discusses theories related to the topic of the study and used

to analyse the data. The theories employed in this study are Pragmatics, Context,

Cooperative principle, Flouting Maxims, Implicature, Speech act, Inference,

Presupposition. This chapter also presents several previous studies related to this

research.

2.1. Pragmatics

Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that concerns with the study of

language use in situational contexts and the ways in which people produce and

comprehend meanings through language. As stated by Yule (1996) that

pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by speaker

(or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). Basically, pragmatic deals

with the speaker’s meaning, contextual meaning, implicature, politeness, pre-

supposition, entailment, and speech act. In short, pragmatics is the study of

language meaning.

Several linguists proposed a number of pragmatics definitions.The first

definition is formulated by FrankBrisard (2009). He stated that pragmatics is

concerned with characterizing the behaviour of language users (as performance).

One of the main challenges in bringing the two disciplines together will be to

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investigate the possible links between typically human, rational knowledge and

purposeful, for the larger part culturally acquired behaviour.

Yule (1996) added that pragmatics is the study of the relationships

between linguistic forms and the users of those forms. The difference is clearly

seen that only pragmatics can involve human into the analysis. In studying

pragmatics there are also disadvantages and advantages. As described in his book

"Pragmatics", Yule (1996) stated that the advantage of studying language via

pragmatics is that one can talk about people's intended meanings, their

assumptions, their purpose or goals, and the kinds of actions (for example,

request) that they are performing when they speak. The big disadvantage is that all

these very human concepts are extremely difficult to analyse in a consistent and

objective way. To sum up, pragmatics deeply examines the meaning of utterances

from the speaker. Therefore, pragmatics emphasizes on the function of language

in real communication.

2.2. Context

Grundy (2000) stated that pragmatics is interested in the meanings of the

utterances; they are also interested in the contexts in which utterances occur,

since, as we have seen, these contexts help us to determine the meaning of what is

said to us. That is why the meaning of the context carries it. Context is also very

close to the implicatures theory because context helps us to determine what is

conveyed implicitly by the speakers. Context on pragmatics includes the context

of setting, participants, content, purpose, key, and channel.

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Hymes is the pioneer of the study of the relationship between language

and social context (as cited in Wardhaugh, 2002, p. 246-248). Hymes uhas

formulated the components which should be noticed in examining the language in

social context, which are setting and scene, participants, ends, act sequence, key,

instrumentalities, norms of interaction and interpretation, and genre (abbreviated

as SPEAKING). Setting refers to the time and place, while scene refers to the

abstract psychological setting, or the cultural definition of the occasion.

Participants refers to who is involved in the speech including the speaker

and the audience. Participants includes various combinations of speaker-listener,

addressor-addressee, or sender-receiver. Ends refers to the conventionally

recognized and expected outcomes of an exchange as well as to the personal goals

that participants seek to accomplish on particular occasions. Act sequencerefers to

the actual form and content of what is said, the precise words used, how they are

used, and the relationship of what is said to the actual topic at hand. Key refers to

the tone, manner, or spirit in which a particular message is conveyed: light-

hearted, serious, precise, pedantic, mocking, sarcastic, pompous, and so on.

Instrumentalitiesrefers to the choice of channel, for instance, oral, written, or

telegraphic, and to the actual forms of speech employed , such as the language,

dialect, code, or register that is chosen. Norms of interaction and

interpretationrefers to the specific behaviors and properties that attach to speaking

and also to how these may be viewed by someone who does not share them, for

example, loudness, silence, gaze return, and so on. Genrerefers to clearly

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demarcated types of utterances, such as poems, proverbs, riddles, sermons,

prayers, lectures, and editorials.

Context greatly influences the form of language used by a speaker and also

in interpreting the phrase. One of the branches of linguistics which highlights the

context of the analysis is pragmatic. This is confirmed by Levinson (1997) in

which he made some pragmatic definitions in his book which is associated with

the context. The definitions of pragmatics associated with context according to

Levinson are provided below.

1. Pragmatics is the study of those relations between language and

context that are grammaticalized, or encoded in the structure of

language.

2. Pragmatics is the study of relations between language and context that

a basic to an account of language understanding.

3. Pragmatics is the study of the ability of language users to pair

sentences with the context in which they would be appropriate.

Sobur (2001, p. 57) defined four sub areas of context: physical context,

linguistic context, social context, and epistemic context. Physical context refers to

where the conversation is taking place, what objects are present, what actions are

occurring, and so on. Linguistic context refers to what has been said before in the

conversation. Social context refers to the social relationship among speakers and

hearers. Epistemic context refers to the background knowledge of the speaker and

the hearer. Therefore, context in the study of implicature takes the significant role

to make the hearer easy in catching the implied meaning.

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The previous statement is also confirmed by Mey (2001) who argued that

context is an important part in the discussion of ambiguity in spoken or written

language. From some definition above, it appears that the role of the context is

very important and helpful in understanding the language. Therefore, context

becomes more important not only in the assessment of the reference and the

appropriate implicatures, but also in relation to other pragmatic issues like speech

act and presupposition

2.3. Cooperative Principle

Cooperative principle has a strong relationship to the discussion about the

relationship of the speaker and discourse. The cooperative principle is the

principles which govern what to do by the participants in order to create a

coherent conversation. The principle states that the speaker gives contribution in

conversation in which the speaker is engaged. This cooperative principle contains

four categories, which are formulated as basic rules or maxims.

Grice's logic of conversation is based on the idea that contributors to a

conversation are rational agents; that is, they obey a general principle of

rationality known as the Cooperative Principle (CP). Grice (1975, p. 45) has

formulated this principle that “Make your conversational contribution such as is

required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of

the talk exchange in which you are engaged”. In order to fulfil the cooperative

principle, the speaker must follow nine maxims of conversation, grouped in four

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categories: Quantity, Quality, Relation and Manner. Grice (1975, p. 45-46)

defined these maxims as follows:

a) Maxims of Quantity :

Maxim of quantity demands the speaker’s contribution informative as

is required and no more informative than is required. Below are the

examples of an utterance that obeys the maxim of quantity and one that

violates the maxim.

1. Example of obeying:

A: “Where are you going?”

B: “I’m going to the post office.”

In the example above, B gives comments to A’s statement without adding

other information.

2. Example of disobeying/violation:

A: “Are you going to work tomorrow?”

B: “I am working on a project, but I’ll have to go to the doctor in the

evening. I have asked the manager for permission”

In the example above, B’s reply violates maxim of quantity because B

does not give information as required by A, i.e. yes or no. Instead, B gives

more information which is not required or expected at all.

b) Maxims of Quality

Maxim of quality requires the speaker not to say what is believed to

be false and for which the speaker lacks of adequate evidence. Below are the

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examples of the utterance that obeys the maxim of quality and that one

violates the maxim.

1. Example of obeying:

A: “Why did you come late last night?”

B: “The car was broken down”

In the example above, B tells the truth that his car was broken down so that

he came late.

2. Example of disobeying/violation:

A: “The Teheran’s in Turkey, isn’t teacher?”

B: “And London’s in America I suppose.”

In the example above, B’s reply is supposed to suggest that A is incorrect

and B violates the maxim of quality

c) Maxim of Relation

Maxim of relation requires the speaker to be relevant. Below are the

examples of utterance that obeys the maxim of relevance and that one

violates the maxim.

1. Example of obeying:

A: “Where is my box of chocolates?”

B: “It is in your room.”

In the example above, B’s reply relates to the question, not talking about

something else.

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2. Example of disobeying / violation

A: “Where’s my box of chocolates?”

B: “I don’t know mine either.”

In the example above. B’s answer is not relevant to A’s question. B says

something else which is not about A’s problem at all.

d) Maxims of Manner

Maxim of Manner requires the speaker to avoid obscurity of

expression and ambiguity. Maxim of manner demands the speaker to be

brief and orderly. Below are the examples of utterance that obeys the maxim

of manner and that one violates the maxim.

1. Example of obeying:

A: Where was Alfred yesterday?

B: Alfred went to the store and bought some whiskey.

In the example above, B’s answer obeys the maxim of manner, in which

he is orderly to answer where Alfred was to A.

2. Example of disobeying/violation:

A: I hear you went to the opera last night; how was the lead singer?

B: The singer produced a series of sounds corresponding closely to the score

of an aria from ‘Rigoletto’.

In the example above, B does not give the exact and brief answer to A’s

question. To say that the singer was not good, B gives a series of

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unnecessarily descriptive sentences which can cause the confusion toward A

if A has no idea on the score of an aria from ‘Rigoletto’

2.4. Flouting Maxim

Assuming that people are cooperating with us in communication, we can

take that violation as a sign that something is being said indirectly. This is called

exploiting or flouting a maxim (deliberately violating it). Grundy (2000, p. 78)

stated that flouting maxim is a particularly salient way of getting an addressee to

draw an inference and hence recover an implicature. Thus, there is a trade-off

between abiding by maxims. For example:

Mira : Where’s David?

Ana : The social room or the laboratory.

From the example above, Ana’s answer violates the maxim of quantity.

Ana does not give as much information as Mira wants (David’s exact location),

but instead gives a weaker statement (giving two possible options). Brown and

Yule (1989, p. 32) stated that flouting of maxim is the result of the speaker

conveying in additional to the literal meaning which is conversational implicature.

Another example of the flouting maxim of quantity:

A : What time is it?

B : It’s two o’clock, in fact it’s four pass two, and now it’s Sunday.

The flouting maxim of quantity and its implicature occurs when the

speaker or the writer conveys messages which are not as informative as they are

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required or the information is too much and unnecessary. B flouts the maxim of

quantity, since he gives too much information to A, while too much information

can distract the listener. However, it is not very difficult to recover the implicature

that B wants to show to A that he is a kind of "on time" person.

The example of flouting maxim of quality can be seen as follows:

A : What is the Capital City of Indonesia?

B : I believe it's Bogor, or maybe Jakarta, Indonesia has wide territory.

Maxim of quality and its implicature are deviated when your contribution

one that is untrue or lack adequate evidence. B flouts the maxim of quality since

he gives insincere answer for A's question. The implicature of this flouting maxim

would be that B does not know exactly about the capital city of Indonesia.

The flouting maxim of relevant is exemplified in the following

conversation:

Dad : Have you done your homework?

Son : My bicycle is broken, Dad.

The flouting maxim of relevance and its implicature arise when the

speaker deviates from the particular topic being asked and discussed. The answer

of the son is not answering the father’s question. The son tries to direct his

father’s concern away from the question which he does not like.

Maxims of manner and its implicature occur when the utterances are not

brief, ambiguous, and obscure. Advertisements often flout the maxim of manner.

The statement flouts maxim of manner because it is obscure. The utterances

triggers an inference process in which the addressee looks for the likeliest that is

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relevant in the context that obtain – that the taste is good for people who favor

Coca cola and bad for those who dislike it. From the explanation above it can be

concluded that the flouting maxims can occur in some situations or occasions for

some purposes.

2.5. Implicatures

Implicature is a branch of pragmatics that coined by Paul Grice. It is

anything that is inferred from an utterance but what is said is not necessary what

is meant. Horn (2004, p.3) stated that Implicature is a component of speaker

meaning that contributes as aspect of what is meant in speaker’s utterance without

being part of what is said.

