demographics, labor mobility, and productivity

7/31/2019 Demographics, Labor Mobility, and Productivity

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Mvomi Nbxb`jwlbi~ Amie Oiv~o~r~b


2/65

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mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


3/65

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=) OI^QJNRFÔJI; LODQMÔJI FCMQMF^BQOVÔFV

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=2" vcmqbv hjq oi~bqim~ojim` ljxblbi~v oi fmwo~m` min jr~wr~) Cjtbxbq hjq ~cb `mqdbwjwr`m~oji fjri~qobv, Oinom, ~cb Wbjw`bv Qbwraòf jh Fcoim #WQF/, min Oinjibvom, ~cboi~bqim` lodqmi~ vcmqbv mxbqmdb ji`y 2") Tcbi mnnbn ~j ~cb oi~bqim~ojim` lodqm~oji ~cby mqb`bvv ~cmi cm`h jh ~cb =2" abifclmqe) Min oi~bqim` lodqm~oji mwwbmqv ~j cmxb abbioifqbmvoid ji`y ljnbqm~b`y hjq fjri~qobv tcbqb fjlwmqma`b nm~m ov mxmo`ma`b) Hjq bsmlw`b,Oinomv oi~bqim` lodqm~oji wqjwjq~oji oifqbmvbn hqjl 6 ~j >" oi ~cb nbfmnb ~j ~cb bmq`y 1777v)Lm`myvomi oi~bqim` lodqm~oji mv m wqjwjq~oji jh wjwr`m~oji oifqbmvbn hqjl mqjrin =2" oi ~cbbmq`y =?37v ~j mqjrin 17" oi ~cb bmq`y 1777v) 4

^cov ov vrqwqovoid doxbi ~cb tb`` njfrlbi~bn qrqm` ~j rqami lodqm~oji wcbijlbijibswbqobifbn ay Mvomi min j~cbq nbxb`jwoid bfjijlobv) Hjq bsmlw`b, o~ ov abòbxbn ~cm~

Nm~m hjq j~cbq fjri~qobv vcjt v~m~of jq ji`yljnbv~ oifqbmvbv)

8 Oi~bqim~ojim` Jqdmio{m~oji hjq Lodqm~oji #OJL/, Tjq`n Lodqm~oji Qbwjq~17=7, w)=83)4 Ab`` min Lrconoi #177?/)


8/65


mqjrin =27 lo`òji wbjw`b ljxbn hqjl qrqm` ~j rqami qbdojiv oi ~cb WQF voifb ~cb v~mq~ jh~cb =??7v)3 ^cov ov njra`b ~cb jhhofom` hodrqb oif`rnbn oi ^ma`b 1a hjq ~cb WQF) Volo`mq`y,Nbvcoidemq min Me~bq #177?/ f`mol ~cbqb mqb rw ~j =77 lo`òji foqfr`mq lodqmi~v oi Oinom#tcofc ov ~tj min jib cm`h ~olbv ~cb hodrqb qbwjq~bn oi ^ma`b 1a/) ^cb RINW bv~olm~bv ~cm~jib ~coqn jh m`` lodqm~oji hjq nbxb`jwoid fjri~qobv ov oqqbdr`mq)?

^ma`b 1a; Mvomi Lodqm~oji

Ollodqm~ojim Blodqm~oji Oi~bqim` Lodqm~ojia

V~jfe#777v/


Qm~bf

#"/@ohb~olbV~jfe#777v/


Kmwmi =,??? =)8 7)4

Voidmwjqb =,>?> 62)7 8)6

Cjid Ejid, Fcoim 1,41= 6?)2 ?)2

NWQ Ejqbm 22= =)1 6)=

Lm`myvom 1,71? 4)? 6)= >,177 17)4

^cmo`min ?31 =)2 =)6

WQF 2?7 7)7 7)2 46,=77 8)1

Wcoòwwoibv 642 7)> >)7 8,?77 ==)4

Oinjibvom =68 7)= 7)? 3,=77 >)=

Xob~ Iml 22 7)= 1)> =1,477 1=)?

Oinom 2,334 7)2 7)3 >1,677 >)=

Fmlajnom 67> 1)1 1)6 =,677 ==)4NWQ Ejqbm< Nbljfqm~of Wbjw`bv Qbwraòf jh Ejqbm)

Ij~bv; m 1772 a =??71772 f 1777715 blodqmi~v mv m wqjwjq~ojijh qblmoioid wjwr`m~oji w`rv blodqmi~v


Vj bxbi oh ~cb oi~bqim~ojim` lodqm~oji hodrqbv oi ^ma`b 1a mqb ji`y vjlbtcm~ rinbqv~m~bn, o~ ovxbqy wjvvoa`b ~cm~ oi~bqim` lodqm~oji irlabqv min wqjwjq~ojiv fjr`n ab njra`b ~cjvbqbwjq~bn oi ^ma`b 1a) Doxbi ~cb im~rqb jh ~cbvb oqqbdr`mq ljxblbi~v jh wbjw`b o~ ov bi~oqb`yhbmvoa`b ~cm~ jhhofom` v~m~ov~ofv amvbn ji fbivrvbv to`` ij~ wqjwbq`y qbfjqn ~cbl) Lodqmi~v lmy

rioi~bi~ojim``y lovv ~cb fbivrv fjri~ nrb ~j ~cboq ~blwjqmqy ljxblbi~v min vbmvjim` tjqe,jq ~cby lmy wrqwjvb`y v~my f`bmq jh ~cb mr~cjqo~obv) ^cbvb bhhbf~v olw`y ~cm~ ~cb `mqdbwjwr`m~oji fjri~qobv jh ~cb WQF, Oinom, min Oinjibvom fjr`n cmxb ~j~m` lodqm~ojiv mqjrin=7%" jh ~cboq wjwr`m~ojiv) Lodqm~oji oi ~cb vlm``bq wjwr`m~oji Mvomi bfjijlobv mwwbmq ~j aboi ~cb =7 ~j 17" qmidb)

