crisis trabajo final completo

7/21/2019 Crisis Trabajo Final Completo

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GESTION DE CRISIS EN LAS EMPRESA

TRABAJO DE:

“LAS GRANDES CRISIS MUNDIALES DEL SIGLO XX Y SIGLO XXI Y SU REPERCUSIÓN EN EL

PERÚ”

Integrantes: •

Aguirre Rodinel Carlos David • Davidovich Romero, Siula Gabriela

• Gutirre! "alle#os, Antuanette

• $overa %uertas, Sandra

• &edina 'uara(a, Carla %ierina

• ")s*ue! &endo!a, $uis

Ci!" : "+++

Pr"#es"r : Ch)ve! iestas, Jorge

LIMA – PERÚ

2015

1

Universidad De SanUniversidad De San

Martin De PorresMartin De Porres



INDICE

INTRODUCCIÓN

1. DEFINICIÓN1.1.CRISIS1.2.CRISIS FINANCIERA1.3.CRISIS ECONOMICA1.4.GUERRA MUNDIAL

2. TIPOS DE CRISIS ECONOMICAS

2.1.CRISIS CÍCLICAS2.2.CRISIS ENERGÉTICA2.3.CRISIS DE OFERTA2.4.CRISIS DE DEMANDA2.5.BURBUJA ECONÓMICA2.6.CRISIS DE SUBSISTENCIA

3. TIPOS DE CRISIS FINANCIERAS3.1.CRISIS CAMBIARIAS3.2. CRISIS BANCARIAS3.3.CRISIS DE DEUDA EXTERNA

4. LAS GRANDE CRISIS EN EL SIGLO XX4.1.LA PRIMERA GUERRA MUNDIAL(1914-1919

4.1.1. ANTECEDENTES4.1.2. CAUSAS4.1.3. CONSECUENCIAS4.1.4. IMPACTO EN EL PERÚ

4.2.LACRISIS ECONOMICA MUNDIAL DE 19294.2.1. ANTECEDENTES4.2.2. CAUSAS

4.2.3. CONSECUENCIAS4.2.4. IMPACTO EN EL PERÚ

4.3.LA SEGUNDA GUERRA MUNDIAL (1939-19454.3.1. ANTECEDENTES4.3.2. CAUSAS4.3.3. CONSECUENCIAS4.3.4. IMPACTO EN EL PERÚ

4.4.LA CRISIS DEL PETROLEO (19!34.4.1. ANTECEDENTES

2



4.4.2. CAUSAS4.4.3. CONSECUENCIAS4.4.4. IMPACTO EN EL PERÚ

5. LAS GRANDE CRISIS EN EL SIGLO XXI5.1.LA CRISIS FINANCIERA MUNDIAL DEL 200"5.1.1. ANTECEDENTES5.1.2. CAUSAS5.1.3. CONSECUENCIAS5.1.4. IMPACTO EN EL PERÚ

#. CONCLUSIONES

!. RECOMENDACIONES

. $I$LIOGRAF%A

1. DEFINICIONES

1.1 CRISISL!" #$"%$&%!" !'()'$*&(" #( +! )!+!,-! '-$"$" /( *0-('( +! R(!+ A'!#($!E")!*+! !'(& -(0(-(&'$! &*-!+(&%( !+ ('* #( /( "( )-*#/'!&'!,$*" ,-/"'*" !)!-('!& #$0$'/+%!#(" "$&$0$'!%$7!" (& !+8& !")('%*

#( +! 7$#!. P*- (++*9 +! (:)-("$;& '-$"$" ('*&;$'! #(,( -("(-7!-"( )!-!!/(++!" "$%/!'$*&(" (& +!" /( +!" #$0$'/+%!#(" ('*&;$'!" 7!& <" !++<

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#( /& "$)+( ()(*-!$(&%* %-!&"$%*-$*9 '** +*" /( %*#!" +!"('*&*=!" (:)(-$(&%!& (& %*-&* ! "/ %(&#(&'$! #( '-('$$(&%* ! +!-*)+!*.

1.2 CRISIS ECONOMICAU&! '-$"$" ('*&;$'! (" /&! "$%/!'$;& (& +! /( "( )-*#/'(& '!,$*"&(!%$7*" $)*-%!&%(" (& +!" )-$&'$)!+(" 7!-$!,+(" ('*&;$'!"9 (")('$!+(&%( (& (+ PIB (& (+ ()+(*. S$& (,!-*9 &* (:$"%( /&!#(0$&$'$;& )-('$"! #( '/<&#* )/(#( #('$-"( /( /&! ('*&*=! ! (&%-!#*(& /&! "$%/!'$;& #( '-$"$".