Implicature is the speaker deliberately choice of word from his own

coinage to cover any meaning implied, in the example, conveyed indirectly or

through hints, and understood implicitly without ever being explicitly state,(Grice,

2000). Grice exemplifies:

A : Are you working this afternoon

B : I’m going back to the office

In the context above, the fact, I was A and B was someone I’d never met

before who I got talking to at a publisher’s lunch. Other important elements of the

context are that we had been given several glasses of wine to drink and it was a

Friday. The lunch was in London and B knew I came from Durham and therefore

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wouldn’t be working in the afternoon. My question was intended to imply that I

would feel sorry for him if he had to go back to work. I took his reply to mean

that, although he would be going back to his office, he did not expect to be doing

any work there.

Grice divided implicature into conventional implicature and non-

conventional implicature. Grice (as cited in Grundy, 2000) divided non-

conventional implicature into generalized implicature and particuralized

implicature. The detail descriptions will be given in the following sections.

2.5.1. Conventional Implicature

According to Grice (1975), “the conventional meaning of the words

used will determine what is implicated, besides helping to determine what is

said”.Conventional implicatures are associated with specific words and result

in additional conveyed meanings when those words are used. Yule (1996)

explained that conventional implicatures are not based on the cooperative

principle of the maxims. They do not have to occur in the conversation, and

they do not depend on special contexts for their interpretation.

Conventional implicature works with specific words and results in

additional conveyed meanings when those words are used (Yule 1996, p. 45).

Conjunctions are the specific words that Yule means in his description. Some

examples of the conjunctions are and, so, but, therefore, and however. In Grice

(1975) exemplified that the sentence “He is an Englishman; he is, therefore,

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brave.” is used to conventionally implicate rather than literally say that the man

is being brave follows from his being an Englishman.

The other idea, Levinson (1983) defined conventional implicatures as

“non-truth-conditional inferences that are not derived from superordinate

pragmatic principles like the maxims, but are simply attached by convention to

particular lexical items orexpressions’. In addition, conventional principle is

not related to conventional principles, but rather to individual words and

sentence form.

2.5.2. Conversational Implicature

Grice (1975) defined implicature for the case in which what speaker

means or implies is different from what is said. Conversational implicature deals

with Gricean maxims. It follows Grice’s cooperative principle. According to

Brown and Yule (1989, p. 31), conversational implicature is derived from a

general principle of conversation plus a number of maxims which speakers will

normally obey.

Conversational Implicature is actually divided in two subtypes;

generalized conversational implicature and particularized conversational

implicature.

2.5.2.1. Generalized Conversational Implicature

Grice (as cited in Levinson, 1983) divided conversational implicature into

two kinds; generalized conversational implicature and particularized

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conversational implicature. Grice stated that generalized conversational

implicature arises irrespective of the context in which they occur. For instance:

(a) Some people believe in God.

Some people believe in God, the implicature is not all, but in fact everyone

does. However, the example (a) might also give rise to a whole range of other

implicatures which do depend on the context. For example, you believe in God,

you don’t believe in God, I believe in God, our parents believe in God, etc.

Clearly there are as many implicatures as there are contexts.

In addition, Yule (1996, p. 41) asserted that when no special knowledge is

required in the context to calculate the additional conveyed meaning, it is called a

generalized conversational implicature. In short, generalized conversational

implicature refers to an implicature whose meaning or meanings are inferred

without specific contexts. Generalized conversational implicature are very close to

scalar implicature or known as scale of values. The scalar implicature deals with

some words, that is ‘all, most, some, few, always, often, and sometimes’ (Yule,

1996, p. 41).

2.5.2.2. Particularized Conversational Implicature

Grice in the book of “Doing Pragmatics” explain that particularized

implicature are inferences that we need to draw if we are to understand how an

utterance is relevant in some context. Thus the particularized implicatures which

arise in the case of utterances, such as follows:

(b) It’s the taste

(c) A: Can you tell me the time?

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B: Well, the milkman is here.

The example (b) is derived not from the mere utterance, but from

the utterance in specific context (context-bound). In the example (c), the

answer must be the time when the milkman comes. In short, particularized

conversational implicature is very attached to particular features of the

context. In certain contexts, the conclusion is recognized locally assumed

(Yule, 1996 p. 42).

2.6. Speech Act

In everyday life, people accomplish many things through physical action

such as cooking, drinking, working, travelling, walking, and others. However,

there are many things that can be achieved through verbal acts. Every sentence is

designed and conveys a specific function, such as to inform the listener, warn

them, order them to do something, question them about the fact, or thank them for

a gift or act of kindness. Actions carried out through verbal acts known as speech

acts (Finegan, 2004, p. 296).Searle’s classification of speech acts is introduced

with his applying criteria. The five speech acts categorize that Searle ends up

establishing are: representatives (or assertives), directives, commissives,

expressives and declarations (Searle, 1977, p. 34).

1. Representative (Assertive)

Representative or assertive act commit the speaker to the truth of

expressed proposition. Types of assertive act are informing, denying,

stating, asserting, preceding, announcing, conjecturing, disagreeing, etc.

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2. Directive

This Illocutionary act attempts the addresses to do an action. The speaker

intended to produce some effects through action by the hearer, such as

ordering, commanding, requesting, advising, and recommending.

3. Commisive

This illocutionary act is an act which the speaker commits to some future

action. This point is concerned with altering the world to match the

words, but this time the point is to commit the speaker her/himself to act

and it necessarily involves intention. Commisive act includes promising,

threatening, and offering.

4. Expressive

This illocutionary act is an act which speaker expresses a psychological

state specified in the sincerity condition about a state affairs specified in

the propositional content. This point includes thanking, apologizing,

welcoming, congratulating, pardoning, and praising.

5. Declarative

Declarative act is the illocutionary act which changes the reality in

accordance with the preposition of the declaration.

2.7. Inference

Brown and Yule (1983, p. 256) stated that inference is the process which

the reader (hearer) must go through to get from the literal meaning of what is

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written (or said) to what the writer (speaker) intended to convey. Inference is that

the use of hearer’s knowledge to explain what is not contained in the speech.

Hence, if the reader does not have direct access to the speaker or not knowing the

intent of the author, the hearers will largely depend on the process of inference.

Inference connects the prior knowledge against the information to make

sense of the meaning. The role of inference in communication is to allow the

listener to identify correctly which particular entity the speaker is referring to.

This is clearly relying on the ability of hearers to infer what references have in

mind.

2.8. Presupposition

Yule (1996, p. 25) stated that presupposition is something the speaker

assumes to be the prior case of making an utterance. Presupposition owned by

speakers in not in the form of sentences. Yule (1996) gave an example as follows:

(1) Mary’s brother bought three horses.

In producing the utterance in (1), the speaker will normally be expected to

have the presuppositions that a person called Mary exists and that she has a

brother. However, this presumption belongs to all speakers and also true or not the

assumption is dependent on understanding the context of a person.

Yule (1996, p. 27) adds that presupposition has been associated with the

use of a large number of words, phrases, and structures. There are several types of

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presupposition: existential presupposition, factive presupposition, lexical

presupposition, structural presupposition, non- factive presupposition, and

counterfactual presupposition.

2.9. Previous Study

Several studies about implicature have been conducted in various contexts.

For instance, Kurniawan (2010) focused on implicature used in Devil Wears

Prada film. He investigated this film because the characters often express their

utterances in an implied way and there certainly are number of utterances which

have implicit meaning. He found that most of the utterances produced by the

speakers in Devil Wears Prada film used particularized conversational

implicature. The implicature happens only in particular context of situation in the

film.

Makin (2015) focused on conversational implicature and its violation

maxims in Grown Ups 2 movie. He described and compared the use of Grice’s

theory, conversational implicature and cooperative principle, in the conversation

among families in the movie. In his study, he found that the most common

violation maxim is maxim of quantity which is often violated for about 44%. He

concluded that one of the causes of violated maxim happens because between

speaker and listener have different interpretation, view, understanding and

background knowledge about the entity on a person. He also found that the

implied meaning are to imply the opposite, previous event, other of similar kinds,

and contradiction with the actual condition and general knowledge inference. The

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speaker's intention are warning, convincing, giving opinion, ignoring, satire, and

showing sympathy.

In another study, Mas’ud (2012) investigated the implicature of utterances

produced by the round characters of Arthur movie. He found out that there is an

intended meaning and purpose in the use of implicature sentences. Its purposes

are to express feeling, to express an opinion, a wish, to refuse, to insult, and to

belittle. It shows that the hearer’s response does not always conform to the

speaker’s intended meaning. There are four types of responses that are found in

this study: respond to only generalized, respond to only particularized, respond to

both of them, and respond to none of them. The four different responses occur

because of the different of context.

Another researcher is Laili (2011) who investigated Implicature used in

the Headline News of “Indonesia This Morning” Program in Metro TV Website.

She focused on generalized conversational implicature and particularized

conversationalimplicature. She found that when the Headline News includes into

generalized conversational implicature, the Headline News obeys maxim of

quantity. On the other hand, when the Headline News is classified as

particularized conversational implicature, the Headline News obeys maxim of

quality.

Rahmawati (2006) focused on the theory of implicature to investigate the

utterances used in Danielle Stell’s Kaleidoscope. She found that the implicatures

used in Danielle Stell’s Kalaidoscope could be categorized into generalized

implicatures and particularized implicatures.

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Even though the previous researchers studied about Conversational

implicature on the movie and headline news, they have not examined the

implicature occurring in the talk show program. Therefore, this research focuses

on the conversational implicature which is used on talk show program. This study

employs spoken language from talk show program as the object to find out the

possibility of conversational implicature which may occur in the dialogue.

Additionally, if the previous studies apply the theory of implicature proposed by

Grice to analyzed the kinds of implicature, the present study not only apply the

theory of implicature proposed by Grice but also apply the theory of speech act

classification which proposed by Searle to find out the function of the utterances.

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CHAPTER III

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the research findings and discussion. The data

analysis is conducted to answer the formulated research questions. In this part, the

data are catagorizedinto several divisions such as flouted maxim, the types of

conversational implicature and the function of implicature. Afterwards, the

discussion of this research would elaborate the findings based on the theory used.

3.1 Findings

In this part, the researcher elaborated the data findings derived from the

talkshow video transcripts as has been elaborated in the first chapter. Furthermore,

the participants of this talkshow were the candicates of Indonesian President.

These two facts became the major consideration in choosing these videos. From

the five videos transcripts, the researcher found twenty utterances that contains

Conversational Implicature, which are divided into particularized and generalized

implicature and categorized based on the theory of Implicature proposed by Grice

(1975). Furthermore, the data were analysed based on the function of the

implicature proposed by Searle’s (1977) types of scpeech act.

Those utterances then were classified according to its type that is

particularized implicature marked by 3.1.1 and generalized implicature marked by

3.1.2. To make the result clear, here , the researcher provided some elaboration

about it.

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3.1.1 Particularized Implicature

Herewith Particularized Implicature are inferences that we need to draw if

we are to understand how an utterance is relevant in some context. . In short,

particularized conversational implicature is very attached to particular features of

the context.

Datum 1

Dalton : “.........do indonesians today care more about fairness and

freedom or clean water and free schooling?

Prabowo : I think in my opinion both I think they.. they want the clean

water they want basic services they want quality of life but

they also want fairness they want the social justice they want

equality before the law so I think it's it's not either or I think

it's both

Analysis

This dialog occurs in Talk Indonesia Talkshow program on Metro TV

where the program was aired on October 8, 2013. Dalton Tanonaka is the host of

Talk Indonesia talkshow. At this session, the guest host is Prabowo Subianto. He

is the politician and also the presidential candidate. This dialogue is at the

beginning of the conversation in the program where the theme is about the vision

(must leaders have the big picture plans or fixing everyday problems enough?).