^cb jhhofom` oi~bqim~ojim` lodqm~oji v~m~ov~ofv jh mqjrin 6" jh wjwr`m~ojiv vbqojrv`yrinbqbv~olm~b ~cb mf~rm` lodqm~ojiv hjq ~cb vb`bf~bn MFO fjri~qobv) Tcbi m`` j~cbqriqbfjqnbn bs~bqim` lodqm~oji min qbfjqnbn min riqbfjqnbn oi~bqim` lodqm~ojiv mqboif`rnbn, ~cb hodrqb mwwqjsolm~bv ~cb =2" abifclmqe d`jamò{m~oji lbmvrqb hjq fmwo~m` min

3Hqbblmi #1778/)

? RINW Crlmi Nbxb`jwlbi~ Qbwjq~ 177?, Jxbqfjloid Amqqobqv; Crlmi Ljaoò~y min Nbxb`jwlbi~, Ajs 1)=,

w)16)


9/65


jr~wr~ ljxblbi~v) Cjtbxbq, o~ ibbnv ~j ab ij~bn ~cm~ lrfc jh ~cov lodqm~oji ov oi~bqim` ~jfjri~qobv min rijhhofom`, tcofc fjiv~qmoiv ~cb bhhofobi~ m``jfm~oji jh `majq ~j o~v abv~ rvb)Olwjq~mi~`y, voifb ~cb wjjq ~ywofm``y nj ij~ blodqm~b ~cby mqb hjqfbn ~j oi~bqim``y lodqm~b min~cbvb ljxbv fmi ab mv fjv~`y min mv qovey mv oi~bqim~ojim` ljxblbi~v) O~ m`vj fjiv~qmoiv~cboq fcjofbv min m~~blw~v ~j olwqjxb ~cboq tb`àboid) ^cbvb mnxbqvb fjivb}rbifbv hjq ~cbljqb aqjmn`y nbhoibn nbxb`jwlbi~ lbmvrqbv ibbn ~j ab mnnbn ~j ~cb `jvvbv oi m``jfm~oxbbhhofobify) Hoim``y, ~cb fjiv~qmoibn oi~bqim` lodqm~ojiv oi ~cb codc`y wjwr`m~bn fjri~qobv ~bin~j ab ab`jt ~cb oi~bqim~ojim` mxbqmdb) Tb to`` hrq~cbq fjivonbq ~cb olwjq~mi~ ovvrb jh oi~bqim`lodqm~oji)

1) OI^BQIM@ LODQMÔJI

^cov vbf~oji qbxobtv ~cb wm~~bqiv jh oi~bqim` lodqm~oji hjq ~cb ljv~ wjwr`jrv MFO fjri~qobv~cb WQF, Oinom, min Oinjibvom) Oi~bqim` olam`mifbv to`` bxbi~rm``y qbvr`~ oi oi~bqim` lodqm~oji,fjllji`y onbi~ohobn mv oi~bqwqjxoifom`, qrqm` ~j rqami min vbf~jqm` lodqm~oji)

Oi~bqim` lodqm~oji fmi ab nbhoibn mv ~cb ljxblbi~ mfqjvv mnloiov~qm~oxb ajrinmqobv

#fjrifo`v, noxovojiv, v~m~bv, min wqjxoifbv/ to~coi m fjri~qy) Oi dbibqm`, ljxblbi~ mfqjvvoi~bqim` mnloiov~qm~oxb ajrinmqobv mqb h`bsoa`b min nj ij~ qb}roqb miy ollodqm~ojimnloiov~qm~oxb wqjfbvv) Cjtbxbq, ~cb WQF ov mi bsfbw~oji to~c m ~qmno~ojim``y wqmf~ofbncjrvbcj`n qbdov~qm~oji #Crejr/ vyv~bl to~coi mnloiov~qm~oxb ajrinmqobv, tcofc tmvnbvodibn ~j fji~qj` `majq ljaoò~y) Oinom min j~cbq fjri~qobv lodqmi~v mqb ij~ qb}roqbn ~jqbdov~bq bo~cbq m~ ~cb w`mfb jh jqodoi jq m~ ~cb w`mfb jh nbv~oim~oji) Fbivrv jq im~ojim` vrqxbyvmqb ~cbqbhjqb ~cb vjrqfbv jh nm~m hjq ljv~ fjri~qobv min ~cbqb mqb nohhbqbi~ nbhoio~ojiv jhlodqmi~v mfqjvv fjri~qobv) M fbivrv fmi onbi~ohy ~cb w`mfb jh aoq~c min w`mfb jh `mv~qbvonbifb min oh ~cby mqb nohhbqbi~, ~cb oinoxonrm` ov f`mvvbn mv m lodqmi~) Im~ojim` vrqxbyvfmi mnnqbvv ~cb wqja`bl ay wcqmvoid ~cb }rbv~ojiv mffjqnoid`y #hjq bsmlw`b m fo~o{bi tcjvbwqbvbi~ qbvonbifb m~ ~cb ~olb jh ~cb vrqxby ov nohhbqbi~ hqjl ~cboq w`mfb jh qbvonbifb hoxbybmqv mdj/) Lodqmi~v fmi m`vj ab oi~qmwqjxoifom`, oi~bqwqjxoifom`, rqami ~j qrqm`, min qrqm` ~j

rqami) Doxbi ~cjvb fjlwòfm~ojiv, tb fjivonbq oi~bqwqjxoifom` min qrqm`rqami lodqm~ojinm~m hqjl aj~c fbivrvbv min vrqxbyv)

^cb oi~bqwqjxoifom` lodqm~ojiv mqb vrllmqo{bn oi Hodrqb 1 hjq 177772) ^cb ~jw hoxbqbfboxoid noxovojiv mqb ~cb fjmv~m` wqjxoifbv Drmidnjid=7