1.3 CRISIS FINANCIERAC-$"$" 0$&!&'$(-! (" +! '-$"$" ('*&;$'! /( %$(&( '** )-$&'$)!+ 0!'%*- +!'-$"$" #(+ "$"%(! 0$&!&'$(-*9 (" #('$-9 &* %!&%* +! ('*&*=! )-*#/'%$7! #(

,$(&(" %!&$,+(" '** +! $&#/"%-$! * +! !-$'/+%/-!9 /( %!,$>& )/(#(&7(-"( !0('%!#!" * $&'+/"* "(- +! '!/"! ("%-/'%/-!+9 )(-* &* (" (+ '(&%-* /*-$(& $&(#$!%* #( +! '-$"$"& "$&* 0/&#!(&%!+(&%( (+ "$"%(! ,!&'!-$*9(+ "$"%(! *&(%!-$* * !,*".

S(8& +! #(0$&$'$;& #( &ins-( ?1@29 )*#(*" #(0$&$- /&!'-$"$" 0$&!&'$(-! '** '.n con#unto de ca/das abru0tas de los

0recios de los activos 1Tanto 2inancieros como reales3, *uiebras

de em0resas 12inancieras o no 2inancieras3, de2laciones 1o

r)0idas desin2laciones3 o 2uertes 0erturbaciones en el mercado

de divisas

1.4 GUERRA MUNDIAL

U&! /(--! /&#$!+ (" /& !'*&%('$$(&%* ,>+$'* /( $&7*+/'-!#$-('%!(&%( ! /& -!& &8(-* #( )!="("9 (")('$!+(&%( ! +*"'(&%-!+("9 /( *,+$! ! +*" #(<" ! %*!- /&! )*"$'$;& ! 0!7*- #( /&,!&#* * #(+ *%-*.

2. TIPOS DE CRISIS ECONOMICAS

2.1 CRISIS C%CLICAS

E+ '*&'()%* #( '-$"$" '='+$'!" )-*7$(&( #( +!" %(*-=!" #( !-+ M!-:. M!-:"*"%(&=! /( !)-*:$!#!(&%( '!#! *'* !*" (#$* (+ '!)$%!+$"*-($"%-! /&! '-$"$". L!" %(*-=!" "*,-( +! #/-!'$;& (7*+/'$;& #( +!" '-$"$"

"*& &/(-*"!". L*" '$'+*" ('*&;$'*" )/(#(& 7(-"( '** $&%(-7!+*" #(#("!--*++* '-('$$(&%* /( )-*#/'(& '-$"$" '='+$'!".

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L! ('*&*=! '!)$%!+$"%! "( #("(&7/(+7( &('("!-$!(&%( (& *"'$+!'$*&("'='+$'!" /( !+%(-&!& +! )-*")(-$#!#9 '-$"$"9 -('("$;& -(!'%$7!'$;&. E"%**'/--( (& %*#*" +*" )!="(" (& #*&#( ("%! ('*&*=! "( ! #("!--*++!#*9)(-* &* &('("!-$!(&%( +! '-$"$" +!" #$0(-(&%(" 0!"(" #(+ '$'+* ('*&;$'**'/--(& "$/+%<&(!(&%( (& %*#*" +*" )!="(" &$ (& %*#!" +!" -!!" #( +!('*&*=!.

2.2 CRISIS ENERG)TICA

E"%! '*&"$"%( (& (+ !/(&%* #( )-('$*" #(,$#* ! '$(-%*" -('/-"*"&!%/-!+(" (" /( ("%! '-$"$" "( (&(-!9 '*8&(&%( "( (&(-! '/!&#* +*"-('/-"*" &!%/-!+(" "*,-( %*#* +*" &* -(&*7!,+("9 ("%<& ("'!"*" '**"( 7$7( (& +! !'%/!+$#!# (+ )(%-;+(*. ("%! '-$"$" (& /'!" *'!"$*&("

)-*7*'! !+/&!" "$%/!'$*&(" /& )*'* $&/$(%!&%(" #(,$#* ! /( "((&(-!& !+/&!" -('("$*&(" (& +*" )-('$*" +* /( )*- +* (&(-!+ &* (" !"=9"$&* /( )*- (()+* (+ )(%-;+(* %$(&#( ! !/(&%!- (+ )-('$* )(-* "( !("%/#$!#* /( !+/&!" #( +!" -!*&(" #( ("%!" -('("$*&(" "*& /( (+'*&"/$#*- #(! #( '*&"/$- #/-!&%( /& )(-$*#* #( %$()* #(,$#* ! +*"!+%*" )-('$*"9 )*- ("* "( #!& +!" -('("$*&(" <" !#(+!&%(.