Dalton asks Prabowo“.........do indonesians today care more about fairness and

freedom or clean water and free schooling?., the question is asking about which

aspects does Indonesia care more about between fairness and freedom, or clean

water and free schooling. Prabowo’s answer deliberately flouts the maxim of

quantity, where he gave too much information to Dalton. Prabowo’s answers were

33

too rambling and was not directly on point. Supposedly, his answers should not be

too much and to the point. In this case, Prabowo gave too much information

because he wants to dodge the listener, becasue he does not want to reveal the real

answer. By dodging the listener, the real answer may seem like it was not

revealed, where it actually was. At that moment, Prabowo can actually gave a

simple answer by only saying the word “Both”, as it has already answered the

question.

On the other hand, as a presidential candidate, Prabowo tried to criticize

the progress of the previous government that cannot meet the needs of society by

mentioning the needs of society which cannot be fulfilled. In the words “they

want..... “ shows that Probowo tried to convey the people's aspirations or criticism

of things that have not been achieved by the government. So, it can be argued that

there is an implied meaning in the utterance “Indonesia Government yet be able to

meet the Indonesian needs”. It means that Indonesia has not been

prosperingbecause the government has not been able to meet their needs. This

implicature belongs to particularized implicature because the inference can be

drawn by understanding the situation and context of the communication. This is

noticed from the fact that by Prabowo giving such long answers, it can still be

inferred by the hearer due to the right context of communication. Hence, it can be

argued that particularized implicature has a function of representatives or

assertives. This is seen from the example of how the utterance critisizes the

Indonesia Government. It describes the world or reason about it. In another word,

Prabowo means to criticize Indonesia Government.

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Datum 2

Dalton : You see my point, many people are just struggling to put food on

the table? Prabowo : Exactly,

Dalton : it's indicate,

Prabowo : Yes yes yes, so the majority of the people are very concerned with

their daily struggle for livelihood.

Analysis

Thisdialogis a transcription video which was aired on October 8, 2013.

This dialogue was on the first part of the program where the theme was discussing

about the vision (must leaders have the big picture plans or fixing everyday

problems?). This dialog occurs at the minute of 00:01:54 to 00:01:58.In this

dialogDalton’s question has flouts the maxim of manner where he gives a vague

question. He used the term "just struggling to put food on the table".,This

sentence is vague and ambiguous when we look at the context and themes in the

dialog.

In the previous dialog Dalton and Prabowo have discussed about whether

the Indonesian people are more concerned with fairness and freedom or clean

water and free schooling. It must be noted that the theme of the first topic is “the

leadership vision”. Dalton uses the imagery words by saying "many people are

just struggling to put food on the table. The term "struggling" commonly refers to

do something such as work or something like trying hard to succeed. It is unusual

paired with the word food or table. The phrase "to put food on the table" can be

described as a necessity of human life, because "food" is one of main factor in

35

order for human to live. So, it can be concluded that dalton's utterances have the

implied meaning. It can be seen from the context that Dalton’s question actually

implies “Do they (Indonesian) struggle and concern with themselves (not just

eating but also the other needs) without any regard to state or other problems in

Indonesia”.The type of Implicature is categorized in Particularized Implicature

since the inference is taken from the specific context of of the utterance,

struggling. This can be seen by how the utterance can draw an inference by

knowing the context that was being spoken at the moment. Therefore, the function

of that Implicature in this context is for emphasizing the Indonesian condition and

also to point out the matter concern in the dialog that is about lifely hood of the

community. Itis also to present critic to the government about the distress

experienced by Indonesian people. Critisizing is grouped into Representative or

Assertive. The function of Representative itself is used to carry the values of true

and false.

Datum 3

Dalton : “.... here beside me each week for the past two years is

RahayuSarahwati, Sarah actress activist and Korean barbecue

lover and our guest host this week on our 2nd anniversary and

we're happy to have her Dian SastroWardoyo an actress, model

and probably the most loved person in the country

Sarah : He comes up with a really good job

Dalton : Nobody doesn't like dian, okay hot topic number one ...............

36

Analysis

This dialog occurs in Talk Indonesia Talkshow program on Metro TV

where the program is held on London School public relations in South Jakarta.

The program was aired on November 27, 2012. This dialog occured at the minute

of 00:00:53,379 to 00:00:57,030. In this session, Dian Sastrowardoyo was being

the guest host. Dian sastro is an actress, model, and also an activist. The dialogue

occurred at the beginning of the opening program. In datum 3, the Implicature

can be found in Dalton’s utterance. Dalton opened the program by first

introducing the co host and the guest host to the audience. At the end of the

sentence he tried to give a few words of praise to Dian by saying "probably the

most loved person in the country". This is the followed by Sarah giving a praise

Dalton because he had opened the program with very good job. This utterance

somehow stated that Sarah did not beliveDalton could do such a good job by say

thing that. Dalton tried to convince Sarah if it is true that all people like Dian by

saying “Nobody doesn't like dian.......” . Dalton’s utterances deliberately flouts

the maxim of quantity because his information is less informative than it is to be

required and also does not contribute enough to the hearer (Source. It also results

an implicature that implies, “Everybody like Dian”). This utterance is considered

as particularized implicature, since the inference on the “Everybody like

Dian”isdone by understanding specific context of the utterance. This can be seen

by how when Dalton talks about everybody likes Dian, the inference was easily

obtained. The function of implicature is asserting toward Sarah’ statement, here it

is in the form ofasserting. In another word, it report the statements of fact.

37

Datum 4

Dalton : “..........you know you ask most people outside this country and

about what they know about Indonesia and they likely will come

up with something negative, and usually the word, the keyword

associated with the keyword ?

Dian : Oh... terrorism?

Sarah : I mean that's what most people think , right ? not a good thing

well not really, I mean first of all some... most people in the world

don't actually know Indonesia at all have to put that out there ,

unfortunetely.

Dalton : I guess that's better than knowing something negative.....

Analysis

Thisdialog occurs on London School public relations in South Jakarta.

This dialogoccured on the first part of the program where the theme is discussing

about waving the flag (Indonesia has a lot of proud).Datum 4 shows that Dalton's

utterance flouts the maxim of Manner. He gave information which was obscure.

He said “I guess that's better than knowing something negative.....”, explain

what is literally said first. Afterwards, go into the implied meaning by breaking

down words per words. In this utterance there is no clear explaination about the

term of “who is knowing and the term of something negative”. His utterances

indicate that there is no good thing in Indonesia. So, it is better if they did not

know about Indonesia at all. It can be concluded that Dalton’s utterance implies

“It’s better for them (foreigner) to do not know about Indonesia at all than they

know about the bad sidesof Indonesia”. Form this occurrence, it can be classified

as particularized implicature because it infered to specific context to know the

implied meaning. The meaning derived from this context is that it hide the subject

of the the utterance. Therefore, it can be deduced that the implicature may

38

function as Representative, as it is is used to describe the world or reason about it.

In another word, Dalton criticized toward Indonesia that people out there just

know Indonesia by something bad or bad news.

Datum 5

Dian : I think we have to be more articulate in global language in

English, because I see now begin my friends they are really

English fluently, speaking like you is a basically and

Sarah : You also fluent.

Dian : I know but I'm still stuck here, but I'm very locally made person

I i've I've spent my whole year my wholeself forming here in

Indonesia, and I lacked the opportunity to discuss things Globally

in English , you on the country have more opportunities and have

more ability to do that....

Sarah : But you have to hang out with Dalton more... (Laughing)

Analysis

This dialogue occured in Talk Indonesia Talkshow program on Metro TV.

This dialog is shown on the first part of the program where the theme is

discussing about waving the flag (Indonesia has a lot of proudness). This dialogue

occured at the minute of 00:05:52,509 to 00:05:55,880.The utterances pronounced

by Sarah on datum 5 deliberately flout the maxim of relevant. Sarah’s utterance is

not relevant because her utterance deviates from the particular topic being

discussed. It means that Sarah intend to convey implied meaning to the he are

rusing such utterance. The fact is that the topics discussed was about Dian who

was anxious to speak English fluently like Sarah and Dalton. Dian feels like she

does not have a chance to speak English as often as Sarah and Dalton. This is due

to the fact that Dalton and Sarah’s environment and activities actually force and

allow them to speak English as often as possible. Suddenly, Sarah told her to

hangout with Dalton frequently in a joking tone. It can be seen that Sarah's remark

39

implies that “You have to get along with Dalton as often as possible in order to be

fluent in English because Dalton is very fluent in English”. Is there any meaning

in a joking tone? If so, also mention if there is any correlation which later will

impact o the findings of the implicatures. The type of Implicature belongs to

particularized Implicature because the inference worked out while drawing totally

on the specific context of the utterance. This is known by the right context of

communication shown. This Implicature has a function of advising, which

belongs to directive. In another word, this function expect the hearer to do

something as a response.

Datum 6

Sarah : Julia armand is a huge because she's the founder and president

of the alliance to stop slavery and and trafficking and she

actually has gone that far to be in front of the government of the

United States of America to get policy in place,

Dalton : Julia Armand?

Sarah : Yes..

Dalton : Who is she ?

Sarah : Pardon?

Dalton : Who is she ?

Sarah : Oh my goodness...

Dian & Sarah : (Laughing)

Sarah : She plays as Sabrena with Harisson Ford

..........................which generation you are Dalton?

Dalton : Oke, people here didn't know really well....

Analysis

This dialogue occurs in Talk Indonesia Talkshow program on Metro TV.

This dialogue is shown on the second part of the program. The theme was

discussing about celebrity activists. Datum 6 deliberately flouts the maxim of

40

relevance. Sarah’s question is not relevant with topic of the talk. In the previous

sentence, Dalton intend to ask who Julia Armand that was being discussed by

Sarah. After giving the answer who Julia Armand is, Sarah said “Which

generation you are dalton?”, it is deliberately flouts the maxim of relevance

because Sarah deviate from the previous topic that being discussed. This utterance

deviates, because the term “generation” actually refers to the age group within a

society.

It can be concluded that Sarah’s remark has an intended meaning or an

implication. By using the term “generation”, it can be argued that in the

generation where Dalton was born, he might not know who Julia Armand is

because he was too old. This implicature belongs to particularized implicature

because the inference can be drawn by understanding the situation and context of

the communication. This is noticed from how the context of communication on

talking about the generation can infer a meaning. The purpose of the implicature

in this datum is critisizing toward Dalton who does not know Julia Armand.

Another word, it can also be stated that particularized implcature criticizes a

person’s action. The critisizing in here belongs to representative, because it

commits the speaker to tell the truth by stating an utterance on Dalton’s age. The

representative speech act that the speaker use has a function to describes the world

or reason about it by describing the fact that Dalton is too old to know a certain

type of situation, where in this case is a person.

41

Datum 7

Dalton : When is the next one dian ? I read you wanna have the next

one, right? Dian : I plan to, we are planning to have the next one really soon. So,

just wish me luck. (Laughing)

Analysis

The dialogue occurs in Talk Indonesia Talkshow program on Metro TV.

This dialogue was on the third part of the program. The topicwas discussing about

the perils of parenthood. Considering that Dian Sastro has been married and had a

child, it seemed that this topic was suitable to be discussed

In datum 7, Dalton’s question flouts the maxim of manner. He gave the

information which is ambiguous and obscure. The term "the next one" here can

have several meanings. Dalton did not explain clearly what the subject of those

sentence were. Therefore, it makes those utterances ambiguous and obscure. It can

be concluded that Dalton’s utterances contained an implied meaning. This can be

seen from the topics that was at the moment being discussed and the status of

Dian sastro who already have one child. Therefore in this case, the word "the next

one" actually imply the next child or the second child. Thus, Dalton’s question

means “When are you going to have the second childdian?. This implicature

belongs to particularized implicature because the inference can be drawn by

understanding the situation and context of the communication. This is noticed by

how the situation of having the perils of parenthood as the theme leads to making

the inference of the term “the next one” more clear and understandable. The

purpose of this particularized implicature is to clarify towardsDian that “ is it true

42

that she wanna have a child again”. And if so, when is the next child going to be

born? The function of implicature is Representative because it carries the values

of true and false. In this case, the true or false can be seen by whether or not Dian

Sasto will have a second child.

