crystallography and structure - basu.ac.irsolution for plane (111) 2a 0 for (111): note: since the...

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سی مواد بلورشنادآوری گر: حسن علم خواه سینانشگاه بوعلیه مواد دا گروستادیار ا زمستان95 Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

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Page 1: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

بلورشناسی مواد

حسن علم خواه: گردآوریاستادیار گروه مواد دانشگاه بوعلی سینا

95زمستان Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 2: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

سرفصل مطالب

انواع پیوندهای اتمیساختار بلوری فلزاتاندازه گیری صفحات و جهت بلوریساختار بلوری سرامیک هانحوه اندازه گیری فاصله صفحات بلوری

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 3: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

© 2

00

3 B

rook

s/Cole P

ub

lishin

g / T

hom

son

Learn

ing

© 2

00

3 B

rook

s/Cole P

ub

lishin

g / T

hom

son

Learn

ing

Metals

Ceramic

combination

with a metal

Associated

with polymers

Semiconductor

materials

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 4: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

مقایسه استحکام مواد مختلف©

20

03

Bro

ok

s/Cole P

ub

lishin

g / T

hom

son

Learn

ing

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 5: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

انواع پیوندهای اتمی

Primary bonding: Metallic bond, Covalent bond, Ionic bond.

Secondary bonding: Van der Waals interactions (London forces, Debye interaction)

Intermetallic compound is a compound such as Al3V formed by two or more metallic atoms

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 6: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

پیوند فلزی

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 7: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

پیوند کوواالنت©

20

03

Bro

ok

s/Cole P

ub

lishin

g / T

hom

son

Learn

ing

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 8: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

پیوند یونی

© 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 9: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

مقایسه انواع پیوندهای اتمی

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 10: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

مقدمه

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 11: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

انواع نظم اتمی

(c) 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson

Learning™ Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 12: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

• Non dense, random packing

• Dense, ordered packing

Dense, ordered packed structures tend to have

lower energies & thus are more stable.

ارتباط انرژی و فشردگیEnergy

r

typical neighborbond length

typical neighborbond energy

Energy

r

typical neighborbond length

typical neighborbond energy

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 13: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

تغییر آلوتروپی قلع

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 14: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

سلول واحد

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 15: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

سیستم های بلوری

7 crystal systems of varying

symmetry are known

These systems are built by

changing the lattice

parameters:

a, b, and c are the edge

lengths

, , and are interaxial

angles

Fig. 3.4, Callister 7e.

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 16: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

سیستم های بلوری

Crystal structures are divided

into groups according to unit

cell geometry (symmetry).

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 17: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 18: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

ساختار بلوری برخی فلزات

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 19: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

مفاهیم پایه(Lattice Parameter)پارامتر شبکه یا ثابت •

(در سیستم معکبی)تعداد اتم ها در هر سلول واحد •

(.Coordination No)عدد همسایگی•

( Atomic Packing Factor)فاکتور تراکم اتمی •

(Theoretical Density)چگالی تئوریکی •

( Linear & Planar Density)چکالی خطی و سطحی •

(Crystallographic Planes)صفحات و جهات بلوری •

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 20: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

• Rare due to low packing density (only Po – Polonium --

has this structure)

• Coordination No. = 6

سادهمکعبیساختارSimple Cubic Structure (SC)

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 21: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

سایر ساختارهای بلوری متداول

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP)

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 22: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

• Coordination # = 8

Adapted from Fig. 3.2,

Callister 7e.

(Courtesy P.M. Anderson)

(BCC)پر مرکزساختاری مکعبی

ex: Cr, W, Fe (), Tantalum, Molybdenum

2 atoms/unit cell: (1 center) + (8 corners x 1/8)

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 23: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

• Coordination # = 12

Adapted from Fig. 3.1, Callister 7e.

(Courtesy P.M. Anderson)

(FCC)ساختار مکعبی سطوح پر

ex: Al, Cu, Au, Pb, Ni, Pt, Ag

4 atoms/unit cell: (6 face x ½) + (8 corners x 1/8)

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 24: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

(1)کار در کالس .را بدست آوریدBCCو FCCرابطه شعاع اتمی و پارامتر شبکه در سیستم -

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 25: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

• Coordination # = 12

• 3D Projection • 2D Projection

Adapted from Fig. 3.3(a),

Callister 7e.