2.3 CRISIS DE OFERTA

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

(:'("* +*" )-('$*" #("$'$(-*& (+ !'/(-#* #( &* 7(&#(-+(" ! ("*" )!="(")*-/( )-*7*'* /&! '-$"$" / $&%(&"!.

2.4 CRISIS DE DEMANDA

C** "/ &*,-( +* #$'( (" +! '-$"$" /( "( *-$$&! #(,$#* ! 0!+%! #(-('/-"*"9 +! (&%( /$(-( )!!- )*- /& )-*#/'%* * "(-7$'$*9 )(-* &* "( 7(&,(&(0$'$!#*" )*- +! 0!+%! #( (:$"%(&'$! #( ("%*". U& (()+!- (" +! '-$"$" #(

1@2@

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2.5 $UR$U*A ECONÓMICA

E"%( 0(&;(&* ('*&;$'* "( #! &*-!+(&%( (& +*" (-'!#*"9 )*- (()+*9 ("%* (" )-*7*'!#* )*- 7(&#(#*-(" /( %$(&(& /& $"* 0$&H(&#(-9 ("%* !'( /( !! /&! "/,$#! #( )-('$*" / !&*-!+("9)*-/( (+ )-('$* '!#! 7( "( !+(! #(+ 7!+*- -(!+ #(+ )-*#/'%* * "(-7$'$*9 )*- (()+* /& 7(&#(#*- /( '*)-! /& )-*#/'%* ! /&! 0<,-$'!9 ("%(7(&#(#*- "( +* 7(&#( ! *%-* 7(&#(#*-9 ("%( ! *%-* 7(&#(#*-9 %*#*" '*& (+$"* 0$& #( 7(&#(- +( "/,(& (+ )-('$* ! '*)!-!'$;& #(+ )-('$* '*& (+ /(+* '*)-!-*&9 !+(<&#*"( #(+ )-('$* -(!+9 (" )*- ("%* /( "( (&(-! ("%(

0(&;(&* / -!-*9 )*-/( '!"$ &* "( #! (& +! ('*&*=!9 )(-* "$()-(("%!-< )-("(&%(.

2.# CRISIS DE SU$SISTENCIA

A ("%! %!,$>& "( +( )/(#( &*,-!- ('*&*=! #( "/,"$"%(&'$! ("%! (" +!/( (:)+*%! +! !&!#(-=! +! !-$'/+%/-!. N*-!+(&%( "( #! (& +!"0!$+$!" +!" !&!&'$!" -('*$#!" #( ("%( "*+* "$-7(& )!-! "*"%(&(- '*& +*

,<"$'* ! +! $"! 0!$+$! / *%-* )(/(* -/)* "*'$!+9 )/(" (& ("%( ("#(!"$!#* (:%-!* /( )/(#!& *,%(&(- (:'(#(&%(" )!-! (+ '*(-'$*9 "$"( ++(! ! +! *,%(&'$;& #( (:'(#(&%(" "( /"!-! )!-! %-/(/(" / *%-*" %-!%*"#( )(/(! $&%(&"$#!# '*& *%-*" )(/(*" -/)*" "*'$!+(".

3 TIPOS DE CRISIS FINANCIERAS

3.1 CRISIS CAM$IARIAS

S( )-*#/'(& '/!&#* /& *7$$(&%* (")('/+!%$7* '*&%-! /&!*&(#! "( %-!#/'( (& /&! #(7!+/!'$;& ?* 0/(-%( #()-('$!'$;&9 /*,+$! ! +!" !/%*-$#!#(" *&(%!-$!" ! #(0(&#(- +! *&(#!(#$!&%( +! /%$+$!'$;& #( /& -!& 7*+/(& #( -("(-7!" '(&%-!+("* /& 0/(-%( !/(&%* #( +*" %$)*" #( $&%(->".

3.2 CRISIS $ANCARIAS

S$%/!'$;& (& +! /( +!" /$(,-!" * +*" -(%$-*" !"$7*" ?-(!+(" *)*%(&'$!+(" #( #();"$%*" #( +*" ,!&'*" $&#/'(& ! >"%*" !

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"/")(&#(- +! '*&7(-%$,$+$#!# $&%(-&! #( "/" )!"$7*" / *,+$!& ! +!"!/%*-$#!#(" ! $&%(-7(&$- *%*-!&#* !"$"%(&'$! (& -!& ("'!+! #(("! 0*-! $)(#$- +!" /$(,-!" * +*" -(%$-*" #( #();"$%*".