Datum 8

Dian : No, I’m seriously I'm seriously. When I was, when my my

husband asked me to marry him, I was still thinking it, why now ,I

want to be with you but why not another two years, I was still

thought it was still too soon , I was in this business in consulting

business and I was working for like to laugh years and I was

doing pretty well , I was with all my ambitions in my career

everything I see a lot of opportunities and potential that I could

reach . But you know what , why settle, why settle ?

Sarah : Wow..is your husband watching this ?

Dian : yeah..he knows... he knows.

Analysis

The dialogue occurs in Talk Indonesia Talkshow program on Metro TV.

The program was held on London School in South Jakarta. This dialogue occured

in third part of that program and the topic was about the perils of parenthood. In

this dialogue Sarah’s utterance flouts the maxim of quantity. Her information is

less informative than it is to be required and also does not contribute enough to

the hearer. Dian as the guest host tell them the fact that she was not ready for

marriage when her husband ask her to marry him. Then, Dian said to her husband

“why settle,why settle?”. Suddenly Sarah replies Dian’s statement with the

expressions of disbelief , Sarah said “ wow, is your husband watching this?”.

Sarah gave a look of shock and such do not believe that Dian could say that on a

wide national television with millions of viewers watching. The word "settle" in

43

the dialogue literally means to be fix on something or someone. In this case, the

word settle has a literate meaning on being fix with someone. In another word, it

also means why Dian's husband had to marry her soon after Dian had just achieve

her success. So, Sarah’s remark actually imply that the statement Dian just made

was a shock, which lead to a question “Wow..is your husband watching this?”. If

so, wouldn’t he be mad at Dian because of her statement just then. The type of

implicature belong to particularized implicature since the inference worked out

while drawing totally on the specific context of the utterance. This is shown by

how the meaning or the inference that is created by Sarah was clearly understood

by Dian, and was answered directly that the husband was watching it. The

function of that implicature is conjecturing toward Dian’s statement. In this case,

conjecturing belongs to Representative, and carry the values of knowing whether

an utterance is true or false. This is seen by the fact that Sarah does not know

whether or not Dian’s husband is angry hearing the statement given by Dian just

then.

Datum 9

Dian : Now it it change me to a different person. I'd love it and I like

myself better being a parent

Sarah : so there's a blessing

Dian : Basically I think my conclusion is at the end day all those

ambitions in your career and everything what not , I think at the

end of the day is you really wanna go home is just something want

going home too. That a family

Dalton : there you go thereyougo yeah .. (applause)

Sarah : Wow that beautifully ... (applause)

Dalton : Sarah you'll get married someday, maybe soon.

Sarah : (Laughing) ... I hope so.

44

Analysis

Thisdialogue occurs in Talk Indonesia Talkshow program on Metro TV.

This dialogue was on the third part of the program. The theme was discussing

about the perils of parenthood. Dalton’s remark flouts the maxim of quantity

because his contribution or statement between the conversations was not exactly

as informative as required. After discussing toDianabout how she is aready

married, and left her career, Dalton suddenly tease Sarah by saying “Sarah you'll

get married someday, maybe soon”. The fact is that Sarah did not yet get married

and is still single. In this case, it means that Dalton intend to convey implied

meaning when stating the utterance. It can be argued that Dalton’s remark implies,

“I hope you will get married soon.The type of implicature belongs to

particularized implicature since the inference worked out while drawing totally on

the specific context of the utterance. This is proven by how Sarah draws the

inference of Dalton’s statement from the context of marriage that they were

previously talking about. In here, this implicature has a function of directive. In

another word, it has a function of making the listener to do something in the future

as aresponse. It can also be stated that Dalton was hoping that Sarah will get

married soon.

Datum 10

Dalton : Dian, you just had a child within the past year and you left a hot

career, you're... you're a hotter than ever for an extended time .

Was that a difficult decisionto..to leave ?

Sarah : I was gonna say don't remind her Dalton

Dalton : The endorsement had lost .No I’m seriously.

45

Dian : No, I’m seriously I'm seriously. When I was, when my my

husband asked me to marry him, I was still thinking it, why now , I

want to be with you but why not another two years, I was still

thought it was still too soon , I was in this business in consulting

business and I was working for like to laugh years and I was doing

pretty well , I was with all my ambitions in my career everything I

see a lot of opportunities and potential that I could reach . But

you know what , why settle, why settle ?

Analysis

This dialogue occurs in Talk Indonesia Talkshow program on Metro TV.

This dialogue was on the third part of the program. The theme was still discussing

about the perils of parenthood. The implicature can be found in Sarah's utterance,

by saying “I was gonna say don't remind her Dalton”. In this statement, Sarah

deliberately flouts the maxim of quantity where her contribution of stating the

utterance is not as informative as required. Furthermore, it also does not

contribute enough to the hearer. Sarah tried to prevent Dalton to say anything

about the career that was left by Dian, because it is noticed that in the previous

sentence Dalton has said that Dian has left her succesfull career. The reason why

Sarah prevent Dalton from saying that sentence was might be due to the fact that

they do not want to make Dian regret in leaving her career at that time, as her

career was still at the very top. It also raises an implicature that implies “don't

mention anything about her successful career because she will remember again of

her career that she had left after her marriage, which then will lead her in making

her sad”. The type of the implicature found in this conversation belongs to

particularized implicature because the inference can be drawn by knowing the

46

context of utterance.As noticed, the inference of talking about Dian’s career can

simply be drawn from knowing the context that was occuring at that moment,

which was succesful careers. This implicature has a directive function which

means that the speaker expects the listener to do something. In this case, Sarah

asks Dalton not to say something about Dian's career, though he left out saying

the statement.

Datum 11

Dalton : Dian, you just had a child within the past year and you left a hot

career, you're... you're a hotter than ever for an extended time .

Was that a difficult decision to..to leave ?

Sarah : I was gonna say don't remind her Dalton

Dalton : ohh..those endorsement had lost . No I’m seriously.

Dian : Yeah..I’m seriously. When I was, when my my husband asked me

to marry him, I was still thinking it, why now , I want to be with

you but why not another two years, I was still thought it was still

too soon , I was in this business in consulting business and I was

working for like to laughyears and I was doing pretty well , I

waswith all my ambitions in my career everything I see a lot of

opportunities and potential that I could reach . But you know

what, why settle, why settle ?

Analysis

The implicature phenomenon found in this dialogue still in the same

context with the previous datum. The dialogue occurs in Talk Indonesia Talkshow

program on Metro TV. This dialogue was on the third part of the program,

wherethe theme of the program was still discussing about the perils of parenthood.

Dalton's remark deliberately flouts the maxim of quantity, ashegives the

information which is not informative to the hearer. Furthermore, his statement

also does not contribute enough information to the hearer. This means that Dalton

47

actually intends to convey an implied meaning to the hearer. On the sidelines of

their conversation, Dalton said “ohh..those endorsement had lost”. This

utterancewas addressed to Dian who was already married and left her job which

was in the top of career at that moment. The term "endorsement" literally means

something which correlates with approval or a support for something or someone.

In this fact, Dian is an actress who is often starred an advertisement and became

an icon of the product. Then after she got married, she left his job. Therefore, it

can be argued that Dalton's remark actually shows a pitiness to Dian for leaving

such plenty of opportunities of job. The type of implicature belongs to

particularized implicature since the inference worked out while drawing totally on

the specific context of the utterance. This is noticed from how the context of the

utterance on discussing about the endorsment job that Dian has, can already draw

a very clear inference on the meaning of the utterance. This implicature has a

representative function, which is used to describes the world or reason about it.

Another word, in this case the implicature is used to criticize towards Dian’s

decision.

Datum 12

Dalton : You know the Internet in this day in an age is a great tool for

artists are its instant its international and low-budget. I mean

look at some artist I don’t wanna mention that young boy’s name

anyway, but I think those the talent will get there anyway, I mean

the internet will get you your 15 minutes of fame, but yeah the

good ones will get there anyway

Sarah : ohh.. hopefully I mean you can say the same thing with acting as

well and unfortunately that's not always the case where you...... it

a lot of the times it's who you know a lot of the time say the

chances you get well there you go , we need to tell them that it's

48

about perseverance as well and and are you that serious about

one thing that

Analysis

Thisdialogue occurs in Talk Indonesia Talkshow program on Metro TV .

This program is aired on November 27, 2012. This dialogue was shown on the

second part of the program. The theme was discussing about tracking talent.

Dalton's utterancesdeliberately flouts the maxim of quality because he gives

information which is not true about something. It means that Dalton intend to

convey an implied meaning to the hearer. In this case, the term "15 minutes" is

something that shows the duration of time. However, in this context of the

conversation,Dalton uses“15 minutes” to indicate another meaning which is

completely different from the actual meaning. The term “15 minutes of fame”

here is used, as a term in showing a short period of time of someone that can be

famous. This comment is commonly given to a new artist who uses the internet as

their media to share their talent. Most of them could be famous by uploading their

talents via Internet through youtube for instance. This is created in order for their

talents that can be seen by many people around the world quickly. It can be stated

that the utterance Dalton state, actually implies “the fame gained, and also fade

quickly”. The type of implicature belongs to particularized implicature since the

inference worked out while drawing totally on the specific context of the

utterance.As noticed, the term 15 minutes that was uttered by Dalton clearly can

be inferred quickly by the hearer, because the context at that moment was talking

49

about instant fame. This implication has a function of representative function,

which criticizes the people who get the fame quickly.

Datum 13

Dalton :”..................... but people want it, why isn't Jokowihere because

we invited all six candidates the the governor candidate, I mean

we're happy to have you sir , but but everyone why is the main of

you .....and your explanation is ?

Basuki (ahok) : No MrJokowi has one deal or also over 100 invitation he could

only make it a seventeen in or or 6, yeah ...

Dalton : ok, but everybody's busy but I understand he's..he's scheduling

where he has to be, okey

Basuki(ahok) : He prefer to meet people directly because many....

Dalton : but TV you can meet a million people one site

Basuki(ahok) : but you don't like news, or.. or lower-class could not speak

English Dalton : alright... alright

Analysis

This dialogue occurs in Talk Indonesia Talkshow program on Metro TV.

This program was aired on July 19, 2012. This dialogue was shown on the first

part of the program. The topicwas about money politics The day’s guest host in

Talk Indonesia was Basuki Tjahaja Purnama commonly called Ahok. He is one

of the candidates for deputy government of Jakarta. In this dialogue, Basuki's

remark flouts the maxim of quality, ashe gives information which has a lack

adequate of evidence. Actually, Dalton asked about why Joko Widodo as his

partner in a candidate for deputy government of Jakarta does not come in that

talkshow, while all the candidates were all invited. One of Basuki's answer was

“lower class could not speak English”. His utterance on saying “lower class” in

here has an actual meaning of the social group that has the lowest social status or

50

the working class. So far, there is not really a significant evidence which shows

that the lower classes could not speak English. Who knows that perhaps several

people with low social status or working class can speak English properly. Thus,

Basuki's utterance implies a certain meaning. It can be argued that Basuki imply

that this program uses English in communication while others do not. Therefore,

someone who belongs in the lower social class can not come here since they will

not be able to communicate. Apparantly, the person in the lower social class

whom Basuki refers is Jokowi. The type of implicature belongs to particularized

implicature since the inference worked out while drawing totally on the specific

context of the utterance. In this conversation, this is found when Basuki talked

about those people who cannot speak English belongs to the lower class. His

statement can be directly infered, as the context of communication was clear

enough. This implicature has a representative functionandis used to describe the

world or reason about it.In this case, Basuki means to testified that jokowi does

not come to the show, because the program usesEnglishlanguage to

communicate.