(HCP)ساختار هگزاگونال

6 atoms/unit cell

ex: Cd, Mg, Ti, Zn

• c/a = 1.633 (ideal)

c

a

A sites

B sites

A sitesBottom layer

Middle layer

Top layer

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 26: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

(2)کار در کالس : HCPدر سیستم -

چیست؟ cو aرابطه حجم هگزاگونال بر حسب ( 1رابطه شعاع اتمی و پارامتر شبکه چگونه است؟ ( 2تعداد اتمها در سلول واحد چندتا است؟( 3

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 27: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

تعداد اتم های ثابت شبکهعدد همسایگیموجود درسول واحد

نوع ساختار

62R1Sc

82Bcc

124Fcc

122R6hcp

مشخصات ساختارهای بلوری متداول

؟

؟

؟

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 28: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

(3)کار در کالس میلیمتر مربع، چند 670و مساحت 0/08mmدر یک ورق نازک طال به ضخامت : تمرین

(آنگستروم است1/44شعاع اتمی آن )سلول واحد شبکه وجود دارد؟

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 29: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

مفاهیم پایه(Lattice Parameter)پارامتر شبکه یا ثابت شبکه •

(در سیستم بلوری)تعداد اتم ها در هر سلول واحد •

(.Coordination No)عدد همسایگی•

( Atomic Packing Factor)فاکتور تراکم اتمی •

(Theoretical Density)چگالی تئوریکی •

( Linear & Planar Density)چکالی خطی و سطحی •

(Crystallographic Planes)صفحات و جهات بلوری •

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 30: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

فاکتور تراکم اتمیAtomic Packing Factor (APF)

APF = Volume of atoms in unit cell

Volume of unit cell

کدام ساختار متراکم تر است؟

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 31: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

APF =

a3

4

3p (0.5a) 31

atoms

unit cellatom

volume

unit cell

volume

دهفاکتور تراکم اتمی برای ساختار معکبی سا

Adapted from Fig. 3.23,

Callister 7e.

close-packed directions

a

R=0.5a

contains (8 x 1/8) = 1 atom/unit cell

Here: a = Rat*2

Where Rat is the ‘handbook’

atomic radius

• APF for a simple cubic structure = 0.52Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 32: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

(4)کار در کالس و وزن 8/57g/cm3نانومتر و چگالی 0/143دارای شعاع اتمی ( Nb)نیوبیوم : تمرینمی FCCیا BCCمشخص کنید ساختمان کریستالی آن . است 92/91g/molاتمی

باشد؟

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 33: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

BCCفاکتور تراکم اتمی برای ساختار

a

APF =

4

3p ( 3a/4)32

atoms

unit cell atom

volume

a3

unit cell

volume

length = 4R =

Close-packed directions:

3 a

• APF for a body-centered cubic structure = 0.68

aR

Adapted from

Fig. 3.2(a), Callister 7e.

a2

a3

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 34: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

• APF for a face-centered cubic structure = 0.74

FCCفاکتور تراکم اتمی برای ساختار

The maximum achievable APF!

APF =

4

3p ( 2a/4)34

atoms

unit cell atom

volume

a3

unit cell

volume

Close-packed directions:

length = 4R = 2 a

Unit cell contains:6 x 1/2 + 8 x 1/8

= 4 atoms/unit cella

2 a

Adapted from

Fig. 3.1(a),

Callister 7e.

(a = 22*R)

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 35: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

APFمقایسه دو ساختار بلوری با بیشترین

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 36: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

(5)کار در کالس به cو a ،bاورانیوم دارای شبکه بلوری ارتورومبیک بوده و پارامتر شبکه آن : تمرین

اگر چگالی، وزن اتمی و شعاع . نانومتر است0/495و 0/587، 0/286ترتیب برابر باشد، درصد 0/1385nmو 19/05g/cm3 ،236g/molاتمی آن به ترتیب برابر

.فاکتور تراکم اتمی را محاسبه کنید

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 37: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

rتئوریکیچگالی

where n = number of atoms/unit cell

A = atomic weight

VC = Volume of unit cell = a3 for cubic

NA = Avogadro’s number

= 6.023 x 1023 atoms/mol

Density = r =

VCNA

n Ar =

CellUnitofVolumeTotal

CellUnitinAtomsofMass

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 38: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

• Ex: Cr (BCC)