, [cbkomid, Vcmidcmo, Komidvr,min Abokoid) ^cby qbfjqn mqjrin 22" jh ~cb ~j~m` oi~bqim` lodqm~oji oi ~cb WQF min mqb ib~olwjq~bqv jh wbjw`b) Drmidnjid ov fjivonbqbn ~cb tjq`nv hmf~jqy tcofc cmv m~~qmf~bnmqjrin 67" jh ~cb oi~bqwqjxoifom` lodqmi~v oi `mv~ ~tj nbfmnbv min jxbq =7 lo`òji wbjw`b oi177772) [cbkomid min Komidvr mqb qbfbi~`y blbqdoid wqjxoifbv m~~qmf~oid ljqb lodqmi~v oi~cb qbfbi~ wmv~ to~c > min 1 lo`òji oilodqmi~v bmfc oi 177772) ^cb lmoi bswjq~bqv jhwbjw`b mqb ~cb oi`min wqjxoifbv jh Vofcrmi, Micro, Crimi, Cbimi, Drmidso, Komidso, minCrabo, tcofc qbfjqn mqjrin >6" jh ~j~m` lodqm~oji min cmxb 1 ~j 6 lo`òji jr~lodqmi~v bmfc)

^cb nm~m vcjtv f`jvb fjqqb`m~ojiv ab~tbbi ~cb oi~bivohofm~oji jh oinrv~qom` qbv~qrf~rqoid minwm~~bqi jh oi~bqwqjxoifom` lodqm~oji tcbqbay oi`min wqjxoifbv cmxb `jv~ wqjwjq~ojim~b`y ljqblmirhmf~rqoid kjav ~j ~cb fjmv~m` wqjxoifbv)

=7Oif`rnbv Fcjid}oid)


10/65


Hodrqb 6 vcjt ~cb oi~bqim` #min jxbqvbmv/ lodqm~oji hjq v~m~bv oi Oinom mv m~ ~cb ~olb jh ~cbvrqxby, 177473) ^cb qbfboxoid v~m~bv cmxb ljnbqi dqjtoid fo~obv òeb Lrlamo oiLmcmqmvc~qm, ~cb fmwo~m` Ibt Nb`co, min ~cb fjmv~m` fo~y jh Djm) Lmcmqmvc~qm qbfboxbnibmq`y 8 lo`òji wbjw`b tco`v~ ibmq`y 1 lo`òji `bh~, fmrvoid m ib~ oilodqm~oji jh > lo`òjiwbjw`b oi 177473) ^cb xbqy wjjq v~m~bv jh R~~mq Wqmnbvc min Aocmq cmxb `mqdb jr~lodqm~ojiv) Tco`v~ m ò~~`b jxbq 3 lo`òji wbjw`b `bh~ R~~mq Wqmnbvc, ~cbqb tbqb m ò~~`b jxbq 6


11/65


lo`òji tcj ljxbn oi~j ~cb v~m~b, doxoid m ib~ jr~lodqm~oji jh 2 lo`òji) ^cb v~m~b jh Aocmq,cjtbxbq, tmv f`bmq`y ij~ hmxjqbn to~c ljv~`y m`` jr~lodqm~oji jh mqjrin >)2 lo`òji) Oifjlwmqovji, ~cbqb mqb ljqb losbn oi min jr~lodqm~ojiv ~cmi hjq ~cb qbwjq~bn WQF oi~bqim`lodqm~ojiv)==

^cb oi~bqwqjxoifom` lodqm~oji oi Oinjibvom ov vcjti oi Hodrqb >) ^cb ~jw vos ib~ qbfboxoidwqjxoifbv mqb Tbv~ Kmxm, Ami~bi, Qomr min Qomr Ov`min, No _jdymemq~m, min Bmv~Emòlmi~mi) ^cby qbfjqn mqjrin 27" jh ~cb ~j~m` oi~bqim` lodqm~oji min fji~oirjrv`y qblmoimv olwjq~oid wqjxoifbv jh wbjw`b voifb =??7) Kja jwwjq~rio~obv mqb codc oi Tbv~ Kmxm minwj~bi~om` tjqe oi ~cb im~rqm` qbvjrqfbv vbf~jq mqb ~cb qbmvji hjq lodqm~oji ~j Bmv~Emòlmi~mi) ^cb hoxb wqjxoifbv to~c ~cb ljv~ ib~ jr~lodqm~oji mqb Fbi~qm` Kmxm, NEOKmemq~m, Vjr~c Vrlm~qm, min Bmv~ Kmxm) ^cby cmxb qbfjqnbn mqjrin 67 ~j 62" jh ~cb ~j~mòi~bqim` lodqm~oji jxbq ~cb wbqojn =??7 ~j 1772) NEO Kmemq~m ov ~cb `mqdbv~ ib~ bswjq~bq jxbq~cov wbqojn to~c mqjrin =2" jh ~cb im~ojiv ~j~m` ib~ oi~bqwqjxoifom` lodqm~oji) ^cb ib~ jr~lodqm~ojiv fmi ab m~~qoar~bn ~j lmiy hmf~jqv oif`rnoid ~cb lodqm~oji cmao~v jh ~cbvbfjllrio~obv, min ~cboq vbfrqo~y min ~cb dbjdqmwcofm` `jfm~ojiv ~cqjrdcjr~ ~cb mqfcowb`mdj)

Wbjw`b hqjl Vjr~c Vrlm~qm min @mlwrid hoin o~ bmvobq ~j lodqm~b ~j Kmxm, tcofc ovfjivonbqbn ~cb fbi~qb jh nbxb`jwlbi~) Lodqm~ojiv hqjl Lm`rer, Mfbc, Fbi~qm` Emòlmi~mi,min ôljq @bv~b mwwbmq ~j ab wqbnjloimi~`y hjq vbfrqo~y qbmvjiv)

^cbvb mqb m`` oi~bqim` lodqm~ojiv min ~cb j~cbq jr~lodqm~ojiv ~j jxbqvbmvhbm~rqbn Ebqm`m to~c =)8 lo`òji wbjw`b min Minqm Wqmnbvc min ^mlo` Imnr to~c ibmq`y m cm`hlo`òji bmfc)

