Arab

Ashanti

Bedouin

San

Igbo

Swahili

Bantu

Culture

Location Language

ReligionLife

Style

Ethnic groups share many common

characteristics such as language,

physical features, customs, and traditions

Religious groups share a common belief

system but are not necessarily

composted of a single ethnic group.

In Africa the three major religions are

Traditional Beliefs, Christianity, and Islam.

Traditional beliefs may include worship

of ancestors, spirits, gods, animals, land,

inanimate objects, and/or natural

phenomena.

Arabic culture was first spread in the Middle East beginning in

the 2nd century as ethnically Arab Christians such as the

Ghassanids, Lakhmids and Banu Judham began migrating into the Northern Arabian desert and the Levant. The Arabic

language gained greater prominence with the rise of Islam in

the 7th century AD as the language of the Qur'an.

Genealogical: someone who can trace his or her ancestry to

the tribes of Arabia - the original inhabitants of the Arabian

Peninsula - and the Syrian Desert.

Language is Arabic, including any of its varieties.

Location-througout the world however mostly in North Africa

and the Middle East.

Think-Pair-Share

› Did you know Arabs were found all over North Africa?

› Do you think most Americans know that?

› Why do you think many Americans are not aware North Africans are Arabs?

Arab

Middle

East and

North

Africa

Arab

IslamModern(Varies

between

affluent to

poverty

Ashanti, or Asante, are a major ethnic group in Ghana.

Prior to European colonization, the Ashanti people developed a large and influential empire in West Africa.

Today Ashanti number close to 7 million people (roughly 30%

of the Ghanaian population. Their political power has

fluctuated since Ghana's independence, but they remain

largely influential. The current president of Ghana, John Agyekum Kufuor is Ashanti. The majority of the Ashanti reside

in the Ashanti region, one of the administrative regions of the

country. Kumasi, the capital of the current Ashanti region, has

also been the historic capital of the Ashanti Kingdom.

The Ashanti are one of Africa's matrilineal societies where line of descent is traced through the female. Historically, this

mother relationship determined land rights, inheritance of

property, offices and titles.

The Ashanti require a bride price - various goods given by the boy's family to that of the girl. Sometimes nuptial

arrangements were arranged before the birth of the couple.

Parents allowed boys some initiative, but he must receive the

consent of the households, the only formalities required.

Ashanti

West

Africa,

GhanaTWI

Traditional(Spiritual

and supernatural

powers)

Modern

(Poverty)

Think-Pair-Share

› Why do the Ashanti practice Christianity?

Bedouin, are a desert-dwelling Arab nomads, found

throughout most of the desert belt extending from the Atlantic coast of the Sahara via the Western Desert, Sinai, and Negev

to the Arabian Desert. Non-Arab groups as well, notably the

Beja of the African coast of the Red Sea are sometimes

called Bedouin.

Changing ways of life

Starting in the 1950's as well as the 1960s, many Bedouins

started to leave the traditional, nomadic life to settle in the cities of the Middle East. In Syria, for example, the Bedouin

way of life effectively ended during a severe drought from

1958 to 1961, which forced many Bedouin to give up herding

for standard jobs. Similarly, government policies in Egypt and

Israel, oil production in Libya and the Persian Gulf, and a

desire for improved standards of living have had the effect

that most Bedouin are now settled citizens of various nations, rather than nomadic herders.

Bedouin

Sahara

Desert to

the

Arabian

Peninsula

Arab

Sunni

IslamModern/

Nomadic

Bantu is the name of a large category of African languages. It

also is used as a general label for over 400 ethnic groups in Sub-Saharan Africa, from Cameroon across Central Africa and Eastern Africa to Southern Africa. These peoples share a

common language family sub-group, the Bantu languages,

and broad ancestral culture, but Bantu languages as a whole

are as diverse as Indo-European languages.

The ancestral Bantu homeland was near the southwestern

modern boundary of Nigeria and Cameroon (3000 BC).

Before the expansion of farming and herding peoples Africa

south of the equator was populated by neolithic hunting and foraging peoples.