Datum 14

Basuki (Ahok) : but Jokowi and I want to do is it's like that , we want to

make Jakarta more convenient places people love to stay

in because have a good air conditioner no traffic jam and

people have a good housing not the poor people stay

outside

Dalton : but every candidate want that ?

Basuki (Ahok) : yeah that why I told the people, the important thing is you

have tosee the Track record from us , is really just to make

a promise or we really want to truthfully to do that, the

important is the character, You have to see us we don't have

51

a aa interesting from any parts. So what we want interest is

to make the people feel Jakarta become modern, people

love in but love to stay in and human City.

Analysis

This dialogue occurs in Talk Indonesia Talkshow program on Metro TV.

This program was aired on July 19,2012. This dialogue was shown on the third

part of the program. The topic was discussing about small-town serenity. Dalton's

remark deliberately flouts the maxim of manner, where he gives an obscure

question. Dalton's utterance does not contain any clear explanation about the term

of "want that" , because the term "want that" can be in the aspect of many things.

Some of the examples are “want something” or “want to do”, and etc. Basically,

when all candidates run to be the leader, they all certainly promised all the good

things for the area they lead. It can be argued that Dalton implies “what did you

(Basuki) can offer to the community and what is the difference between you and

other candidates. In another word, if you just want a better Jakarta, other

candidates also say the same thing as he said. This implicature belongs to

particularized implicature because the inference can be drawn by understanding

the situation and context of the communication. It was seen from how the hearer

catch what Dalton means in asking Basuki the promise that he will give later on,

as the context of communication was precise. The purpose of implicature is

critisizing toward Basuki's statement. In this case, critisizing is categorized into

representative. This function is used to describe the world or reason about it. In

another word, Dalton means to criticize Basuki's statement.

52

Datum 15

Sarah : Well that's one well that's why that’s why.....gets a bit in the gray

area because it.. it is said that you cannot stop unless the director

says cut. So in this instance I can see what where you know

perhaps it was still part of the you know acting an emotional, but

then the question comes into why are both of you filing charges

against each other ?

Julia Perez : because at the first time I was thinking that she just she just

bluffing Or she just make a fun of it, because what what we know

that to really thinking that police office is like a market , you

know , select to going there, so I was thinking yeah it’s ok, but

then....

Analysis

This dialogue occurs in Talk Indonesia Talkshow program on Metro TV

. This program was aired on November 06, 2011. This dialogue was shown on the

first part of the program. The topic was discussing about justice for the society.

The guest host of this session was Julia Perez. She is an artist and Dangdut singer.

In this dialogue, Julia’s utterance flouts the maxim of quantity where she gives

information which is more informative and does not contribute enough to the

hearer. It means that Julia’s utterance implies a certain meaning. This also

corresponds to how Julia Perez is also an artist whose video was about her fight

with her partner Dewi Persik, that was once popular to be is talked about. Dewi is

filing charges against Julia Perez, leadingJuliato get three months of

prisoncell.Initially,Julia thought that the charges which DewiPersik was filed to

Julia was just to havefun, therefore Julia did not concern about it.

In the conversation, the term “market” refers to a place at which people

meet in order to buy and sell things.In the conversation above, Julia Perez

mentiones that the police office looks like a market. Hence, it can be stated that

53

the law system in Indonesia is like a market, where you can come and go, where

in this case the jaileasily, at anytimeyou want. As noticed, Indonesia is very much

famous of its bribery cases. Therefore, Juliacalled the police office as a market.

The type of implicature belongs to particularized implicature because it draws

totally on the specific context of the utterance. The function of implicature is

criticizing, which belongs torepresentative. This function is used to describe the

world or reason about it. In this case, Julia tries to criticize the system in

Indonesian Police.

3.1.2 Generalized Implicature

Generalized conversational implicature arises irrespective of the context in

which they occur. In short, generalized conversational implicature refers to an

implicature whose meaning or meanings are inferred without specific contexts.

Datum 16

Dian : He knows and I still thought when I found it , I was pregnant , I

was preparing my team at exam, I was applying formasters

degree Abroad and I was really upbeat in my career and then I

found out I was pregnant like five month after I got merried

Dalton : but you plan it, right?

Dian : Not really, it was it was supposed to be another two years after

I got merrid.

Dalton : oh really ?

Dian : yeaah...

Sarah : She is..she is one of those exception.

Dian : I was 28 and I feel like it was too young

Sarah : She was already 28 , and most girl here in Indonesia want to

and already get married before 28......

54

Analysis

The dialogue occurs in Talk Indonesia Talkshow program on Metro TV.

This dialogue was shown on the third part of the program. The topicwas still

discussing about the perils of parenthood. In this dialogue, Sarah’s remark flouts

the maxim of quality. She gave information which had a lack adequate of

evidence. This is noticed by hot there is no real evidence that most Indonesian girl

have already married before 28. The term “most girl” does not show a strong

evidence that all Indonesian girls are married before the age of 28 years old.

Especially, this is also compared to how the fact that in abroad countries, the age

of 30 years old is still quite categorized as too young for marriage. However, in

this case, Sarah has her own opinion where she wants to implicitly state that

“Indonesian girlsare married at a young age”. This implicature belongs to

generalized implicature since the inference can be drawn from general features of

the context and world-knowledge and does not depend on particular features of

the context. This is proven by how the utterance “Indonesian girls marry at a

younga age” is a commond world knowledge which does not need a certain prove

to strengthen the statement. Therefore, this statement can easily draw an

inference. The function of implicature is representative, because it is stating a fact

that Indonesian girls and carry a value of giving an information towards the

hearer.

Datum 17

Dalton : Dian, you just had a child within the past year and you left a hot

career,you're you're a hotter than ever for an extended time .

Was that a difficult decision to to leave ?

55

Sarah : I was gonna say don't remind her Dalton

Dalton : The endorsement had lost .No I’m seriously.

Dian : No, I’m seriously I'm seriously. When I was, when my my

husband asked me to marry him, I was still thinking it, why now ,

I want to be with you but why not another two years, I was still

thought it was still too soon , I was in this business in consulting

business and I was working for like to laugh years and I was

doing pretty well , I was with all my ambitions in my career

everything I see a lot of opportunities and potential that I could

reach . But you know what , why settle, why settle ?

Analysis

Thisdialogue occurs in Talk Indonesia Talkshow program on Metro TV.

This dialogue was on the third part of the program. The theme was discussing

about the perils of parenthood. In this dialogue, Dalton’s utterance flouts the

maxim of quality where he gave an information which was not true about

something. By this, it clearly means that Dalton intend to convey implied meaning

to the hearer. In fact, the term “hot and hotter” is commonly used to show a high

temperature of weather or describes a food which causes a burning feeling or

sensation in the mouth. Clearly, this term is very rarely to be used in

describingajob or series of jobs. In this case however, the term “hot” is used to

describe a career, by saying “hot career”. This term has an intended meaning of

saying a succesful career or in the top of the career”. It can be concluded that

Dalton tried to imply, “Dian left a career that was successful and kept rising at

that time because she has a child”. The type of implicature in this conversation is

generalized implicature because it is drawing totally without specific context of

the utterance. This is proven by the fact that Dian knows what is actually being

inferred by Dalton on the term”hot” without him having to make it clear. The

56

function of that implicature is representative, where Dalton give a statement about

Dian’s careers.

Datum 18

Anggun : “........he’s already an artist..buthe..he’s definitely one of this

people that I'm .. I'm ..I know that I'm going to see a lot because

he’ got that attention,to me he’s got that attention, to me he’s got

that the X-Factor. It’s notand...and people somehow mistaken

this talent show for just another singing contest, where you just

have to sing and bel out and do vocal gymnastics , it's not about

that , it’s not just about that. It’s about the whole package. It’s

about a having vision of your music Dalton : and grooming them,

Anggun : yess exactly

Dalton : someone like you helping him being a mentor

Anggun : yeah we’ll try..

Analysis

The dialogue occurs in Talk Indonesia Talkshow program on Metro TV.

This program was aired on November 27, 2012. This dialogue was shown on the

second part of the program, with the discussing about tracking talent. At that day,

they were inviting AnggunC.Sasmi as a guest host. Anggun C. Sasmi is a singer

and also a jury of one of the talent shows namely X-Factor. In this dialogue,

Anggun's remark flouts the maxim of manner. She gives the information which is

unnecessary prolixity or not brief. Anggun talks too much about the difference of

X-factor and the other talent shows. It can be argued that Angguncan simply

impliesthat“X-Factor is better than the other talent shows. Another implication

can also state that X-Factor has more quality than other talent shows. The type of

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implicature belongs to Generalized Implicature since the inference can be drawn

from general features of the context and world-knowledge and does not depend on

particular features of the context. If this is the case, then it means that when

Anggun state that the X Factor show is better than the other shows, it is clearly

agreed by the viewers, as it has been a world knowledge that X Factor maybe one

of the best shows among others. This implicature has a representative function

where it is used to describe the world or reason about it. This is correlated with

the fact that the society know this show, andAnggunis only a medium of someone

who is trying to describe the talent show program.

Datum 19

Dalton : But sir come back to the campaign, You are the first person of

Chinese ancestry to run for your office was that a factor in your

decision to run, is that why you run, and does it make a difference

to Indonesians ?

Basuki : yeah but the the first is not the the... Correct aaa... with the

chinese descent ...it’s my father's, my father always hate a poor

people. So, in 1995 I want to immigrate to Canada and my father

said to me NO. The people need you I said “how come? But I’m the

Chinese descent nobody cared about us My father said No, one

day you believe me, people will vote for you for the right.

................................”

Analysis

The dialogue occurs in Talk Indonesia Talkshow program on Metro TV.

This program was aired on July 19,2012. This dialogue was shown on the first

part of the program. The theme was discussing about money politics.Dalton's

remark deliberately flouts the maxim of quantitywherehe gives information which

is not informative as required.At that time, Dalton's utterance implies a certain

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meaning. In this case, Basuki or known as Ahok is Chinese and was elected as a

vice governor of Jakarta. It can be concluded that Dalton imply “the previous

candidates or the previous leaders of Jakarta Government did not come from a

Chinese descent”. In another word, Basukior Ahok is the first candidate who

comes from the Chinese candidate and was the one who dared to runas a vice

president. The implicature belong to Generalized Implicature since the inference

can be drawn from general features of the context and world-knowledge and does

not depend on particular features of the context.In the conversation, this can be

seen in how Dalton talks about Basuki being the first Chinese vice president, and

was inferred directly by Basuki that he has a Chinese descent. This implicaturehas

a representative function, which is used todescribe the factthatBasuki is a Chinese

descent.

Datum 20

Dalton : But sir come back to the campaign, You are the first person of

Chinese ancestryto run for your office was that a factor in your

decision to run, is that why you run, and does it make a difference

to Indonesians ?

Basuki : yeah but the the first is not the the... Correct aaa... with the

chinese descent ...it’s my father, my father always hatea poor

people. So, in 1995 I want to immigrate to Canada and my father

said to me NO. The people need you, I said “how come? But I’m

the Chinese descent, nobody cared about us. My father said “No,

one day you believe me, people will vote for you for the right”.