3.3 CRISIS DE DEUDA EXTERNA

C-$"$" #( #(/#! (:%(-&! "$%/!'$;& (& +! /( /& )!=" &* )/(#(!%(&#(- (+ )!* #(+ "(-7$'$* #( +! #(/#! '*&%-!=#! '*& (+ (:%(-$*-9! "(! "*,(-!&! * )-$7!#!.

4 LAS GRANDE CRISIS EN EL SIGLO XX 4.1 LA PRIMERA GUERRA MUNDIAL (1914-1919

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

4.1.1 ANTECEDENTESD("#( (+ 11 !"%! (+ 1@14 E/-*)! 7$7$; +* /( "( ! #!#* (&++!!- +! P! A-!#!9 /( 0/( (& (:%-(* ,(&(0$'$*"! )!-! (+#("!--*++* ('*&;$'*9 '/+%/-!+ '$(&%=0$'* #( +!" &!'$*&("

$&#/"%-$!+(" (/-*)(!".S$& (,!-*9 (&%-( +!" -!&#(" )*%(&'$!" (:$"%=! /'* -('(+*9 +*/( +(" $&#/'$! ! !-!-"( '*&"%!&%((&%(. D( !++= (+ &*,-( /( "(+( ! #!#* ! ("%( )(-$*#*.

4.1.2 CAUSAS

T+,/,+ +,+ /+,6 +*" )-$&'$)!+(" !&%!*&$"*"$&%(-&!'$*&!+(" (-!& +*" "$/$(&%("

• E&%-( A+(!&$! F-!&'$! )*- +! -$7!+$#!# /( #(* +! G/(--!F-!&'*P-/"$!&!.

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• E&%-( R/"$! A/"%-$! )*- +! ((*&=! (& +! )(&=&"/+! #(

+*" B!+'!&(".• E&%-( I&+!%(--! A+(!&$! )*- +! '*)(%(&'$! '*(-'$!+

'*+*&$!+.• L!" 0-$''$*&(" )*+=%$'!" (&%-( I&+!%(--!9 F-!&'$! R/"$!9 !

'!/"! #( +! -(")('%$7! (:)!&"$;& '*+*&$!+9 0/(-*& %!,$>&$&%(&"!"9 )(-* 0/(-*& #(!#!" #( +!#* )!-! #!- )!"* ! +!'*&0$/-!'$;& #( !+$!&!" $&%(-&!'$*&!+(".

• A)!-%( #( +!" 0/(-%(" -$7!+$#!#(" '*+*&$!+("9 +!" )*%(&'$!"

$&#/"%-$!+(" "( (&0-(&%!-*& (& (+ )+!&* &(%!(&%(('*&;$'*. L/'!-*& (&%-( "= )*- '*&"(/$- (-'!#*" )!-!"/" )-*#/'%*" -(%(&(-+*" )*- '*&/$"%!.

A,7 M+ 8 P/6 P!-! !"(/-!- +*" -("/+%!#*" #(

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

4.1.3 CONSECUENCIAS

• D/-!&%( +! )-$(-! G/(--! M/&#$!+ /-$(-*&9

!)-*:$!#!(&%(9 @ $++*&(" #( )(-"*&!" ?(&%-( '$7$+(" $+$%!-(". E+ &8(-* #( (-$#*"9 (&%-( '$7$+(" $+$%!-("!"'(&#$; ! '(-'! #( 3K $++*&(".

• D("$&%(-!'$;& #(+ I)(-$* O%*!&* #(+ I)(-$* A/"%-*

8&!-*• F*-%!+('$$(&%* #( +*" E"%!#*" U&$#*" #( A>-$'! (& (+

("'(&!-$* )*+=%$'*9 $+$%!- ('*&;$'* /&#$!+.• C-(!'$;& #( +! L$! #( N!'$*&(" ?++!!#! %!,$>& S*'$(#!#

#( N!'$*&(" '*& (+ *,(%$7* #( !-!&%$!- +! )! /&#$!+.• F$-! #(+ T-!%!#* #( H(-"!++(" /( $)/"* /&! "(-$( #(

)(&!+$#!#(" ! +! #(--*%!#! A+(!&$!9 /( "(-=! (+ *-$(& #(+-(7!&'$"* !+(<&9 /( )-*7*'!-=! (+ ("%!++$#* #( +!S(/&#! G/(--! M/&#$!+.