^cb xmqom~ojiv ab~tbbi oi min jr~lodqm~oji hjq ~cb Oinjibvomi wqjxoifbv mqb `mqdbq ~cmi hjqOinom) ^cb oi~bqim` lodqm~oji wm~~bqiv xmqy vodiohofmi~`y hqjl ljv~`y ljijnoqbf~ojim` oi ~cbWQF, ~j vjlb lr`~onoqbf~ojim` oi Oinom, ~j `mqdb lr`~onoqbf~ojim` ljxblbi~v oi Oinjibvom)Hrq~cbq bsw`jqm~ojiv ibbn ~j ab lmnb mv ~j tcb~cbq ~cbvb mqb v~m~ov~ofm` nohhbqbifbv jqqbh`bf~ ~cb nohhbqoid wjòfobv min foqfrlv~mifbv jh ~cb lmkjq wjwr`m~oji fbi~bqv) ^cov ov miolwjq~mi~ }rbv~oji lmnb bxbi ljqb fqo~ofm` abfmrvb jh ~cb `mqdb irlabqv jh wbjw`boixj`xbn) Lmiy jh ~cbvb wqjxoifbv mqb `mqdb, hjq bsmlw`b R~~mq Wqmnbvc cmv ljqb wbjw`b~cmi ~cb Wcoòwwoibv min ^cmo`min fjlaoibn, min Lmcmqmvc~qm cmv m `mqdbq wjwr`m~oji ~cmiXob~ Iml)

==^cov lmy ab nrb ~j WQFWQF wjòfobv min*jq nohhbqbifbv oi nm~m fj``bf~oji lb~cjnv min nbhoio~ojiv)


12/65


Doxbi ~cbvb oi~bqim~ojim` min oi~bqim` lodqm~oji fcmqmf~bqov~ofv, tb ijt tovc ~j fjivonbq~cboq nb~bqloimi~v) ^cov to`` ab njib oi ~cb ibs~ vbf~oji)

6) LJNB@OID OI^BQIM@ MIN OI^BQIMÔJIM@

LODQMÔJI^cb CbfevfcbqJcòi hqmlbtjqe ji ~cb òie ab~tbbi oi~bqim~ojim` ~qmnb min ~cb `majq lmqeb~wqbnof~v ~cm~ lmqdoim` oifqbmvbv oi oi~bqim~ojim` ~qmnb ab~tbbi nbxb`jwbn min nbxb`jwoidfjri~qobv to`` qbvr`~ oi oifqbmvoid tmdb oib}rmò~y ab~tbbi riveo``bn min veo``bn tjqebqv oinbxb`jwbn fjri~qobv #nrb ~j novw`mfblbi~ jh riveo``bn tjqebqv/, ar~ nbfqbmvoid tmdboib}rmò~y ab~tbbi riveo``bn min veo``bn tjqebqv oi nbxb`jwoid fjri~qobv) Amvbn ji ~cbwqbnof~oji, oi~bqim~ojim` ~qmnb to`` qbnrfb tmdb oib}rmò~y oi nbxb`jwoid fjri~qobv) Cjtbxbq,blwoqofm` v~rnobv cmxb losbn qbvr`~v) Vjlb hoin ~cm~ ~qmnb qbhjqlv oifqbmvb tmdb oib}rmò~y#Bv}roxb` min Qjnqodrb{@jwb{ 1776/ tco`b j~cbqv vcjt qbnrfoid oib}rmò~y #Erlmq minLovcqm 1773/)

Mv m dbibqm` javbqxm~oji, ~cb vo{bv jh qb`m~oxb tmdb, wqofbv min òxoid v~minmqn vwqbmnv ovmij~cbq lbmvrqb jh d`jam` oi~bdqm~oji) @jtbq vwqbmnv oinofm~b ~cb `mt jh jib #xbf~jq jh/wqofb#Lmqmvcnbc min To`vji 1774/ fjivov~bi~ to~c ljqb oi~bdqm~bn djjnv, fmwo~m` min `majqlmqeb~v) Hqbblmi #1778/ }rj~bv bv~olm~bv jh d`jamò{m~oji xom xmqom~ojiv oi lbmvrqbv jhtjq`n wqofbv min fmwo~m` fjv~v) ^cb qm~oj jh ~cb tjq`nv ~jw 17" hjq djjnv wqofbv min fjv~v jhfmwo~m` #oi wrqfcmvoid wjtbq wmqo~y ~bqlv/ ~j ~cb aj~~jl 17", mqb mqjrin =)2 ~j =) =1 ^covfjlwmqbv ~j ~cb fm`fr`m~bn qm~oj jh ~cb ~jw 17" ~j ~cb aj~~jl 17" jh tjq`nv tmdbv jhmqjrin >)2 ~j = tcofc ov ~cqbb ~olbv codcbq) Mij~cbq bv~olm~b jh nohhbqbifbv oi ~cb oifjlbmin òxoid v~minmqnv jh lodqmi~v hqjl lbnorl crlmi nbxb`jwlbi~ oinbs #CNO/ fjri~qobvtjqeoid oi JBFN fjri~qobv, ov mqjrin hjrq ~olbv ~cm~ hjq fjlwmqma`b tjqebqv oi ~cb jqodoifjri~qy)=6

6)= Cmqqov^jnmqj Ljnb`

^cbvb nohhbqbifbv fmi ab `mqdbq hjq codc`y veo``bn tjqebqv)

^cb @btov ljnb` jh nrm` bfjijly min ljqb bswòfo~`y ~cb Cmqqov^jnmqj ljnb` jh lodqm~ojivcjt ~cm~ oib}rmò~y ov f`jvb`y min qbfowqjfm``y oi~bq~toibn min oib}rmò~y ab~tbbi vjrqfbmin nbv~oim~oji mqbmv nqoxb bfjijlof lodqm~oji #@btov =?2>5 Cmqqov min ^jnmqj =?475^jnmqj min Vlo~c 17==/) ^cb tb`èijti Cmqqov^jnmqj ljnb` bsw`moiv ~cov tb``) Fjivonbqoi Hodrqb 2 mi oiv~o~r~ojim``y nb~bqloibn #rqami lmirhmf~rqoid/ tmdb

