copyright © 2005 posc integrated operations update david archer, posc integrated operations sig...

Copyright © 2005 POSC

Integrated Operations Update

David Archer, POSC

Integrated Operations SIG MeetingStavanger, Norway18 November 2005

Oil fields of the future: real-time oil and gas operations

Onshore Onshore FacilitiesFacilities

Decision Decision CentersCenters

Offshore Offshore FacilitiesFacilities

new capabilities – much more data; much more exposure


Stavanger

Bergen

Trondheim

Aberdeen

Integrated operations

External experts

Real t

ime

data

Real time data

Service Company’sonshore operation centre

Control room offshore

External experts

Remotecollaboration room

Operator’sonshore operation centre

* Knowledge

* Decisions

* Actions

* Data integration

* Information

* Visualisation


Smart SystemsThe basic approach of all “smart technology” is measure-model-control

– measure system properties– model actual vs desired behaviour– derive required correction parameters (adaptive control)– implement control

∆IntOPS

Acquire

Model

Analyze

Control

Source: Shell

IntOPS = Integrated Operations


Business Headquarters

Capacity Planning Design [months/years]

Operational Planning [months/years]

Scheduling [days/months]

Supervisory Control [minutes/hours]

Regulatory Control [sec/minutes]

Well & Surface facilities

-Flow, pressure and temperature in wells and separator-Fuel injection to produce heat out of a boiler

-SCADA systems for coordinating flow stations and pipelines-Gas distribution/optimization on a pipeline network-Monitoring wellheads, multiples and flow stations

-Scheduling of injection/production plan and resources-Opening and closing wells or partial completions

-Adjusting well operating parameters

-Planning of injection/production plan and resources-Planning drilling and workover resources

- Supply Chain Management & Market and customer demands

-Asset life cycle and installed based maintenance or growth- Supply Chain Management & Market and customer demands

Aut

omat

ion

leve

lTim

e-scale

Fast cycle

Slower cycle

Source: Saputelli SPE 83978

Time Scales (106 range)IntOPS

Acquire

Model

Analyze

Control


The Problem?• Theorem 1: 50% of the problems in the world result from people

using the same words with different meanings• Theorem 2: The other 50% of the problems results from people

using different words with the same meaning

Stan Kaplan, Risk Analysis, Vol. 17, No. 4, 1997


Board

Economics

ReservoirEngineering

ExplGeology

Petrophysics PetroleumEngineering

Drilling

Engineering

ProductionGeology

Production

Engineering

Facilities

Engineering

ProductionOperationsGeophysics

DrillingOperations

Completion &Workover

E&P Catalogue Standards

XML exchange standards, design guidelines, profiles

Data Store Solutions SIG

IntOPS SIG

Reference Data Standards

Industry Dictionary

Business Objects

eRegulatory SIG

Practical Well Log Standards

WellHeader, WellPath, WellLog, LogGraphics, Production Reporting, DTS, …

NDR Meetings

POSC Standards / SIGs

Epicentre™ Data Model

Board

Economics


ExplGeology


Drilling

Engineering

ProductionGeology

Production

Engineering

Facilities

Engineering


DrillingOperations


E&P Subject Areas: WITSML Coverage

Can we use this image to portray the growth in WITSML coverage?

General Board

Economics


ExplGeology


Drilling

Engineering

ProductionGeology

Production

Engineering

Facilities

Engineering


DrillingOperations



Enhancements for raw, calculated and planned Well Path data,coordinate systems, and units.

WellPath

Well Wellbore Trajectory

CRS, ProjectionsUnits of Measure

General Board

Economics


ExplGeology


Drilling

Engineering

ProductionGeology

Production

Engineering

Facilities

Engineering


DrillingOperations



Enhancements for wireline as well as LWD log data.

Log,WellLog

General Board

Economics


ExplGeology


Drilling

Engineering

ProductionGeology

Production

Engineering

Facilities

Engineering


DrillingOperations



Enhancements for Production beginning with Volume and Activity Reporting, continuing with PRODML towards Optimization.

Network Model Volume Report Activity Report

General Board

Economics


ExplGeology


Drilling

Engineering

ProductionGeology

Production

Engineering

Facilities

Engineering


DrillingOperations



We have a pending request to establish a Geophysical SIG.Such a SIG could lead to WITSML Geophysical data exchange Standards.

General Board

Economics


ExplGeology


Drilling

Engineering

ProductionGeology

Production

Engineering

Facilities

Engineering


DrillingOperations



At a future time, we could consider the viability of data exchange Standards for facility data, reservoir data, economics data, etc. filling out the E&P space.