You could imagine if we don't have one billion rupiah for the poor

people, if we give one family with 500 thousand rupiah each

family, we only could help 2000 family . But if you run in region

and mayor you could help each people, could owns their own

money. Charity with justice is very different, charity if somebody

meet us we help them but justice they don't need to meet us they

could get that right, that’s why I run for the government official to

take this money.

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Analysis

This dialogue occurs in Talk Indonesia Talkshow program on Metro TV .

This program was aired on July 19,2012. This dialogue was showon the first part

of the program. The theme was discussing about money politics. Basuki's remark

flouts the maxim of quantity because his information is not informative as

required toward Dalton's question. Hence, Basuki’s utterance defintitely implies a

certain meaning. Actually, Dalton ask him on why he run for the vice governor.

But then he explains more than it is required. In fact, Basuki is the first chinese

descent who dare to run for vice governor. Furthermore, it is also noted in the

New Order that Chinese descent are considered as foreigner in Indonesia and their

position is under the natives, which indirectly also remove their rights. So, it can

be stated that Basuki implies that Chinese descent was exiled in Indonesia, So,

why does he has to stay then. The type of implicature belongs to Generalized

Implicature since inference can be drawn from general features of the context and

world-knowledge and does not depend on particular features of the context. This

is noticed by how everyone noticed that Chinese has a position right under the

Indonesian society. This implicature has a function of expressive, which is to

report feeling of speaker toward something. In this case, Basuki actually means to

protest.

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3.2 Discussion

After obtaining and analyzing the data based on its categories, then the

whole data were discussed to answer the problems proposed in the previous

chapter that is analysed using the theories of Grice (1995) and Searle (1977) to

know its functions. The first problem proposed in this research is the kind of

implicature that occur in the conversation of “Talk Indonesia”

talkshowprogram.Based on the types, there are two types of implicatures found in

this research. Those are conventional implicature and conversational implicatures.

In this research, the writer focuses on the conversational implicature because the

utterances on the dialogue of Talk Indonesia Talkshow program are analyzed by

conversational maxims.Itmeans that they depend on the cooperative principle. The

writer found 20 utterances which were included in the category of the

conversational implicature.The writer concluded that the way to know the

utterances is the kind of conversational implicature is by disobeying or flouting

the maxims.Thereare four types of maxims which are: maxim of quantity, maxim

of quality, maxim of manner, and maxim of relevance.

Flouting the maxim of quantity occurs when the speaker's contribution is

not as informative as required and does not contribute enough to the hearer.

Flouting the maxim of quality occurs when the speaker gives information which

has a lack adequate of evidence and gives information which is not true about

something. Then, flouting the maxim of manner occurs when the speaker gives

the information which is unnecessary prolixity or not brief, vague, ambigious, and

obscure. And the last, flouting the maxim of relevance occurs when speaker’s

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utterance deviates from the particular topic that being discussed. In this study,

thereare several violation of maxim that are often occured is the maxim of

quantity. There are 9 utterances that violate the maxim of quantity, it can be seen

in the datum 1” I think in my opinion both I think they.. they want the clean water

they want basic services they want quality of life but they also want fairness they

want the social justice they want equality before the law so I think it's it's not

either or I think it's both”, datum 3 “Nobody doesn't like dian”, datum 8“Wow..is

your husband watching this ?”, datum 9“Sarah you'll get married someday,

maybe soon”, datum 11“ohh..those endorsement had lost”, datum 15 “what we

know that to really thinking that police office is like a market you know”, datum

17 “I was gonna say don't remind her Dalton”, datum 19“You are the first person

of Chinese ancestry”, and datum 20 “But I’m the Chinese descent, nobody cared

about us”.

The second problem is the type of conversational implicature in the

dialogue of Talk Indonesia talkshowprogram.The writer finds two types of

implicature in Talk Indonesia talkshow program which are categorized into

generalizeconversationalimplicature and particularized conversational

implicature.Animplicature is called generalized implicature when no special

knowledge is required in the context to calculate the additional conveyed

meaning. It can be seen in an example in datum 16, Sarah's utterance which

says"and most girl here in Indonesia want to and already get married before 28" .

In understanding the utterance, the hearers do not need to draw inferences to a

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special context. They can understand without any particular context,or noticing it

from a general knowledge that not all girl in Indonesia are married before 28.

In addition, an implicature is called a particularized conversational

implicature when any special knowledge is required in the context to calculate the

additional conveyed meaning. Particularized conversational implicature is very

attached to particular features of the context. For instance, the utterance in data

15“what we know that to really thinking that police office is like a market”. Julia

expresses her opinion using equation sentencein order to make the listener

understood her opinion. She equalizes the police office with a market. It takes

place in very specific contexts in which locally recognized conclusion are

assumed.This utterance can be assumed that police office is a very easy place to

come and go like in the market. Therefore, Julia equalizes police office with a

market in order to make the hearer interpret her implicit message.

The third problem is the functions of implicature that are found in the

dialogue of Talk Indonesia talkshow program.To find out the function of the

implicature, the writer applied the theory of speech acts since this research

concerns with the utterances. When people speak or utter a sentence in which

there must be a function. It can be in the forms of criticizing, stating, testifiying,

mocking, and etc. Based on the theory of speech acts, there are five particular

functions of utterance found in the study.

First, Representative tends to commits the speaker to the truth of expressed

proposition. It includes report, inform, criticize, state, testify, and many more. One

example in datum 6, Sarah said “..........which generation you are Dalton?” , the

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purpose of this implicature is to critisize towards Dalton who does not know Julia

Armand.In the other hand, directive occurs when the speaker expects the listener

to do something. It includes ordering, commanding, requesting, and begging.

Meanwhile, commisive tends to make the speaker commits to some future action.

Itincludes promising, vowing, refusing, threatening, pledging, and

guaranteeing.Furthermore,expressive declares the psychological situation of the

speaker. This point includes thanking, apologizing, welcoming, congratulating,

pardoning, and praising. Then, declarative tends to change the reality in

accordance with the preposition of the declaration such as appointing a chairman.

In this research the most commonly found is representative function and did not

found the commissive and declarativefunction.

The findings of this researched showed that the variety of the implicature

found in talkshow programs are similar to what is found in Grice (1995) theory.

Similarly to Grice, the implicatures were also caused by the flouting of maxims

(quantity, quality, manner and relevance). Moreover, the implicatures were

functionally also similar to what is being established by Searle (1977 on the types

of speech

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CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

After presenting the research findings and discussion in the previous chapter, this

chapter presents the conclusion of this study and the suggestion for the next researcher in

the same topic. The conclusion and suggestion are drawn based on the result of the

analysis.

4.1 Conclusion

From the data analysis, it is revealed flouted maxims occurences covering four

maxim of quality, nine maxim of quantity, five maxim of manner, and two maxim of

relevance. The total of flouted maxim are 20 utterances with the most occurrence of

flouting maxim of quantity. In addition, two types of conversational implicature were also

found namely five utterances of generalized implicature and fifteen utterances of

particularized implicature.

The analysis also successfully identified five types of functions of speech act.

There were sixteen utterances categorized as representative function namely criticizing,

reporing, clarrifying, conjecturing, stating, describing, and testifing. Three utterances

were identified as directive function involving advising, respons, and asking. One

utterance functions as expressive which indicates the function of commmisive and

declarative function.

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From the analysis, it wasalso found that the application of the implicature theory

can be found around us such in entertainment or news on TV, including talkshow

program. In this analysis, the analysis found that the participants in Talk Indonesia

talkshow program tended to use conversational implicature to convey their message.

Moreover, the function of implicature in this talkshow mostly was to criticize social

problems in the society.

It can be concluded that implicature is one of ways to convey a message that can

not be said directly by the speaker. It becomes a tool connecting what is said and what is

thought by the speakers.The hearers extractthe implicit meaning that reflects the ideas of

the speaker through a statement. Furthermore, speaker’s ideas may also be obtained from

the aspects like the situation and background knowledge of the hearer. Therefore the

communication between speaker and hearer could run smoothly and effectively

4.2 Suggestions

This presents study investigated the conversational implicatures found in the

talkshow program of "Talk Indonesia" Metro TV. The researcher realizes that there are

several limitations of the study. The weakness of the study covering the number of

sample used in the analysis was not manyand it made of the implicature occurances

werelimited. Furthermore, the analysis did not relates the use of implicature with other

relevant aspects such as gender and topic of discussion.

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However, the researcher argues that everything around us can become the object

of the research. Television programs is one medium around us that is not only used for

entertainment but can also be a rich research object of linguistics phenomena. For the

next researcher, it is suggested to utilize other medium of communication as the

alternative of research object. The researcher also suggests to the future researcher to

analyze the talkshow program using other relevant theory to produce a more

comprehensive elaboration upon the research object. Such as analyzing political interview

in TV Talk showas specific object of research using Discourse analysis approach.

67

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APPENDICES

Appendix : Forms of dialogue in “Talk Indonesia” talkshow program

Datum 1and 2 :

Dalton : Hello and welcome to talk Indonesia the home of honest opinion, I'm Dalton

Tanonaka in Jakarta, here's this week'sTI hot list, the vision thing must our

leaders havebig picture plans or fixing everyday problems enough, generation

gap when is the right time for young people to take over, and downtime how

we recharge our batteries for eachnew day. Sarah's out today but another

family member is here,Prabowo subianto is a former Special Forces general,

presidentialcandidate and music lover. I want to ask you but I went out with a

case to.Sir thank you for being here. Hot topic number one the vision thing

Soekarno had it Barack Obama too. It's the big picture view of where people

need to goal whether it's independence from colonial powers or fairer society

that takes care of the less fortunate the legacy of the leader is is his or her

impact on humanity as a whole, or is it now in the case of 1945. Sir, time had

come for this country to stand up and lead its own destiny but I'm wondering

do indonesians today care more about fairness and freedom or clean

water and free schooling?(1)

Prabowo : I think in my opinion a... both, I think they.. they want the clean water,

they want basic services, they want quality of life but they also want

fairness they want the social justice, they want equality before the law . So

I think it's...it's not either or I think it's both. (1) Dalton : You see my point, many people are just struggling to put food on the

table? (2)

Prabowo : Exactly, (2)

Dalton : it’s indicate, (2)

Prabowo : Yes,yes,yes, so the majority of the people are very concerned with their daily

struggle for livelihood (2)

Dalton : aa... what about corruption, the big case couple days ago in the US this the

Constitutional Court the shocking of course he's innocent until proven guilty,

Prabowo : Right,

Dalton : But, the arrest must stun you another Indonesian

Prabowo : yes yes .... we are very saddened. Emm...because the Constitutional Court is

the last resort in our political system. And if the last resort cannot be relied

upon, what does this tell us, you know this really calls into question our

whole political system now

Dalton : I'm wondering if the average person is concerned about that again going back

to

Prabowo : I think they concern the the the sense I get in my travels is ....they very

concerned and you know the information technology even the the poorest

people, they have..they have their phones you know, so they they they are

aware what's happening in, and this television, you know television is a

powerful

Dalton : that or even today denied vendors have 30

Prabowo : right right, in a while on their,

They very aware what's going on and they're very angry, the sense I get is

there they fed up with corruption ,they just want clean government.