• C-$"$" ('*&;$'! (& E/-*)!9 ! '!/"! #( +! #(7!"%!'$;&

'!/"!#! )*- +! G-!& G/(--! %!,$>& )*- +*" (+(7!#*"!"%*" $+$%!-(" #( +!" &!'$*&(" ,(+$(-!&%(".

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• D("!--*++* #( 7!-$*" !-!(&%*" #( /(--! '**9 )*-

(()+*9 %!&/(" #( /(--! !7$*&(".

4.1.4 IMPACTO EN EL PERÚ

E& (+ P(-8 "( )!-!+$!-*& +!" (:)*-%!'$*&(" ( $)*-%!'$*&(" #()-*#/'%*" (& (+ )!=" +!" *&(#!" #( *-* )+!%! #("!)!-('$(-*& #( +!'$-'/+!'$;&9 )*- +* /( (+ *,$(-&* %/7* /( -('/--$- ! +! *&(#! #()!)(+. E+ '*&%$&(&%( !(-$'!&*9 ("%!,! (& '*&#$'$;& #( &(/%-!+$#!##/-!&%( +*" )-$(-*" !*" #( +! /(--! ?1@14 1@1@ C/!&#* $&%(-7$(&(E"%!#*" U&$#*" #( N*-%(!>-$'!9 7!-$*" )!="(" !(-$'!&*" -*)(&-(+!'$*&(" '*& A+(!&$!9 (+ P(-8 %!,$>& +* !'(.

4.2 LA CRISIS ECONOMICA MUNDIAL DE 1929

D("#( 1@25 +! ('*&*=! !(-$'!&! !,=! '-('$#* #( /&! 0*-!'*&%$&/!9 +*" ,(&(0$'$*" #( +! ,*+"! (-!& (&*-(". D(")/>" #( 7!-$*"!*" #( '-('$$(&%*" "( )-*#/'( /&! '-$"$" (& +! ,*+"! #( N. L! '!/"!#( %*#* ("%* 0/( (+ '-('$$(&%* !-%$0$'$!+ #( +! ,*+"! /( &* "( !/"%! ! +!-(!+$#!# ('*&;$'!.D( EEUU9 +! '-$"$" )!"! ! E/-*)! #*&#( !,=! $&7(-%$#* /'* '!)$%!+. A+(!&$! A/"%-$! "(-<& +!" /( <" "/0-!&.

4.2.1 ANTECEDENTES

L!" +$$%!'$*&(" #(+ *#(+* (:)*-%!#*- #( )-*#/'%*" )-$!-$*" "($'$(-*& )!%(&%(" '*& +! '-$"$" #( 1@2@. D*" #( "/" !&$0("%!'$*&(" <"$)*-%!&%(" 0/(-*& +! '!=#! #( +*" )-('$*" (& (+ (-'!#* /&#$!+ +!'*&'(&%-!'$;& #( +*" '!)$%!+(". E"%!#*" U&$#*" A+(!&$! #$"$&/(-*&"/ )-*#/''$;& (& /& 5K (&%-( 1@2@ 1@32. E"%* $* /( "( #$(-! /&!'*&%-!''$;& (& +! #(!&#! #( !%(-$!" )-$!" /( +*" )-('$*" #(>"%!" '!(-!&.

4.2.2 CAUSAS

C+:+,/ ; <+ =/6 L! !*-=! #( !/%*-(" "( 0$!& (& (+'*)*-%!$(&%* #( +! ,*+"! #( !++ S%-((% )!-! (:)+$'!- ("%( 0(&;(&*.D("#( 1@25 +! ('*&*=! !,=! $#* '-('$(&#* (& N*-%(!>-$'!. E" (%!)!#( +*" locos a4os veinte. U&* #( +*" (*-(" &(*'$*" (& ("! >)*'! #(*)%$$"* (-! $&7(-%$-. L*" '->#$%*" /( +*" ,!&'*" )-("%!& '-('(& #(!&(-! (")('%!'/+!- !"= /'! (&%( +* "*+$'$%!. L! ,*+"! 0/('-('$(&#* #( !&(-! (")('%!'/+!- #(,$#* ! +! (")('/+!'$;& #( +*"

$&7!"*-(" "$& %(&(- '*--(")*&#(&'$! '*& (+ #("!--*++* #( +! ('*&*=!.

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E"( #("!/"%( %(&=! /( ("%!++!-9 !"= +* $* (+ /(7(" 24 #( O'%/,-( #(1@2@9 !/= ()$(! +! '-$"$".