The Bantu expansion was a millennia-long series of physical migrations, a diffusion of language and knowledge out into and in from neighboring populations, and a creation of new societal groups involving inter-marriage among communities and small groups moving to communities and small groups moving to new areas. Bantu-speakers developed novel methods of agriculture and metalworking which allowed people to colonize new areas with widely varying ecologies in greater densities than hunting and foraging permitted. Meanwhile in Eastern and Southern Africa Bantu-speakers adopted livestock husbandry from other peoples they encountered, and in turn passed it to hunter-foragers, so that herding reached the far south several centuries before Bantu-speaking migrants did. Archaeological, linguistic and genetic evidence all support the idea that the Bantu expansion was one of the most significant human migrations and cultural transformations within the past few thousand years.

Bantu

Sub-

Sahara

AfricaBantu

Traditional

(Ancestors)

Modern

(Poverty)

Think-Pair-Share

› What would have been a cause(s) for the

Bantu to move into different parts of Africa?

The Bushmen, San, Basarwa, Kung or Khwe are indigenous

people of southern Africa which spans most areas of South

Africa, Zimbabwe , Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland,

Botswana, Namibia and Angola. They were traditionally

hunter-gatherers.

Genetic evidence suggests they are one of the oldest, if not the oldest, peoples in the world — a "genetic Adam"

according to Spencer Wells, from which all humans can

ultimately trace their genetic heritage.

San

Southern

Africa

Khoisan

languages

Traditional Nomadic

Swahili is the first language of the Swahili people, who inhabit

several large stretches of the Indian Ocean coastline from

southern Somalia to northern Mozambique, including the

Comoros Islands. Although only 5-10 million people speak it

as their native language, Swahili is the official working

language of the African Union.

The language evolved through centuries of contact between

Arabic-speaking traders and many different Bantu-speaking

peoples inhabiting Africa's Indian Ocean coast.

Swahili

East Africa Swahili

Islam(traditional

minority) Modern

African Trade [15c-17c]

Interactive notebook questions:

With whom did Africa trade?

What goods did Africa import/export?

Why do you think many African countries

practiced the slave trade with each

other?

Pre-19c European Trade with Africa

IndustrialRevolution

Source forRawMaterials

Markets forFinishedGoods

EuropeanNationalism

MissionaryActivity

Military& NavalBases

European

Motives

For Colonization

New marketsFor products

Humanitarianreasons

Transportationlinks

land

Economic advantages

Labor

European Explorers in Africa

19c Europeans Map the Interior of Africa

1. Where Is Dr. Livingstone?

Dr. David Livingstone

DoctorLivingstone,I Presume?

Sir Henry Morton Stanley

European Explorations in mid-19c:“The Scramble for Africa”

Africa

1890

Africa

in

1914

The Congo Free State orThe Belgian Congo

Colonies provided Europe with strategic and military

advantages

Europe received minerals and natural resources, which fed

the Industrial Revolution in Europe

Many Africans converted to Christianity

Europeans had access to cheap labor

Europe developed trade relations with Africa

A few Africans were granted French citizenship

Europeans spent money to establish governments

Europeans had to fight against rebellions

Major European countries in Africa were Belgium, France,

Britain, Germany, Portugal, Spain, and Italy

Somewhat improved transportation & communication, health facilities, housing & education

Africans learned some things about market economics

Africans educated abroad came back and helped their countries

Europeans made trade routes between Africa & Europe

Missionaries came to Africa

European powers had to fight against

rebellions

Colonial rule in many places, especially

the Congo, was morally repugnant

Africans had to fight against colonial powers

Europe took good land away from Africans

Some Africans were forced into hard labor for low

wages

Africans lost control of their natural resources

Many African leaders were removed from power

Africans were not prepared for independence

Africa was divided without regard to groups and

cultures

Africans lost control of their traditional practices

3-2-1

1. Name three European countries involved in

the colonization of Africa.

2. List two reasons Europeans came to Africa.

3. Name one continent that was also

colonized by Europeans.

On the left side of your paper, answer

these questions:

› 1. Today I learned…

› 2. Which culture did you struggle

with?