General Board

Economics


ExplGeology


Drilling

Engineering

ProductionGeology

Production

Engineering

Facilities

Engineering


DrillingOperations



This would call for close cooperation with other industry groupsto avoid duplication of effort and ensure smooth transitions.


PRODML: A Shared Solution for Upstream Oil and Gas Companies to Optimize Their Production

• What?– Project focused on optimization of oil and gas production

• Who?– BP, Chevron, ExxonMobil, Shell, Statoil, eProduction Solutions, Halliburton, Invensys, OSIsoft, Petroleum

Experts, Schlumberger, Sense Intellifield, TietoEnator and POSC

• What?– Production optimization involves integrating real time data from specialty, multi-vendor software applications

and streamlining work processes to enable oil and gas field operational efficiencies– Build on success of WITSML™ - develop the necessary XML-based data exchange solutions as an open

industry standard– Extend the WITSML™ ‘architecture’ to include data needed for field production optimization

• How? When?– Drive towards commercial software products to improve data exchange and work process efficiency in

production optimization - over a 12 month timeframe– POSC will maintain the standard and make it publicly available

Joint Work of Richard Carter, Joint Work of Richard Carter, Todd Dupont and Henry Todd Dupont and Henry

RachfordRachford

Control of Gas Flow in Control of Gas Flow in PipelinesPipelines

Why is it Hard, What Can We Do about it, and Why is it Hard, What Can We Do about it, and Why do We Care?Why do We Care?

Consider a Typical Consider a Typical PipePipe• 60 Miles Long• 47 inches Inside Diameter• 1000 Microinches Roughness• Pressure, p(t), at Inlet• Flow, q(t), at Outlet, where t is time

p(t) = Pin q(t)=Qout

60 miles, 47” inside diameter.Inlet Outlet

Consider a Simple Consider a Simple ScenarioScenario

Settling Settling qq Toward a Toward a New StateNew State

Steady State @ t=0Pin = 850 psiaQout = 1842 MMSCFDTemp = 60 oF

Set Qout = 2090 MMSCFD @t=0Hold boundaries constant for t>0

Relaxation Time,Relaxation Time, t tr r . . LetLet

and δ(x,t) = p(x,t) - p(x,T), for 0 < x < L, to< t < T. From any pipeline state fix p at inlet, q at outlet, to cause a state change.

Then for T >> to, we find

22

2||4,),(),(

πδδ

dcLvf

twhereetxtx ro ==−

−r

o

t)t(t

L = Pipe Length c = Sonic Velocity in gas

f = Friction coefficient t = A time after a change

v = Gas velocity to= A fixed value of t

d = Inside Diameter T= A very large value of t

tr = 46.5 minutes, to = 10 minutes

Introduce Sensors Introduce Sensors [ S(P), S(Q) ][ S(P), S(Q) ]L = Pipe Length c = Sonic Velocity in gas

f = Friction coefficient t = A time after a change

v = Gas velocity to= A fixed value of t

d = Inside Diameter T= A very large value of t

p(t) = Pin q(t)=Qout

Inlet Outlet

S(Pin),S(Qin) S(Pout),S(Qout)

What Does This Mean What Does This Mean

for a Real Pipeline for a Real Pipeline

System?System?

• Response to control takes hours • Controls to Achieve One Goal may Interact

Unexpectedly with Others

Look at an Example

300-Mile 5-Station 300-Mile 5-Station PipelinePipeline

p(t) q(t)

50 mi 50 mi 40 mi45 mi 55 mi 60 mi

SP1(t) SP2(t) SP3(t) SP4(t) SP5(t)

Station # Max HP Max Set Point Min. Suct. p 1 26000 900 psia 500 psia 2 28000 900 500 3 28000 900 500 4 18000 900 500 5 18000 900 500

In Out

Out04q4(t)

A Simple Scenario A Simple Scenario

• Begin @ Steady State with OUT-End Flow 1500, Station 4 Delivery 450 (in MMSCFD) SPk(0)=800 psia, k=1,…,5 (in Control)

• Hold p(t) @ ‘IN’ at 825 psia (0:00 to 24:00). At 09:00 increase Delivery at OUT to 1950 MMSCFD for 5-Hours, return to 1500

• Delivery at 24:00 is Same as at 00:00, so Make End State Same as Start State

• Use Simple Control: All Setpoints stay 800• Call this Scenario 1.