LT min blw`jylbi~ jh

L LJ @ mffjqnoid ~j ~cb lmqdoim` wqjnrf~ frqxb )=> Hjq hr`` blw`jylbi~, ~cb lmqdoim`

wqjnrf~ frqxb tjr`n doxb hjqM L

J @ blw`jylbi~ m #qrqm` mdqofr`~rqm`/ tmdb jh ++MT ) Doxbi

~cb tmdb nohhbqbi~om`, ++L MT T ~cbqb tjr`n ab tjqebqv to`òid ~j qove lodqm~oid oi ~cb fcmifb

jh db~~oid ~cb codcbq wmon kja)Hjq m njtitmqn`y h`bsoa`b tmdb,

LT ~cb ibjf`mvvofm` b}roòaqorl tjr`n cmxb + +

M LT T< to~c

blw`jylbi~v +M MJ @ min

+

L LJ @ ) ^cb ~qmivhbqv ab~tbbi ~cb vbf~jqv fmi ab vcjti ay ~cb

v~minmqn qbf~mid`b mim`yvov) ^cb tjqebqv oi lmirhmf~rqoid tjr`n `jvb MAFN nrb ~j ~cbvrav~o~r~oji jh `majq bhhbf~) Cjtbxbq ~cb `majq fjlw`blbi~mqy bhhbf~ tjr`n doxb m ib~ abibho~~j ~cb vbf~jq jh MNB) ^cb lodqmi~v dmoioid tjqe tjr`n dmoi NBHD min ~cov tjr`n ab ~cbamvb hjq qblo~~mifbv amfe ~j ~cb qrqm` mdqofr`~rqm` vbf~jq #fjivonbqbn bmqòbq/)

=1Hqbblmi #1778/, ww)=27=2=)

=6

RINW Crlmi Nbxb`jwlbi~ Qbwjq~ 177?, Jxbqfjloid Amqqobqv; Crlmi Ljaoò~y min Nbxb`jwlbi~, Ajs 6)=,w) 27)=>

Tb rvb ~cb ^jnmqj min Vlo~c #17==/ ij~m~oji)


13/65


Hodrqb 2; Cmqqov^jnmqj Lodqm~oji Ljnb`

Vjrqfb; Qbwqjnrfbn hqjl ^jnmqj min Vlo~c #17==/, Hodrqb 4)=1, w) 6>7)

Oh ~cb wqjamaoò~y jh db~~oid m kja ovL RV@ @ tcbqb RV@ ov ~cb rqami `majq hjqfb, ~cbi;

M L L RVT @ T @< to`` ab ~cb b}roòaqom~oid fjino~oji tcbqb ~cb bswbf~bn tmdbv mqb ~cb vmlb)

^cb `jfrv}}

to`` ab qbf~midr`mq cywbqaj`m ~j lmoi~moi ~cb fjiv~mi~ tmdb vcmqbL L

@ T ) ^cov

wqjfbvv fmi vrllmqo{bn mv # / # /w tn b w b tcbqb # /w tn b qbwqbvbi~v ~cb wqjamaoò~y#bswbf~m~oji/ jh ~cb bmqioidv nohhbqbi~om` hjq m lodqmi~ tjqebq ab~tbbi ~cb nbv~oim~oji min

~cb jqodoim~oid `jfm~oji, fjino~ojim` ji vrffbvvhr``y hoinoid blw`jylbi~, min # /w b ov ~cbwqjamaoò~y jh ja~moioid blw`jylbi~ oi ~cb nbv~oim~oji `jfm~oji)

^cov rio~mqy b`mv~ofo~y mvvrlw~oji fmi ab qb`msbn ~j oif`rnb qove mxbqvoji, ljqm` cm{mqn,mnxbqvb vb`bf~oji min mvyllb~qof oihjqlm~oji ovvrbv) ^cb qb~rqiv oi ~cb xbq~ofm` msbv fmim`vj ab bswminbn ~j oif`rnb vjfom` qb~rqiv min abibho~v) Abhjqb tb nj ~cov tb to`` fjivonbq oi

nb~mo` ~cb wjvvoa`b bfjijlof fjivb}rbifbv jh lodqm~oji)

6)1 Lodqm~oji min Wqjnrf~oxo~y

O~ ov nohhofr`~ ~j nb~bqloib ~cb bhhbf~v jh lodqm~oji ji wqjnrf~oxo~y oi ~cb nbv~oim~oji min vjrqfbfjri~qobv abfmrvb jh ~cb lmiy oi~bqnbwbinbifobv oixj`xbn) ^cb bhhbf~v fmi ab mim`y{bn oi~bqlv jh ~cb vrww`y min nblmin hjq `majq) ^cb lmoi nb~bqloimi~v ji ~cb vrww`y vonb mqb ~cbmdb v~qrf~rqb jh lodqmi~v, ~cboq dbinbq, cjrvbcj`n qb`m~ojivcowv, tjqe bswbqobifb, bnrfm~ojimin veo`` `bxb`v) Ji ~cb nblmin vonb o~ ov ~cb bhhbf~v jh lodqmi~ tjqebqv ji wqjnrf~oji, tcofcoixj`xbv ~cb fjlw`blbi~mqo~y jh lodqmi~ `majq to~c fmwo~m` #njlbv~of fmwo~m` hjqlm~oji minHNO/ min bhhofobify bhhbf~v oi ~bqlv jh fcmidbv ~j ~j~m` hmf~jq wqjnrf~oxo~y #^HW/) ^yoid vrww`ymin nblmin ~jdb~cbq mqb qb`m~oxb tmdbv hjq njlbv~of min lodqmi~ tjqebqv #tcj fmi abdqjrwbn oi~j veo``bn min riveo``bn tjqebqv/ tcofc nb~bqloibv ~cboq blw`jylbi~) Wqjnrf~ojiov mhhbf~bn ay ~cb nblmin hjq jr~wr~ ay njlbv~of min jxbqvbmv cjrvbcj`nv min arvoibvvbv,