A = 52.00 g/mol

R = 0.125 nm

n = 2

a = 4R/3 = 0.2887 nma

R

r = a3

52.002

atoms

unit cellmol

g

unit cell

volume atoms

mol

6.023 x 1023

rtheoretical

ractual

= 7.18 g/cm3

= 7.19 g/cm3

rتئوریکیچگالی

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 39: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

(6)کار در کالس و وزن اتمی آن 10/5g/cm3چگالی نقره . )شعاع اتمی نقره را محاسبه کنید: تمرین

107/87g/mol)

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 40: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

(7)کار در کالس ، چگالی HCPساختار بلوری منیزیم . )را محاسبه کنید( Mg)شعاع اتمی منیزیم : تمرین(استc/a=1/62و نسبت 24/3g/molو وزن اتمی آن 1/74g/cm3نقره

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 41: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

(8)کار در کالس 5با ثابت شبکه FCCسانتیگراد دارای ساختار 850عنصری در دمای باالتر از : تمرین

4با ثابت شبکه BCCآنگستروم می باشد و پایین تر از دمای مذکور دارای ساختار .درصد تغییر حجم حین سرد شدن را محاسبه کنید. آنگستروم است

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 42: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

ex: linear density of Al in [110]

direction

a = 0.405 nm

)Linear Density( خطیچگالی

Linear Density of Atoms LD =

a

[110]

Unit length of direction vector

Number of atoms

# atoms

length

13.5 nma2

2LD

-==

# atoms CENTERED on the direction of interest!

Length is of the direction of interest within the Unit CellDr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 43: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

(9)کار در کالس را بدست BCCو FCCچگالی اتمی خطی در جهت قطر اصلی معکب در شبکه : تمرین.آورید

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 44: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

Solution for plane (100)

===

=

536.33536.02

125.04

2

4

125.0

0 nmnmr

FCCa

nmrNi

a0

For (100):

7854.0

2/4

2_

/10600.110536.3

2_

2

2

215

28

==

=

=-

r

rfractionpacking

cmatomscm

atomsdensityplanar

p

FCC

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 45: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

Solution for plane (110)

5554.0

2/42

2_

/10131.110536.32

2_

2

2

215

28

==

=

=-

r

rfractionpacking

cmatomscm

atomsdensityplanar

p

For (110):

a0

02a

It is important to visualize how the plane is cutting

across the unit cell – as shown in the diagram!

FCC

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 46: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

Solution for plane (111)

02a

02a

For (111):

Again try to visualize the plane, count the number of

atoms in the plane:

02a

2

000 866.02

32

2

1

2

1_ aaabhareaplane =

==

215

28/10847.1

10536.3866.0

2_ cmatoms

cm

atomsdensityplanar =

=

-

9069.0

866.0

4/22_

2

0

2

0 ==a

afractionpacking

p

Therefore, plane (111) is close-packed!

FCC

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 47: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

Solution for plane (100)

===

=

510.33510.03

152.04

3

4

152.0

0 nmnmr

BCCa

nmrLi

First, find atomic radius for Nickel from Appendix 2, page 797 of

Textbook (6th Ed. Shackleford) to calculate the lattice parameter:

For (100):

5890.0

4/3_

/10115.810510.3

1_

2

0

2

0

214

28

==

=

=-

a

afractionpacking

cmatomscm

atomdensityplanar

p

BCC

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 48: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

Solution for plane (110)For (110):

It is important to visualize how the plane is cutting

across the unit cell – as shown in the diagram!

8330.0

2

4/32_

/10148.110510.32

2_

2

0

2

0

215

28

==

=

=-

a

afractionpacking

cmatomscm

atomsdensityplanar

p

BCC

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 49: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

Solution for plane (111)

02a

For (111):

Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the

center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit cell,

we do not count it!

2

000 866.02

33

2

1

2

1_ aaabhareaplane =

==

214

28/10686.4

10510.3866.0

2/1_ cmatoms

cm

atomdensityplanar =

=

-

3401.0

866.0

4/32/1_

2

0

2

0 ==a

afractionpacking

p

Therefore, there is no close-pack plane in BCC!

There are only (3)(1/6)=1/2 atoms in the plane.