69

Datum 3 and 4 :

Dalton : Hello and welcome to the second anniversary special of talk Indonesia I'm

Dalton Tanaka and we are on location, on the campus of the London School

public relations in South Jakarta with a good-looking a great audience, so....

let's get started. Here is this week's TI HotList waving the flag, Indonesia has

a lot of proud of and we wanna shout it out, celebrity activists were seeing the

wise around the world including here our home, does it help?, And the perils

of parenthood when is the right time. Here beside me each week for the past

two years is Rahayu Sarahwati, Sarah actress activist and Korean barbecue

lover.

Sarah : (Laughing) ... yessss!

Dalton : (Continuing) ... and our guest host this week on our 2nd anniversary and

we're happy to have her, Dian Sastro Wardoyo an actress , model and

probably the most loved person in the country

Dian : (Smiling) ...ahh..., thank you, hay..

Sarah : He comes up with a really good job..

Dalton : Nobody doesn't like dian (3), okay hot topic number one waving the flag,

there are so many things Indonesia can take pride and we have some of the

best features and diving spots in the world cultural products such as Batik and

Wayang on live forever and we have to the most talented and hardworking

people in the universe and I'm including aliens here. These good things often

get lost among the bad news that's transmitted daily, I say it's time to be more

assertive in shouting it out , you know you ask most people outside this

country and about what they know about Indonesia and they likely will come

up with something negative. And usually the word.. the keyword associated

with the keyword.....

Dian : (Respond).... Terrorism??

Dalton : I mean that's what most people think

Dian : right..

Dalton : It’s not a good thing..

Sarah : oh not really , I mean first of all some... most people in the world don't

actually know Indonesia at all, we have to put that out there. Unfortunetely..

Dalton : I guess that's better than knowing something negative .. (4)

Sarah : Ok well, but... but then you mention the word Bali and then all they sudden

...they're like .... Ahh... Bali, is that Indonesia in Bali ? and we have to cut sort

through the whole Geography.

Datum 5

Dalton : Moving on, we have some of the best hotels and restaurants in..in the world

I think like “AMAN” which is funded by the Indonesian agents. “Hanuman”

right near by the London School some of the best food I think, Indonesian

food anywhere and of course we have some a lot of the most beautiful people

in the world, and I am sitting next of them. Right?

Sarah : ......(Laughing)

Dian : but I think , we still need to have more Indonesian more to be able to really

discuss and give new brand image about how Indonesians are pub globally. I

mean we need more Indonesian students ...Indonesian youngest really

represent more Indonesia to the world out there, so we need Indonesian

locally-made students to really be able to deliver their mind.

70

Dalton : like these young people here today?

Dian : right...

Dalton : I mean then after go out after this, hopefully spread the gospel of in

Indonesia..

Dian : and I think we have to be more articulate in global language in English

because I see now begin my friends they are really English fluently speaking

like you, is a basically and ....

Sarah : (Interrupting) .... you also fluent

Dian : I know but I'm still stuck here but I'm very locally made person I i've I've

spent my whole year my whole self forming here in Indonesia. and I lack the

opportunity to discuss things Globally in English, you on the country have

more opportunities and have more ability to do that .

Sarah : but you need to hangout with dalton more...(5) (Laughing)

Datum 6

Dalton : I see your point. OK, but effectiveness that's what our focus on too examples

I cited earlier, George Clooney, Angelina Jolie they're probably the best

examples all celebrity using their power very positively right ? people and

governments listen.. governments listen..

Sarah : Yes well George Clooney has been very very active in getting the

government not all of ..not a lot of celebrity activists as you call it would even

go that far to the government, julia armand is a huge because she's the

founder and president of the alliance to stop slavery and and trafficking and

she actually has gone that far to be in front of the government , of united

state..

Dalton : (Interrupting).. Julia armand ?

Sarah : Yeah... of the United State of America to get policy in place, Sorry....

Dalton : Who is she?

Dian : Oh my godness..hahaha

Sarah : (Laughing)....

Dalton : You guys know she is??

Sarah : She plays "Sabrena" with Harisson Ford...

Dalton : ahh...ok

Sarah : (Laughing)... alright yes, which generation you are Dalton ?(6)

Dalton : Oke, people here didn't know really well. I was using the release mega super

star,

Datum 7 – 13 :

Dalton : we are glad you're still watching talk Indo second anniversary special hot

topic number three the perils of parenthood , you know what are the greatest

gifts of life is having a child we are on this earth to sustain good acts and

principles for the benefit of all and we pass on what we know and what we

have to the next generation through our children. Education starts at home and

parents must do, there most important job in my opinion. You know, I know

it's tough working...sometimes struggling the world is very complicated for

many people. Dian you just had a child within the past year and you left a

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hot career, you're.. you're a hotter than ever(7) for an extended time.

Was that a difficult decision to to leave?

Sarah : (Laughing)...hahaha I wanna.. I wanna say don't remind her Dalton (8)

Dalton : ahh..The endorsement had lost (9), hahah

No..no.. I’m seriously..

Dian : hahhaa....Yeah.. I'm seriously. When I was ..when my my husband asked me

to marry him. I was still thinking it why now ? I want to be with you but why

not another two years, I was still thought it was still too soon. I was in this

business in consulting business and I was working for like tuft years and I was

doing pretty well I was with all my ambitions in my career everything I see a

lot of opportunities and potential that I could reach, but you know what , why

settle?

Sarah : (Look shock) ..why settle ? Wooow... is your husband watching this ? (10)

Dian : Seriously, he knows...he knows .. and I still thought when I founded I was

pregnant I was preparing my team at exam I was applying for masters degree

Abroad and I was really upbeat in my career and then I found out I was

pregnant like five month after I got merried

Dalton : you plan it, right? I mean....

Dian : No..not really, it was it was supposed to beanother two years after I got

merrid ,

Dalton : Really?

Dian : Yeah...hahah

Sarah : No.. but you know... she's one of those exception..she's one of those

exception..

Dian : I was 28 and I still feel like it was too young,

Sarah : (Interrupting) ..She was already 28 and most girls here in Indonesia want

to and already get merried before 28 (11), it's like...weew...

Dian : Now it it change me to a different person I'd love it and I like myself better

being a parent,

Sarah : So there's a blessing..

Dian : So basically I think my conclusion is at the end day all those ambitions in

your career and everything what not, I think at the end of the day is you really

wanna go home something worth going home

Sarah : Woow... (applause)

Dalton : there we go there we go .. (applause)

Dian : That's a family....That's a family...

Dalton : Sarah you'll get married someday maybe soon.. (12)

Sarah : (Interrupting ) hahaha....I hope so..

Dalton : What’s .. What is your thought process about when to have a child ?

Sarah : I was one of those that you know even abroad we were being told how when

you're 27 you have 30 percent less chance of having kids, I mean that kind of

you know what we're hearing left and right now I'm hearing how boys also....

Dalton : (Interrupting) ... So, what do you want , you get married let say tomorrow,

how soon you have a kid?

Sarah : hahahah... No...actually I'm I'm I really biologically I think that's just.. you

know when you have it, you have it..you know , a..a..a... you know...you are

happy ..it's a bless

Dalton : I still look young people it's it's.. I mean said..you know I think a husband

and wife, see get to know each other a little bit first. How about a year, 2 years

and then have a child,

72

Sarah : that's what I want to say Dalton. Is that biologically you know you don't even

think about it don't think about it, Just know that psychologically you have to

be prepared.

Dalton : When is the next one dian ? (13) I read you wanna have the next one right?

Sarah : (Laughing) ...

Dian : haha I plan to, we are planning to have the next one really soon, so... just

wish me luck..

Datum 14 and 15 :

Dalton : You’re watching Talk Indo with Sarah and guest host Anggun Cinta Sasmi

or as we like the caller your highness. Hot topic number two tracking talent,

Indonesia's history is filled with tremendous artistic ability from Titik Puspa to

Ari Lasso to Anggun. This country's talent pole is as big as any in the world

but but in this era boy and girl bands and Twitter sensations are we grooming

the next generation's Of Vina Panduwinata , I say we are in danger of losing a

generation because everybody's rush to be enough to be a star in this celebrity

countries world, nobody's paying their dues –

Anggun : Yeah...

Sarah : well, Ok.. I really quickly. What I was going to say is that it's not necessarily

the younger you know the ones who want to make it make its not their fault a

lot of the time says a lot of the people who arein the industry who are saying

ohh.. what's going to be in

Dalton : (interrupting) To managers ? agents ? like that?

Sarah : ... right we don’t have a standart necessarily. Exactly- it’s the same process

that they all when they go abroad

Dalton : ok Now, you're seeing a lot of talent on your hit show X Factor Indonesia,

are you optimistic about new stars been developed in this country ?

Anggun : of course, I think you know where one of them most largest populated

country in the world

Dalton : yeah we have a big based

Sarah : and some of a racist..sorry. Some other race is actually when they open up

their mouth and even when they're just like burping their, their’re sounds good

Anggun : (Laughing)

Dalton : Don’t do that because burning is not music

Sarah : obviously but this is one ways you really have that ability

Anggun : obviously hurt this, hahahahha

Dalton : yeah I haven't ability obviously I don’t want to actually . okay but What what

range of talent are you seeing, I mean are you really optimistic?

Anggun : yeah well actually you know this X Factor show emm.. I'm a jury and as well

mentor and I have been mentoring three persons and actually still one

standing now and he's an amazing talent, I mean he’s he’s this 15-year-old boy

who has a such a huge musical culture and quite heavy for for for people his

age and and and it's just umm... he has the kind of voice that you'd like to hear

it's very recording which is very soothing and umm... the thing is that ....

Dalton : What is that, he's gonna be a star ? what his name?

Anggun : His name is mika angelo,

Sarah : haha...he’s already an artist..

Dalton : woow..that’s an artist...

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Anggun : haha...that’s already an artist. but he he’s definitely one of this people that

I'm I'm I know that I'm going to see A Lot because he’ got that attention ,to

me he’s got that attention, to me he’s got that the X-Factor , it’s not and and

people somehow mistaken this talent show for just another singing

contest where you just have to sing and belt out and do vocal gymnastics

, it's not about that , it’s not just about that. It’s about the whole package ,

it’s about a having vision of your music(14)

Dalton : and grooming them?

Anggun : Yes.. exactly..

Dalton : Like someone like you helping him being a mentor

Anggun : Yeah...we’ll try

Dalton : you know the Internet in this day in age is a great tool for artists, Are its

instant its international and low-budget, I mean look at some artist I don’t

wanna mention that young boy’s name anyway, but I think those the talent

will get there anyway, I mean the internet will get you your 15 minutes of

fame(15) but yeah the good ones will get there anyway

Sarah : oh hopefully I mean you can say the same thing with acting as well and

unfortunately that's not always the case where you it a lot of the times it's who

you know a lot of the time say the chances you get,

Dalton : that showbiz

Sarah : well there you go it, we need to tell them that it's about perseverance as well

and and are you that serious about one thing that

Dalton : it is different now than when you're getting into the business right? I mean

easier now, would you say ?

Anggun : it is easy but it's it's also more difficult because I.. as I said to my boys I'm

the the ...I say that that the difference is that every week millions tens of

millions of people watch that watching them - that's Pressure- yeah its it's it's a

huge pressure, But then they they already have that access to people

immediately... yeah when in my time after work really hard you know like

what's that concert

Dalton : concert .. club...

Anggun : all that until I then I get the the chance to meet those probably millions of

people and and and it it actually give the whole a perspective in it is another

angle it change the the the game a bit because because then they a people

actually watch them growing people watch them fall in stanble and then you

know weak up the the the they stand up again , its so ..

Dalton : so it’s harder but easir

Anggun : it's harder but then, again as you said earlier it's it's all about the fifteen

minutes of fame it it depends on them a lot of things also depending on as

you say depressive errands and then also the the luck factor.