S>+/<>?, 8 >=-/,>:/6 E& $&#/"%-$! "( !,=! )-*#/'$#* /&$&'-((&%* $)*-%!&%( #( +! )-*#/''$;& %-!" +! -('/)(-!'$;& #( +! '-$"$"

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4.2.3 CONSECUENCIAS

L!" '*&"('/(&'$!" 0/(-*& %-((&#!"9 !#(<" #(+ #("!"%-(('*&;$'! '** +! /$(,-! #( +*" ,!&'*" '$(--( #( ()-("!"9 (&(+ !")('%* "*'$!+ !,=! )!-*9 $&#$(&'$! !/(&%* #( #(+$&'/(&'$!.D(+ )/&%* #( 7$"%! )*+=%$'* %!,$>& /,* '*&"('/(&'$!" 0/(-%(".

ECONÓMICASE+ /&#$$(&%* #( +! ,*+"! '*&++(7! +! /$(,-! #( /'!"()-("!". A#(<" *%-* 0!'%*- /( $&'$#( "*,-( +!" ()-("!"9 (" +!,!!#! #( )-('$*" !&%( +! "!%/-!'$;& #(+ (-'!#* '*&(+!'$;& #('!)!'$#!# !#/$"$%$7! #( +*" '*)-!#*-(".

E& (+ '!)* +! "/)(-)-*#/''$;& ++(7! %!,$>& ! ,!!#! #( )-('$*" -/$&! #( -!&(-*".E+ /&#$$(&%* #( +! ,*+"! ! !--!"%-!# %-!" #( "= ! /& -!& &8(-*#( ,!&'*". L*" !*--!#*-(" %-!%!& #( -('/)(-!- (+ #$&(-*9 )(-* +*",!&'*" &* )/(#(& #("(,*+"!-+* )*- (++* )-("%!-< "/")(&"$;& #()!*" +! -/$&! #( "/" '+$(&%(".

SOCIALESE+ <" $)*-%!&%( (" )!-*9 %-!" (+ '$(--( #( /'!" 0<,-$'!"!/(&%;. A&%( (+ )!-* "/-(& $&"%$%/'$*&(" #( "*'*--* /( %-!%!& #(

0!7*-('(- ! +*" )!-!#*" 0!$+$!".L! "!+$#! /( +(" /(#!,! ! /'*" (-! +( (&#$'$#!# *#(+$&'/(&'$!.E& (+ '!)* !+ ,!!- +*" )-('$*" "( !& 7$"%* !*!#*" )*- $)*%('!" )->"%!*". E& ("%( )!&*-!! (-! #$0='$+ +! -('/)(-!'$;&#( +! ('*&*=!.L*" '*/&$"%!" 7(& (& +! '-$"$" (+ /&#$$(&%* #(+ "$"%(!'!)$%!+$"%! !--((%(& (& "/" '-=%$'!" '*&%-! (+ '!)$%!+ (+ "$"%(!.E"* !'( '-('(- ! +*" )!-%$#*" !/%*-$%!-$*" 0!"'$"%!" "*,-( %*#* (&E/-*)!.

10



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


E& (+ P(-89 (&%-( 1@2@ 1@329 (+ 7!+*- #( +!" (:)*-%!'$*&(" #('*,-( "( -(#/* (& 6@9 +!&!" (& 5K9 !+*#;& (& 42 !8'!- (& 22. A*-! "( #(; "(&%$- (+ (&#(/#!$(&%* #(!#* )*- (+O&'(&$* #( L(/=!. E+ )!=" %/7* /( -(#/'$- "/" !"%*" #$"$&/$- +! *,-! "*'$!+. E+ )-("/)/("%* &!'$*&!+ /( (-! #( 5K $++*&(" #(#;+!-(" (& 1@2@9 #("'(&#$; ! 16 $++*&(" (& 1@329 (+ !* <" #/-*#( +! '-$"$". L! L$,-! P(-/!&! #("!)!-('$; "( '-(; (+ S*+ #( O-*'** &/(7! *&(#! (& 1@3K. /,* /&! '*&%$&/! #(7!+/!'$;& #(

+! *&(#! (+ '*"%* #( 7$#! !/(&%;. S( ($%$(-*& ,*&*" +!#(/#! )8,+$'! /(#; "/")(&#$#!. E+ 0+/* #( '!)$%!+ "( $* <"+(&%* / #$0='$+ +! -(&*7!'$;& #( +! '!)!'$#!# $&"%!+!#!. M/'!"()-("!" '(--!-*& (+ #("()+(* "( (:%(&#$; )*- %*#* (+ )!=".P!-! +*" -/)*" (#$*" )*)/+!-(" +*" !*" 3K "$&$0$'!-*&-(#/''$;& #( "!+!-$*"9 #("*'/)!'$;& !/( #( /(+!" -(7/(+%!".