02a

BCC

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 50: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

FCC Stacking

Highlighting the faces

Highlighting

the stacking

A

B

C

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 51: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

A sites

B B

B

BB

B B

C sites

C C

CA

B

B sites

• ABCABC... Stacking Sequence

• 2D Projection

• FCC Unit Cell

FCC Stacking Sequence

B B

B

BB

B B

B sitesC C

CA

C C

CA

AB

C

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 52: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

A

B

HCP Stacking

Highlighting the cell

Figure 3.3

Highlighting

the stacking

A

Layer A

Layer A

Layer B

Self-Assessment: How many atoms/cell?

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 53: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

FCC HCP

Looking down (111) plane!

Looking down (0001) plane

Comparing the FCC and HCP Planes Stacking

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 54: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

مفاهیم پایه(Lattice Parameter)پارامتر شبکه یا ثابت شبکه •

(در سیستم بلوری)تعداد اتم ها در هر سلول واحد •

(.Coordination No)عدد همسایگی•

( Atomic Packing Factor)فاکتور تراکم اتمی •

(Theoretical Density)چگالی تئوریکی •

( Linear & Planar Density)چکالی خطی و سطحی •

(Crystallographic Planes)صفحات و جهات بلوری •

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 55: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

بلوری در سیستم مکعبیتعیین جهات

ex: 1, 0, ½ => 2, 0, 1 => [ 201 ]

-1, 1, 1

z

x

[ 111 ]=>

y

نظروصل کردن مرکز سیستم به نقطه مورد

خواندن محل تقاطع پیکان با محورهایa وb وc

تبدیل اعداد بدست آمده به عدد صحیح

قرار دادن اعداد نهایی در داخل براکت[UVW ]<جهات هم خانواده>

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 56: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

محل تقاطعمحل تقاطع

تبدیل به عدد صحیحقراردادن در داخل براکت

x y z

a/2 b 0c

1/2 1 0

1 2 0

[120]

مثال دیگر از تعیین جهات بلوری

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 57: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

[ 1120 ]ex: ½, ½, -1, 0 =>

Adapted from Fig. 3.8(a), Callister 7e.

a1

a2

a3

-a3

2

a2

2

a1-

a3

a1

a2

z

HCPتعیین جهات بلوری در سیستم

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 58: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

اندیس و بالعکس3اندیس به 4تبدیل جهت بلوری از

=

=

=

'ww

t

v

u

)vu( +-

)'u'v2(3

1-

)'v'u2(3

1-=

]uvtw[]'w'v'u[

Fig. 3.8(a), Callister 7e.

-a3

a1

a2

z

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 59: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

مثال

-a3

a1

a2

z

1 1 12 ' ' 2 1 1 13 3 3

1 1 12 ' ' 2 1 1 13 3 3

1 1 2 23 3 3

' 0

M-B Indices: [1120]

u u v

v v u

t u v

w w

= - = - =

= - = - =

= - = - = - -

= =

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 60: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 61: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

نحوه تعیین صفحات بلوری

خواندن محل تقاطع صفحه با محورهایa وb وc

وارونه نمودن اعداد فوق

تبدیل اعداد بدست آمده به عدد صحیح

اندیس میلر = قرار دادن اعداد نهایی در داخل پرانتز(hkl ){صفحات هم خانواده}

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 62: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

صفحات بلوری هم خانواده

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 63: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

صفحات بلوریz

x

ya b

c

اندیس میلر .4 (110)

مثال a b cz

x

ya b

c

اندیس میلر .4 (100)

محل تقاطع .1 1 1

وارونه نمودن .2 1/1 1/1 1/

1 1 0صحیح کردن .3 1 1 0

محل تقاطع .1 1/2

وارونه نمودن .2 1/½ 1/ 1/

2 0 0صحیح کردن .3 2 0 0

مثال a b c

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 64: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

صفحات بلوریz

x

ya b

c

4. Miller Indices (634)

example1. Intercepts 1/2 1 3/4

a b c

2. Reciprocals 1/½ 1/1 1/¾

2 1 4/3

3. Reduction 6 3 4

(001)(010),

Family of Planes {hkl}

(100), (010),(001),Ex: {100} = (100),

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 65: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

x y z

Intercepts

Intercept in terms of lattice parameters

Reciprocals

Reductions

Enclosure

a -b c/2

-1 1/20 -1 2

N/A

(012)

مثال دیگر

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 66: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

HCPصفحه بلوری در سیستم : مثال دیگر

In hexagonal unit cells the same idea is used

example a1 a2 a3 c

4. Miller-Bravais Indices (1011)

1. Intercepts 1 -1 12. Reciprocals 1 1/

1 0

-1

-1

1

1

3. Reduction 1 0 -1 1

a2

a3

a1

z

Adapted from Fig. 3.8(a), Callister 7e.