M A

FN

H D


14/65


tcofc qbh`bf~ wqoxm~b min wraòf, njlbv~of min jxbqvbmv vmxoidv min fjivrlw~oji nbfovojiv)Qb`m~oxb wqofbv jh ~qmnbma`bv min iji~qmnbma`bv òie ~cbvb wqjnrf~ min fjivrlw~ojinbfovojiv)

Nbvwo~b ~cbvb ~cbjqb~ofm` oi~bqnbwbinbifobv, ~cb blwoqofm` bxonbifb ov wobfblbm` min m `j~ jho~ ov mibfnj~m` ~j oinoxonrm` qbdojiv min fjri~qobv, min vwbfohof ~olb wbqojnv) To~c ~cb

bsfbw~oji jh ~tj d`jam` volr`m~ojiv, ~cb bfjijlb~qof mim`yvbv mqb amvbn ji nohhbqbi~`yvwbfohobn wmq~om` b}roòaqorl ljnb`v, tcofc mqb bv~olm~bn to~c ljv~`y lofqjbfjijlof nm~m)

Abhjqb tb m~~blw~ ~cov, tb v~mq~ to~c ~cb ~tj bifjlwmvvoid dbibqm` b}roòaqorl volr`m~ojiv~rnobv ay @bxoib b~ m`) #17=7/ min Ajqdy b~ m`) #177?/) ^cb hoqv~ v~rny rvbv m ~tja`jfebinjdbijrv dqjt~c ljnb` hjq m dbibqof lodqmi~ vbinoid #Bmv~/ fjri~qy cmxoid `jtbq ^HWmin `bvv veo``bn `majq binjtlbi~ ~cmi ~cb dbibqof lodqmi~ qbfboxoid #Tbv~/ fjri~qy) ^cbvolr`m~ojiv onbi~ohy ~tj bhhbf~v jh lodqm~oji ji wqjnrf~oxo~y) ^cb hoqv~ ov ~cb bhhofobify bhhbf~tcbqbay lodqmi~v oifqbmvb jr~wr~ ay ljqb oi ~cb codcbq ^HW qbfboxoid fjri~qy ~cmi ~cb hm`òi jr~wr~ oi ~cb `jtbq ^HW vbinoid fjri~qy) ^cb vbfjin bhhbf~ ov ~cb qbm``jfm~oji jh vbf~jqm`blw`jylbi~ min wqjnrf~oji oi aj~c fjri~qobv) Lodqm~oji to~c ijveo`` aomv hqjl ~cb vbinoidfjri~qy #to~c hbtbq veo``bn tjqebqv/ fmrvbv fcmidbv oi qb`m~oxb tmdbv) ^cb veo``bnriveo``bn

qb`m~oxb tmdb oifqbmvbv oi aj~c fjri~qobv, vrfc ~cm~ veo``bn tjqebqv mqb ab~~bq jhh minriveo``bn tjqebqv mqb tjqvb jhh) ^cb ib~ bhhbf~v mqb ~cm~ cjrvbcj`nv oifjlbv oifqbmvb oi ~cbqbfboxoid fjri~qy min nbfqbmvb oi ~cb vbinoid fjri~qy) ^cb tjq`n, min bvwbfom``y lodqmi~vmqb ab~~bq jhh min ~cb mr~cjqv mqdrb ~cm~ qblo~~mifbv fmi ab mi olwjq~mi~ qbnov~qoar~oxblbfcmiovl) Hjq lodqm~oji to~c m aomv jh veo``bn tjqebqv, ~cb abibho~v ~j ~cb qbfboxoidfjri~qy, tco`v~ v~o`` wjvo~oxb mqb `jtbq nrb ~j ~cb qb`m~oxb hm`` oi veo``bn tmdbv hjq o~v im~oxbtjqebqv) ^cb abibho~ jh codcbq veo``bn tmdbv oi ~cb vbinoid fjri~qy ov jr~tbodcbn ay ~cb `jvvjh veo``bn tjqebqv, ~j ~cb bs~bi~ ~cb vbinoid fjri~qyv veo``bn vbf~jq ov bòloim~bn, to~cfjlwjrinoid mnxbqvb ~bqlv jh ~qmnb bhhbf~v mvvjfom~bn to~c vwbfomò{m~oji oi `jt veo``bnwqjnrf~oji) ^cb tjq`n ov ab~~bq jhh jxbqm``, ar~ ay `bvv ~cmi hjq ~cb ijveo`` aomv fmvb) Hoim``y,lodqm~oji to~c mi riveo``bn aomv lmebv aj~c fjri~qobv tjqvb jhh abfmrvb ~cb mnxbqvbvbf~jqm` m``jfm~oji bhhbf~v jr~tbodc ~cb xbqy ljnbv~ bhhofobify dmoiv)

^cb vbfjin v~rny ay Ajqdy b~ m`) #177?/ rvbv ~cb d`jam` jxbq`mwwoid dbibqm~ojiv dbibqm`b}roòaqorl OIDBIRB 1 ljnb` fjlwqovoid lr`~ovbf~jqv hjq ~bi qbdojiv) O~ njbv ij~nov~oidrovc veo``bn min riveo``bn tjqebqv ar~ hjfrvbv ji nbljdqmwcof hmf~jqv tcofcbinjdbio{b lodqm~oji h`jtv) ^cb volr`m~ojiv mwwbmq ~j w`mfb `bvv blwcmvov ji ~cb @bxoib b~m`) #17=7/ ^HW dmoiv hqjl lodqm~oji) ^cb lodqm~ojiv jh tjqebqv hqjl qb`m~oxb`y `jt ~j codc^HW fjri~qobv qbnrfb ~cb tmdbv oi ~cb qbfboxoid fjri~qobv, qbh`bf~oid ~cboq qb`m~oxb`y `jtbq`majq wqjnrf~oxo~y nrb ~j ~cb nohhbqoid `majq vrww`y vcjfev hjq ~cbvb fjri~qobv) Wbq tjqebqdqjvv njlbv~of wqjnrf~ #DNW/ min fjivrlw~oji to`` hm`` min ~cb bhhbf~ ov vyllb~qofm``yjwwjvo~b hjq ~cb vbinoid fjri~qobv) Cjtbxbq, ~cb bs~qm lodqmi~ tjqebqv, ay ~cboq mdbv~qrf~rqb min òhb fyf`b v~mdb to`` ljxb jxbq ~olb ~j vmxoid ljqb oi ~cb qbfboxoid fjri~qobv,oifqbmvoid fmwo~m` hjqlm~oji) Oi mnno~oji, ~cbvb tjqebqv oi ~cb qbfboxoid fjri~qobv qbnrfb ~cb