Datum 16-17 :

Dalton : Following talk Indonesia episode with Basuki Purnama was supposed to

runlast Sunday July 7. It didn't out of concern for violating the quiet period

election law, here now is that episodein its entirety.

Dalton : welcome to talk Indonesia your Sunday morningmental meal. I'm Dalton

Tanonaka, here's this week's TIHot list, money politics how can

politicianskeep free of conflict, indonesians abroadhow they are contributing

to society at home, and small-town serenityplaces to go and live outside of the

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capital.Here beside me every week end back from a week off is Rahayu

Saraswati ,

Sarah : - Thank you –

Dalton : Sarah, actress, activist and international speaker , And our guest host this

week Basuki Cahya Purnama more popularly called Ahok parliament member

and candidate for deputy government of Jakarta

Basuki : (interrupting) the former parlement member ..hahaha

Dalton : okay of course, that’s you’re running now.. hot topic number one money

politics now the final days of the campaign for Jakarta goverment are here

with candidates holding rallies large and small by law there's only a two week

period when active mass campaign can be done. So it's a time to show strength

by getting out the masses one of the ways to do that pay people to attend your

vet's 10,000 to 15,000 rupiahs one to five dollars will guarantee a sizable

crowd that and lunch and a t-shirt

Sarah : (Laughing) – are you saying that's what you get dalton? haha

Dalton : Mmm.... No. it's questionable now whether that violates campaign lot

Paying a people to attend a rally it's legal in most places in the world like the

US are you and your partner Joko Widodo paying people to attend your rally?

Basuki : No we we never paid that but we follow some people come because

somebody pay them these X then because some maybe or Volunters –

Dalton : it’s common practice here everyone and people a quoted in newspapers and

interview saying” yeah I get paid to come that “

Basuki : Yeah..but Jokowi and me have decided we don’t want to do that because

when you told about politician we have a difference target with the others.

What's in our minds who want to change the mindset Of the people with the

treat educate the people how to vote the right one not because the money is

what we have to do. We always go everywhere we give them our name card

and do not give them money. Even all set like this a T-shirt if another one you

have to ask from us but for us, you have to pay, you have to buy you know -

Dalton : to get a shirt? Do you saying all the people attend your events that we see in

our newscasts on Metro TV are not being paid to go there they want to be

there because they –

Basuki : Yeah because they buy

Dalton : okay

Sarah : but I think he brought up a really good point there I mean first of all you

know reading all these articles about the problems of whether or not money

politics is in being involved are is is there present in the campaigns now the

first one you mentioned about whether or not the leadership actually knows

that some people are being paid whether or not they actually said you know all

we don't want that in our campaigns

Dalton : You think they don't know?

Sarah : No..no...but what he was saying is that they found out afterwards that there

are some people who attended the rally is because they are certain people who

are paying them to come or who have paid a little bit, you know as volunteers

Dalton : But, yourself ultimately responsible in the end for the actions of people

Sarah : not but that well that's the thing, now how do you do that when it's a

common practice you know where and when the leadership even though they

have already said you know what we don't want that in our campaigns but yet

there are people the subordinate for saying what we want these people to come

and it means that giving them transport money , now you know all of that

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Dalton : and let us get for the store here now ,sorry your family as been a supporter

of jokowi and mister Basuki here. Emmm.... pushing their campaign and this

is done in a legal way, I mean you're providing campaign financing

transparently

Sarah : Absolutely and as he said you know that the shirts that's something that's

very new that people are actually paying to get them, I mean that's a that's a

new trend that we haven't, never seen before

Dalton : Yeah.. usually to get a game

Basuki : I found I found In the Kampung there many people to wear the t-shirt who is

a Jokowi and me, very good T-shirt. How amazing how come who give to

you , he said, “Some volunteer give to us.

Sarah : they made it their initiative to make T-shirt

Basuki : I ask for the T-shirt for the example I ask them , would you give it to me,

because it’s very good t-shirt so I give to Jokowi, and Jokowi so amazing

who’s guy give this, very good t-shirt.

Dalton : the larger issue here of course is is how money is raised and used in politics I

mean it's a it's a problem in every country because it's very expensive to run

for office now how are you and jokowi doing this because if you if you don't

like that kinda money politics that everybody else please that you say ?

Basuki : We planning a name card, we go to the Kampung. This more cheaper

Dalton : How you raising money how you you getting money ?

Basuki : We put in the newspaper and people don’t need don’t need

Dalton : And of course finance by certain in the potential. It would be I say thing, but

people want it, why isn’t Jokowi here because we invited all six candidates the

the governor candidate. I mean we're happy to have you sir, but but everyone

why it is...why it is... and your explanation is?

Basuki : No Miss Jokowi has one deal or was over 100 invitation, he could only

make it the seventeen or or six...yeah

Dalton : but everybody's busy but I have said he is scheduling where he has to be.

Okay

Basuki : He prefer to meet the people directly because many –

Dalton : (Interrupting) but TV you can meet a million people one site, you know that

Basuki : but you don't like news Or or lower-class could not speak English(16)

Dalton : alright alright...

Basuki : Most of them could not speak English ...haha

Dalton : but sir, it is back to the campaign, You are the first person of Chinese

ancestry(17) to run for your office was that a factor in your decision to run,

is that why you run and does it make a difference to Indonesians ?

Basuki : Yeah.. but the the first is not the the... Correct aaa... with the chinese

descendant ...it’s my father's, my father always had a poor people. So, in 1995

I want toimmigrate to Canada and my father said to me NO. The people need

you I said “how come? But I’m the Chinese descendantnobody cared

about us (18). My father said No, one day you believe me, people will vote

for you for the right. You could imagine if we don't have one billion rupiah for

the poor people, if we give one family with 500 thousand rupiah each family,

we only could help 2000 family . But if you run in region and mayor you

could help each people, could owns their own money. Charity with justice is

very different, charity if somebody meet us we help them but justice they

don't need to meet us they could get that right, that’s why I run for the

government official to take this money.

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Datum 19 :

Dalton : Glad you're still watching talk indo, hot topic number three small town

serenity the capital is where it's happening there a world-class restaurants

supersize malls great clubs in jobs but if there was a choice with many people

prefer to live in more manageable places outside Jakarta for traffic jams are

caused by horses in the role where the air is cool and fresh where you can see

stars in the sky every night. I say NO because it all comes down to where you

can best surviving get a good job and this is where people come to work,

Unfortunately

Sarah : That’s very good point, that I knew knew that you threw a curve there

Dalton : but no, I wish I could say yes but it comes on the survival

Srah : absolutely

Basuki : but Jokowi and I want to do this , like that , we want to make Jakarta more

convenient places, people love to stay in, Because have a good air conditioner

, no traffic jam and people have a good housing, not the poor people stay

outside

Dalton : but every candidate wants that?(19)

Basuki : Yeah... that’s why I told the people the important thing is you have to see

the Track record from us , is really just to make a promise Or we really want

to truthfully to do that, the important is the character You have to see us we

don't have a aa ...ineteresting from any parts so what we want interest is to

make the people feel Jakarta become modern people love in but love to stay in

and human City.

Datum 20 :

Dalton : Welcome to the first anniversary special of talk Indonesia where we only

discuss ...... hot issues, I am dalton tanonaka. Today we are on the campus of

pinochet’s university in west Jakarta. Hold up the first Asian English

Olympics coming up in February. Let’s get going. Here is this week’s ... Hot

list Justice for all ( why do the judges hand down sentences it sometimes

seems so unfair), Presidential politics three years and counting as the horses

line up early ), and doing dangdut is the backyard hard-core going

mainstream. Joining me every week with pinchers hoax and strokes “Rahayu

Saraswati” actress activist and part-time Bollywood dancer.

Sarah : yeah... (hahahha)

Dalton : and our guest host this week Julia Perez and popular call Jupe , actress singer

and aspiring politician (someday). And hot topic number one justice for all,

sometimes it just doesn’t seem fair a woman in Central Java sentenced to three

months in prison for stealing a chocolate bean worth fifteen cents then a judge

gives defendants three months for religious violence the least three men dead

in Banten. A son of a former president is released from prison after serving

four years for ordering the murder of a judge. And actress get 3 months for

getting a cat fight join in the filming of a movie. Is justice is just following the

law or is justice blind, now that actress is you , Julia. Let’s talk about that day

in February when you and dewi persik were fighting on screen,

Julia : Yeah...

Dalton : the director said “CUT” but you kept faigthing , what happened?

Julia : There is no “CUT”, so the problem is she still on an emotion , still kept

faigthing , still kicking me. So that the reason is not me do on whose on an

emotion, but the one who is got an emotion is really her. So that the reason ,

the director didn’t say “cut”........

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Sarah : (Interrupting) when I watch the video I don’t think I heard it either so he

didn’t say “CUT”...

Julia : he didn’t say “CUT”...

Dalton : So, you are just acting ?

Julia : So I just doing my acting in there, so when I knew the director is there

,catching ,,eh eh hold dewi persik . so then I know that is “CUT”, then I stop .

I try to pull up out my heroic while dewi persik stiil (JAMBAK) pulling out

my hair..

Julia : I don’t know , this is this is what I say Indonesian Law, So I don’t know

how to say . the fight is now , i m still......I got three months and six months

probation .

Dalton : you look shock in the ...... when the judge said you get three months in

prison, right ? you shock ?

Julia : yeah , it’s really shock b’cos there is no one of weakness , so the

arrangement in there..so the a the a attack and then there is no proof and

evidence say that dewi persik really doing , mmmmmm... I’m hurting her you

know . So emmm...... but the judge say..

Dalton : maybe you wanted to teach your lesson to the public, you are a public

figure you wanted to make a statement , if I mean you are an actress as well I

mean you gotta cut and you gotta stop , and keep your professionalism

Sarah : well that’s why gets a bit into the grey area b’cos it it is said that you cannot

stop unless the director says cut, So in this instance I can see ,where where

you know.. perhaps it was still part of you , you know acting and emotional ,

but then the question comes into why are both of you Filing charges against

each other ?

Julia : because at the first time I was thinking that she just she just bluffing Or she

just make a fun of it, because what what we know that to really thinking

that police office is like a market , you know (20) , select to going there, so

I was thinking yeah it’s ok, but then....

Sarah : that’s where you get the most publicity nowdays is that what you saying

Dalton : many people thought it was just a publicity stunt

Julia : yeah...what people think like that

Dalton : but it wasn’t ?

Julia : but it wasn’t, b’cos I become the suspect before I become the weakness,

you know “TERSANGKA”

Dalton : okay, but you’re not actually you’re not going to prison, right ? only if you

stay out of trouble for six months then you don’t have to go all right the

sentences is over .

Julia : No, the problem is now as a law-abiding citizen I must follow every

decision made by the states,

Dalton : right..

Julia : and as a good citizen I have my right and obligation. The ........but I do have

a right to fight for what is right . I’m currently appealing the ......decision

Dalton : appealing ??

Julia : yaaps, right..

Dalton : yeah okay little good luck on that . You know I think the judges or maybe

the president of this country should just make a statement , we are a notion of

laws but we are people who make the laws. So , let us be sensible let us be not

punish a woman who steals a chocolate being b’cos she is hungry , let’s not

throw people like you in jail b’cos silly thing.

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Sarah : I think was also really interesting is that she’s getting th e same amount of

prison time as those who within the ...?

Dalton : a media’s case

Sarah : yes I mean they were beating up managed to death and they get a same a

mounth of prison time as she got..

Dalton : yeah it crazy.

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