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 67: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 68: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 69: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 70: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

Virtual Materials Science & Engineering (VMSE)

• VMSE is a tool to visualize materials science topics such as

crystallography and polymer structures in three dimensions

• Available in Student Companion Site at www.wiley.com/college/callister

and in WileyPLUSDr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 71: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

سلول واحد در سرامیک ها

در فلزات فقط یک نوع اتم با شعاع یکسان داریم.

در سرامیکها دو یا چند نوع اتم با شعاع های متفاوت داریم.

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 72: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

• Coordination Number increases with

عدد همسایگی و شعاع یونی

Adapted from Table 3.3,

Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

2

rcationranion

Coord.

Number

< 0.155

0.155 - 0.225

0.225 - 0.414

0.414 - 0.732

0.732 - 1.0

3

4

6

8

linear

triangular

tetrahedral

octahedral

cubic

Adapted from Fig. 3.5,

Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Adapted from Fig. 3.6,

Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Adapted from Fig. 3.7,

Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

ZnS

(zinc blende)

NaCl(sodium

chloride)

CsCl(cesium chloride)

rcationranion

To form a stable structure, how many anions can

surround around a cation?

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 73: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

محاسبه حداقل نسبت کاتیون به آنیون Determine minimum rcation/ranion for an octahedral site

(C.N. = 6)

a = 2ranion

 

2ranion + 2rcation = 2 2ranion

 

ranion + rcation = 2ranion

 

rcation = ( 2 -1)ranion

arr 222 cationanion =+

414.012anion

cation =-=r

r

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 74: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

• On the basis of ionic radii, what crystal structure

would you predict for FeO?

• Answer:

5500

1400

0770

anion

cation

.

.

.

r

r

=

=

based on this ratio,

-- coord # = 6 because

0.414 < 0.550 < 0.732

-- crystal structure is NaCl

Data from Table 3.4,

Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Example Problem: Predicting the Crystal

Structure of FeO

Ionic radius (nm)

0.053

0.077

0.069

0.100

0.140

0.181

0.133

Cation

Anion

Al3+

Fe2+

Fe3+

Ca2+

O2-

Cl-

F-Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 75: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

Rock Salt StructureSame concepts can be applied to ionic solids in general.

Example: NaCl (rock salt) structure

rNa = 0.102 nm

rNa/rCl = 0.564

cations (Na+) prefer octahedral sites

Adapted from Fig. 3.5,

Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

rCl = 0.181 nm

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 76: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

MgO and FeO

O2- rO = 0.140 nm

Mg2+ rMg = 0.072 nm

rMg/rO = 0.514

cations prefer octahedral sites

So each Mg2+ (or Fe2+) has 6 neighbor oxygen atoms

Adapted from Fig. 3.5,

Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

MgO and FeO also have the NaCl structure

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 77: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

AX Crystal Structures

939.0181.0

170.0

Cl

Cs ==-

+

r

r

Adapted from Fig. 3.6,

Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Cesium Chloride structure:

Since 0.732 < 0.939 < 1.0,

cubic sites preferred

So each Cs+ has 8 neighbor Cl-

AX–Type Crystal Structures include NaCl, CsCl, and zinc blende

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 78: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

ZnS بلوریساختار

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 79: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

خالصه برخی ساختارهای سرامیکی معروف

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 80: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

فضاهای خالی در ساختارهای بلوری

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 81: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

مورفیسمپلی Two or more distinct crystal structures for the

same material (allotropy/polymorphism)

titanium

(HCP), (BCC)-Ti

carbon:

diamond, graphite

BCC

FCC

BCC

1538ºC

1394ºC

912ºC

-Fe

-Fe

-Fe

liquid

iron system:

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 82: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

SiO4

4-

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 83: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

• Some engineering applications require single crystals:

• Properties of crystalline materials

often related to crystal structure.

(Courtesy P.M. Anderson)

--Ex: Quartz fractures more easily

along some crystal planes than

others.

--diamond single

crystals for abrasives--turbine blades

Fig. 8.33(c), Callister 7e.