fmwo~m` oi~bivo~y, oifqbmvoid ~cb lmqdoim` wqjnrf~oxo~y jh fmwo~m` min ~cb oi~bqbv~ qm~b) ^cbcodcbq tjq`n oi~bqbv~ qm~b bifjrqmdbv vmxoid oi ~cb qbfboxoid fjri~qobv min ~j mi bs~bi~ ~cbvbinoid fjri~qobv) Riòeb @bxoib b~ m`) #17=7/ ~cb ljnb` min volr`m~ojiv olw`y fjixbqdbifbjh ~cb vbinoid min qbfboxoid fjri~qobv)

To~c ji`y ~cbvb ~tj eijti d`jam` volr`m~ojiv, tb mqb hjqfbn ~j fjivonbq ~cb xmqojrv òiev~cm~ cmxb abbi bv~olm~bn oi ~cb cb~bqjdbibjrv blwoqofm` ò~bqm~rqb) ^cb mim`yvov ov ljv~`yhjq codc min lonn`b oifjlb fjri~qobv, oi wmq~ofr`mq Tbv~bqi min Bmv~bqi Brqjwb min ~cbRio~bn V~m~bv #RV/) Tb to`` mffjqnoid`y m~~blw~ ~j fjivonbq ~cb lmoi oih`rbifbv ~cm~lodqm~oji cmv ji wqjnrf~oxo~y) Cjtbxbq, ~cbqb ov xbqy ò~~`b bxonbifb ji ~cb jxbqm`` bhhbf~v jhlodqm~oji ji wqjnrf~oxo~y min tb mqb hjqfbn ~j fjivonbq òiev ab~tbbi ~cb nohhbqbi~fjlwjibi~v jr~òibn majxb, min ~cbi ~j lmeb oihbqbifbv majr~ cjt ~cbvb vbwmqm~b òievlmy fjiibf~) ^cb bhhbf~v fjivonbqbn cmxb abbi dqjrwbn oi~j bnrfm~oji, dbinbq min qrqm`rqami lodqm~oji, tjqeoid mdb wjwr`m~ojiv, tmdbv min blw`jylbi~, tmdb wqblorlv minwqjnrf~oxo~y, qblo~~mifbv, min HW)


15/65


6)1)= Bnrfm~oji

^cb nm~m òv~bn oi ^ma`b 6m vcjtv ~cb irlabq jh lodqmi~v hqjl ~cb òv~bn vbinoid Mvomifjri~qobv qbvonoid oi Jqdmiovm~oji hjq Bfjijlof Fjjwbqm~oji min Nbxb`jwlbi~ #JBFN/fjri~qobv) M`` vjrqfb fjri~qobv #to~c ~cb bsfbw~oji jh Oinjibvom min Fmlajnom/ cmxb codcbq~cmi Mvomi min tjq`n mxbqmdb wqjwjq~ojiv jh codc`y bnrfm~bn blodqmi~v ~j ~cb JBFN) ^cov ov

bvwbfom``y ~qrb hjq Oinom #2="/, Lm`myvom #>3"/ min ~cb Wcoòwwoibv #>8"/)

^ma`b 6m;Bnrfm~oji min Blw`jylbi~ jh Oi~bqim~ojim` Lodqmi~v oi JBFN Fjri~qobvm

Lodqmi~ Bnrfm~oji @bxbà

Riblw`jylbi~ Qm~b ayBnrfm~ojim` @bxb`

a

Vjrqfb Irlabqv @jt

Lbnorl Codc @jt Lbnorl Codc

#777v/ #" jh m`` lodqmi~v/ #" jh `majq hjqfb/

Kmwmi 282)> =7)> 63)? >?)7 3)2 2)6 6)1

Voidmwjqb =78)8 =?)4 61)1 >6)2 4)7 4)> >)>

NWQ Ejqbm ?42)6 =8)> 6?)6 >6)8 3)3 8)= >)6

Lm`myvom 1=>)6 =3)> 13)3 >4)8 3)6 ?)7 >)6

^cmo`min 18?)4 6>)3 6=)? 14)8 =6)2 3)2 2)6

WQF 1783)1 6=)7 12)= 6?)> 4)3 8)? >)?

Wcoòwwoibv =?67)6 =4)> 62)= >2)? 3)? 2)8 6)2

Oinjibvom 142)8 24)1 61)1 =7)8 =1)7 3)2 2)2

Xob~ Iml =2=3)= >7)4 6>)3 11)? =7)2 4)1 >)4

Oinom =?21)7 12)2 =?)2 2=)1 ?)3 4)7 >)6

Fmlajnom 16?)= 21)> 67)3 =2)1 =>)8 ?)2 8)>

Mvom =4211)7 66)7 1?)3 6>)6 =>)8 3)8 2)7

Tjq`n 424=2)? >=)7 61)4 16)2 =6)8 ?)7 2)2NWQ Ejqbm < Nbljfqm~of Wbjw`bv Qbwraòf jh Ejqbm)

Ij~bv; m Mdbn =2 ybmqv min majxb) a @jt ov nbhoibn mv `bvv ~cmi vbfjinmqy bnrfm~oji5 lbnorl mvrwwbq min wjv~ vbfjinmqy*iji~bq~omqy5 codc mv ~bq~omqy bnrfm~oji)