4.3 LA SEGUNDA GUERRA MUNDIAL (1939-1945

4.3.1 ANTECEDENTES

E& +*" )-$(-*" #=!" #(+ (" #( "()%$(,-( #( 1@3@ '*(&!-*& !*=-"( +*" #$")!-*" $&$'$!+(" #( +* /( !,=! #( "(- '*&0+!-!'$;& <"(:%(&"! "!&-$(&%! #( %*#! +! /!&$#!#. D/-!&%( '!"$ 6 !*" "(+/'!-=! (& -!& )!-%( #(+ /&#*9 (& &/(-*"*" +/!-(" #(*''$#(&%( #( *-$(&%(9 )-*#/'$>&#*"( /& ,!+!&'( !%(--!#*- #(7='%$!" /!&!"9 #( )>-#$#!" #( ,$(&(" !%(-$!+("

#("%-/''$*&(" #( %*#! '+!"(. L*" *,-(" )!-('=!& (&+*/('$#*" '** #$")/("%*" ! /& '*+('%$7* "/$'$#$*.

11



4.3.2 CAUSAS

L! -!7( '-$"$" ('*&;$'! "*'$!+ (& /( /(#; "/$#! E/-*)!

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

4.3.3 CONSECUENCIAS

R(&#$#! A+(!&$! J!);&9 "( 0$&!+$! +! /(--!9 )(-* '**'*&"('/(&'$!" <" $)*-%!&%(" %(&(*"

Q L! /(-%( #( 12 $++*&(" #( '*,!%$(&%(" (& +*" %(--$%*-$*"*'/)!#*"9 ()+(!&#* '** ('!&$"* #( /(-%( (& "(-$(9 +*"'!)*" #( '*&'(&%-!'$;&9 +!" '<!-!" #( !" +! %*-%/-!

Q T(-$&!-*& #(7!"%!#!" +!" '$/#!#(" #( $-*"$! N!!"!$)*- +*" (0('%*" #( +! ,*,! !%;$'!.

Q U&! #$"$&/'$;& #( +! '!)!'$#!# )-*#/'%$7! #( %*#! +!)*,+!'$;& #(,$#* ! +! )>-#$#! /!&!.

Q E+ "*"%(&$$(&%* #( /(--! %/7* /& '*"%* #( #*" ,$++*&(" #(#;+!-(".

Q A+(!&$! 0/( #$7$#$#! (& #*"9 A+(!&$! O''$#(&%!+ A+(!&$!

O-$(&%!+9 +! $&#/"%-$! 0/( !--/$&!#! +!" '$/#!#(" #("%-/$#!".

Q R/"$! E"%!#*" U&$#*" ((-(& #( +! /(--! '** -!&#(")*%(&'$!" /&#$!+(".


L! '-$"$" #( 1@3K9 &* !0('%; ! P(-8 #(+ $"* *#* /( !+ -("%* #(L!%$&*!>-$'!9 ! /( "( !&%/7* (& /&! "$%/!'$;& ('*&;$'!(&%(0!7*-!,+(9 (-'(# ! +!" (:)*-%!'$*&(" #( !+*#;&9 )+** $&'9 (&%-(*%-*" )-*#/'%*".

12



5. LAS GRANDE CRISIS EN EL SIGLO XXI

5.1 LA CRISIS FINANCIERA MUNDIAL DEL 200"L! )-$(-! #>'!#! #(+ "$+* XXI 0/( %("%$* #( /&! '-$"$" 0$&!&'$(-!$&%(-&!'$*&!+ '*)!-!,+( "*+* '*& +! *'/--$#! (& +! #>'!#! #( +*" %-($&%!#(+ "$+* !&%(-$*-9 '*&*'$#! '** +! G-!& D()-("$;& M/&#$!+. L! '-$"$"*'/--$; (& (+ "$"%(! 0$&!&'$(-* #( +*" E"%!#*" U&$#*" #( != "((:)!&#$; !+ -("%* #(+ /&#*9 (& (")('$!+ ! E/-*)!9 '*& +* '/!+ 0/( /&0(&;(&* #( +!" ('*&*=!" !7!&!#!"9 !")('%* /( !-'! /&!#$0(-(&'$! '*& (+ -("%* #( '-$"$" *'/--$#!" (& +!" #>'!#!" )-(7$!".