(Fig. 8.33(c) courtesy

of Pratt and Whitney).

(Courtesy Martin Deakins,

GE Superabrasives,

Worthington, OH. Used with

permission.)

Crystals as Building Blocks

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 84: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

• Most engineering materials are polycrystals.

• Nb-Hf-W plate with an electron beam weld.

• Each "grain" is a single crystal.

• If grains are randomly oriented,overall component properties are not directional.

• Grain sizes typ. range from 1 nm to 2 cm

(i.e., from a few to millions of atomic layers).

Adapted from Fig. K,

color inset pages of

Callister 5e.

(Fig. K is courtesy of

Paul E. Danielson,

Teledyne Wah Chang

Albany)

1 mm

Polycrystals

Isotropic

Anisotropic

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 85: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

• Single Crystals

-Properties vary with

direction: anisotropic.

-Example: the modulus

of elasticity (E) in BCC iron:

• Polycrystals

-Properties may/may not

vary with direction.

-If grains are randomly

oriented: isotropic.

(Epoly iron = 210 GPa)

-If grains are textured,

anisotropic.

200 mm

Source of data is R.W.

Hertzberg, Deformation

and Fracture Mechanics

of Engineering

Materials, 3rd ed., John

Wiley and Sons, 1989.

courtesy of L.C. Smith

and C. Brady, the

National Bureau of

Standards, Washington,

DC [now the National

Institute of Standards

and Technology,

Gaithersburg, MD].

Single vs PolycrystalsE (diagonal) = 273 GPa

E (edge) = 125 GPa

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 86: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

Effects of Anisotropy:

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 87: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

X-Ray Diffraction

Diffraction gratings must have spacings comparable to the wavelength of diffracted radiation.

Can’t resolve spacings

Spacing is the distance between parallel planes of atoms.

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 88: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 89: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

Figure 3.32 Relationship of the Bragg angle (θ) and the

experimentally measured diffraction angle (2θ).

X-ray intensity (from detector)

q

qc

d =n

2 sinqc

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 90: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

X-Rays to Determine Crystal Structure

X-ray intensity (from detector)

q

qc

d =n

2 sin qc

Measurement of

critical angle, qc,

allows computation of

planar spacing, d.

• Incoming X-rays diffract from crystal planes.

Adapted from Fig. 3.19,

Callister 7e.

reflections must be in phase for a detectable signal!

spacing between planes

d

q

q

extra distance traveled by wave “2”

2 2 2hkl

ad

h k l=

For Cubic Crystals:

h, k, l are Miller IndicesDr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 91: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

Figure 3.34 (a) An x-ray diffractometer. (Courtesy of

Scintag, Inc.) (b) A schematic of the experiment.

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 92: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

X-Ray Diffraction Pattern

Adapted from Fig. 3.20, Callister 5e.

(110)

(200)

(211)

z

x

ya b

c

Diffraction angle 2q

Diffraction pattern for polycrystalline -iron (BCC)

Inte

nsity (

rela

tive)

z

x

ya b

c

z

x

ya b

c

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 93: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

Diffraction in Cubic Crystals:

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 94: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

• Atoms may assemble into crystalline or

amorphous structures.

• We can predict the density of a material, provided we

know the atomic weight, atomic radius, and crystal

geometry (e.g., FCC, BCC, HCP).

SUMMARY

• Common metallic crystal structures are FCC, BCC, and

HCP. Coordination number and atomic packing factor

are the same for both FCC and HCP crystal structures.

• Crystallographic points, directions and planes are

specified in terms of indexing schemes.

Crystallographic directions and planes are related

to atomic linear densities and planar densities.

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 95: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

• Some materials can have more than one crystal

structure. This is referred to as polymorphism (or

allotropy).

SUMMARY• Materials can be single crystals or polycrystalline.

Material properties generally vary with single crystal

orientation (i.e., they are anisotropic), but are generally

non-directional (i.e., they are isotropic) in polycrystals

with randomly oriented grains.

• X-ray diffraction is used for crystal structure and

interplanar spacing determinations.

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)

Page 96: Crystallography and Structure - basu.ac.irSolution for plane (111) 2a 0 For (111): Note: Since the (111) does NOT pass through the center of the atom in the middle of the BCC unit

با آرزوی توفیق الهی

[email protected]

Dr. Elmkhah (Bu-Ali Sina Univ.)