300-Mile 5-Station 300-Mile 5-Station PipelinePipeline

p(t) q(t)

50 mi 50 mi 40 mi45 mi 55 mi 60 mi

SP1(t) SP2(t) SP3(t) SP4(t) SP5(t)

Station # Max HP Max Set Point Min. Suct. p 1 26000 900 psia 500 psia 2 28000 900 500 3 28000 900 500 4 18000 900 500 5 18000 900 500

In Out

Out04q4(t)

Qout4(t)=450Pin(t)=825 Qout(0-9)=1500; Qout(9-14)=1950;Qout(14-24)=1500

SPk(t)=800

Observations on Observations on Delivery Delivery

• 5-Hour Increase at OUT adds 450 MMSCFD. This Adds Same as Out04 Flow

• 450 Increase Cannot be Supported at Steady State (Max Steady Increase is 150)

• Total Initial Gas in Pipe: 1.07 BCF (Initial State Linepack)• Extra Delivery is 93.7 MMSCF, or 8.7% of Linepack

Initial Pipeline Initial Pipeline StateState

Scenario 1: All Scenario 1: All Stations SP=800Stations SP=800

Scenario 1: Scenario 1: Station 1, 1 DayStation 1, 1 Day

Scenario 1: Station 2 Scenario 1: Station 2

Control InterchangeControl Interchange

Scenario 1: Scenario 1: Station 5, 1 DayStation 5, 1 Day

Scenario 1 Deliver Scenario 1 Deliver OUT-End?OUT-End?

Ouch!

Scenario 1: Final Scenario 1: Final StateStateDay’s End: 2.4% Loss in Day’s End: 2.4% Loss in LinepackLinepack

Scenario 1: % Scenario 1: % Linepack ChangeLinepack Change

Scenario 1 Fails. Scenario 1 Fails. What Should Be the What Should Be the Control? Control? For this, Enumerate Goals:For this, Enumerate Goals:

• Make Deliveries above Minimum p• Do not Violate Maximum Allowable p• Do not Deplete the Pipeline, e.g., Achieve the

End-of-Day Target State• Always Maintain Control, i.e., Never Default

Control to Station Maximum • Minimize Fuel Usage, Emissions

How Can We Find How Can We Find Controls?Controls?

• Recall p(t), q(t), q4(t) are Specified by Users• We Need to find SPk(t), k=1, 2, …, 5• Guess the five SPk(t) functions. Recall 900 PSIA is maximum value for

any SPk(t)• Simulate Results, Compare with Goals• Use Trial and Error to Satisfy Goals

With Experience, guessing and trial and error will improve

Alternatively, Guide Alternatively, Guide the Trial the Trial and Error and Error with Mathematicswith Mathematics

• Define the Control Set S = SPk(tn), k =1,…,5, n = 1,…,23, say, i.e., tn = n, i.e. 115 numbers

• Begin as Before: Take SPk(tn) = 800

• Interpolate in time between Control Values and use Interpolated Values to Simulate the Gas Day

• Quantify Missed Goals as a Functional, J• Calculate Gradient of J with Respect to S• Iterate to revise SPk(tn), so as to Minimize J. • Call Resulting Control Scenario 2

INITIAL STATE THE INITIAL STATE THE SAMESAME

Scenario 2: Scenario 2: External FlowsExternal Flows

Scenario 2: Station 1 Scenario 2: Station 1 PerformancePerformance

Scenario 2: Scenario 2: Station 4 Station 4 PerformancePerformance

Scenario 2: Station Scenario 2: Station 5 5 PerformancePerformance

OUT-End Delivery?OUT-End Delivery?

Scenario 2: End-of-Day Scenario 2: End-of-Day StateState

• Pack only 0.16% less than original

Scenario 2: Flows, % Scenario 2: Flows, % Pack ChangePack Change

Compare Scenario Compare Scenario Results Results 11 22

ConclusionsConclusions

• Mathematical Optimization Finds a Control to Achieve Goals in 1-2 Minutes Clock Time

• If Delivery were Infeasible, this Fact Would have been Found just as Fast

• If Loads Change During Day, Simply find New Controls for the New Schedule again in 1-2 Minutes Clock Time

Questions?David Archer

President / CEOPOSC

24 Greenway PlazaSuite 1315

Houston, TX 77046

+1 832 282-8132 [email protected]

copyright © 2005 posc integrated operations update david archer, posc integrated operations sig...

Documents

lwd log data

path data

resourcesplanning drilling

operating parametersplanning

log standardswellheader

flow stationsscheduling

welllogep subject area

injectionproduction