L! '-$"$" ("%!++; (& "(%$(,-( #( 2KK '*&"$"%$; (& (+ 7$-%/!+ '*+!)"* #(+"$"%(! 0$&!&'$(-* #( +*" E"%!#*" U&$#*"9 '*&"$#(-!#* /&* #( +*" <"!7!&!#*" '*)+(*" #(+ /&#* (& ("(&'$!9 !+ $/!+ /( *%-!" '-$"$"0$&!&'$(-!"9 0/( /&! '-$"$" #( "*,-((&#(/#!$(&%*9 /( #(; /&! +(''$;&&!#$( )/(#( !"%!- )*- (&'$! #( "/" $&-("*"9 #( !&(-! $&#(0$&$#!.

E+ !+%* -!#* #( $&%(-!'$;& /&#$!+ #( +*" "$"%(!" 0$&!&'$(-*"&!'$*&!+(" #(%(-$&; /&! -<)$#! )-*)!!'$;& #( +! '-$"$"9 '/!!&$0("%!'$;& <:$! *'/--$; (& "(%$(,-( #( 2KK '*& +! '!=#! )*"%(-$*- #("!)!-$'$;& #( +*" ,!&'*" #( $&7(-"$;&9 "=,*+*" #( !++

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

5.1.1 ANTECEDENTES

E& (0('%*9 +! #("-(/+!'$;& 0$&!&'$(-! (+ !7!&'( #( +!" %('&*+*=!"$&0*-<%$'!" #(+ $&%(-&(% 0/(-*& 0!'%*-(" '+!7(9 /( '*,$&!#*" '*&*%-*"9 '** +! -(#/''$;& #( +!" %!"!" #( $&%(->" #( +! R("(-7! F(#(-!+9'*&0$/-!-*& /&! '*,$&!'$;& (:)+*"$7!. E+ -("/+%!#* 0/(-*& )-*#/'%*"0$&!&'$(-*" "*0$"%$'!#*"9 '/!" '*)+($#!#(" $)(#=!& /( (+ "$"%(!0$&!&'$(-* '/)+$(-! '*& /&! #( "/" 0/&'$*&(" )-$&'$)!+(" (#$- (+-$("*.

E+ -("/+%!#* 0/(-*& )-*#/'%*" 0$&!&'$(-*" (:;%$'*"9 '*)+(*" *)!'*"9/( !'=!& #$0='$+ +! (#$'$;& #(+ -$("*.

13



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

E+ "$"%(! 0/&'$*&!,! $(&%-!" +!" 7$7$(&#!" "/,=!& #( )-('$*!+$(&%!#!" )*- (+ ,** '-(#$%$'$*. E+ ("%!++$#* #( +! ,/-,/! $&*,$+$!-$!

! 0$&(" #( 2KK5 )-*#/* /( +*" ,!&'*" (,!-!-!& +!" 7$7$(&#!" !(#$#! /( +*" )-('$*" #( +!" $"!" "( -(#/'=!&9 )/(" ! &* %(&=!"(&%$#* "(/$- )!!&#* (+ '->#$%* '/!&#* (+ 7!+*- #( +! 7$7$(&#! (-!(&*- /( +! #(/#! )(&#$(&%( '*& (+ ,!&'*. L! !/"(&'$! #( -(/+!'$;& "/)(-7$"$;& !#('/!#! (& /& '*&%(:%* #( !7!&'(" %('&*+;$'*" ("%/7*(& (+ '*-!;& #( +! '-$"$".

5.1.2 CAUSAS

• D("-(/+!'$;& 0$&!&'$(-! (+ !7!&'( #( +!" %('&*+*=!" $&0*-<%$'!"

#(+ $&%(-&(% 0/(-*& '+!7(• L! !/"(&'$! #( -(/+!'$;& "/)(-7$"$;& !#('/!#! (& /& '*&%(:%* #(

!7!&'(" %('&*+;$'*" ("%/7* (& (+ '*-!;& #( +! '-$"$"

5.1.3 CONSECUENCIAS

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


14



M$(&%-!" /( +*" *,$(-&*" #( E"%!#*" U&$#*" #( !+/&*" )!="(" #( +!E/-**&! "( (&#(/#!-*& )!-! 0$&!&'$!- +*" (&'$*&!#*" )-*-!!" (&'$-'/&"%!&'$!" (& /( +*" &$7(+(" #( #(/#! ! (-!& !+%*"9 (+ P(-8 &*-(/$-$; !'(-+*9 )/(" %(&=! !*--*" #(+ %-$(&$* 2KK62KK.

15

crisis trabajo final completo

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