Oinbbn, ~cb bnrfm~ojim` v~m~rv wqjwjq~ojiv hjq ~cbvb JBFN ollodqmi~v fjlwmqb xbqy

nohhbqbi~`y ~j ~cb bnrfm~ojim` wqjwjq~ojiv oi ~cb lodqmi~v cjlb fjri~qobv) Oi~bqim~ojim` nm~m ovmxmo`ma`b hjq ji`y Lm`myvom min ~cb Wcoòwwoibv min mqb vcjti oi ^ma`b 6a) ^cb wqjwjq~ojivjh ~bq~omqy bnrfm~bn mqb 3)7" min 3)>" jh ~cb wjwr`m~ojiv hjq Lm`myvom min ~cb Wcoòwwoibv,yb~ ~cby qbwqbvbi~ >4)8" min >2)?" jh ~cboq qbvwbf~oxb blodqmi~v ~j ~cb JBFN fjri~qobv)^cb nohhbqbifbv hjq ~cb `jt`y bnrfm~bn mqb mv v~qoeoid to~c 8=)6" min 81)8" jh ~cbwjwr`m~oji to~c `bvv ~cmi vbfjinmqy bnrfm~oji ji`y fjlwqovoid =3)>" min =4)>" jhblodqmi~v ~j ~cb JBFN) ^cbvb mqb f`bmq`y bsmlw`bv jh aqmoi nqmoi)

^cb bsfbw~ojiv ~j ~cov mqb Oinjibvom, Fmlajnom, min Xob~ Iml, tcofc cmxb `mqdbq ~cmimxbqmdb wqjwjq~ojiv jh `jt`y bnrfm~bn blodqmi~v) ^cov oinofm~bv vb`bf~oxb lodqm~oji ~jJBFN fjri~qobv ay ~cb wjjq min `bvv bnrfm~bn, oi mnno~oji ~j ~cb aqmoi nqmoi jh ~cb ~bq~omqybnrfm~bn) ^cb riblw`jylbi~ qm~bv hjq ~cb codcbq bnrfm~bn mqb ~ywofm``y `jtbq ~cbi hjq ~cb

`bvv bnrfm~bn, ~j ~cb bs~bi~ ~cby mqb `bvv ~cmi ~cb tjq`n mxbqmdb hjq Voidmwjqb, Lm`myvom,Wcoòwwoibv, min Oinom)


16/65


^ma`b 6a; Bnrfm~oji jh Oi~bqim~ojim` Lodqmi~vm

Oi JBFN Fjri~qobva

Oi Vjrqfb Fjri~qyf

@jt Lbnorl Codc @jt Lbnorl Codc

#" jh m`` lodqmi~v/ #" jh ~cb wjwr`m~oji/

Lm`myvom =3)> 13)3 >4)8 8=)6 14)= 3)7

Wcoòwwoibv =4)> 62)= >2)? 81)8 18)> 3)>Ij~bv; m @jt ov nbhoibn mv `bvv ~cmi vbfjinmqy bnrfm~oji5 lbnorl mv rwwbq min wjv~vbfjinmqy*iji~bq~omqy5 codc mv ~bq~omqy bnrfm~oji)

a Mdbn =2 ybmqv min majxb) f Mdbn 12 ybmqv min majxb)

Vjrqfb; RINW Crlmi Nbxb`jwlbi~ Qbwjq~ 177?, Jxbqfjloid Amqqobqv; Crlmi Ljaoò~ymin Nbxb`jwlbi~)

Oinom min ~cb Wcoòwwoibv mqb ~cb `mqdbv~ bswjq~bqv jh ~cb ~bq~omqy bnrfm~bn lodqmi~v to~cibmq`y = lo`òji bmfc #^ma`b 6m/) ^cb Oinomi 8> ~c Im~ojim` Vmlw`b Vrqxby #IVV/=2

^cb bnrfm~oji `bxb`v jh oi~bqim` lodqmi~v mqb vcjti oi ^ma`b 6f hjq fjri~qobv tb cmxb nm~mhjq) ^cbqb ov ljqb xmqom~oji mfqjvv ~cbvb ~cqbb fjri~qobv, m`~cjrdc ~cb bnrfm~oji `bxb`v ~bin~j hm`` ab~tbbi ~cjvb hjq ~cb oi~bqim~ojim` lodqmi~v min ~cb iji lodqmi~v)

oinofm~bv~cm~ m codcbq wqjwjq~oji #?2"/ jh jr~lodqmi~v qbvonoid maqjmn tbqb tjqeoid #bidmdbn oibfjijlof mf~oxo~obv/ fjlwmqbn ~j ~cjvb jr~lodqmi~v qbvonoid oi Oinom #37"/) ^cbblw`jylbi~ qm~bv tbqb majr~ cm`h jh ~cbvb hjq hblm`b oi~bqim` min bs~bqim` jr~lodqmi~v)Aj~c lm`b min hblm`b jr~lodqmi~v hqjl rqami mqbmv tbqb ljqb òeb`y ~j ab blw`jybn ~cmi~cjvb hqjl ~cb qrqm` vbf~jq)

^ma`b 6f; Bnrfm~oji jh Oi~bqim` Lodqmi~vm

@jt Lbnorl Codc

#" jh m`` lodqmi~v/

^cmo`min 11 84 ==

Oinom =4 18 >=

WQF 1? >6 1?Ij~bv; m @jt ov nbhoibn mv `bvv ~cmi vbfjinmqy bnrfm~oji5 Lbnorl

mv rwwbq min wjv~ vbfjinmqy*iji~bq~omqy5 Codc mv ~bq~omqy bnrfm~oji)

Vjrqfb; Fj``bf~bn ay mr~cjqv hqjl vjrqfbv oif`rnoid im~ojim` vrqxbyv)

^cb olwòfm~oji ov ~cm~ ~cb lodqm~oji jh bnrfm~bn min veo``bn tjqebqv to`` `bmn ~j wqjnrf~oxo~yvcoh~v hqjl ~cb vbinoid ~j ~cb qbfboxoid fjri~qobv min qbdojiv)

6)1)1 Dbinbq min qrqm`rqami lodqm~oji

^cb qmwon`y dqjtoid rqami bfjijlobv oi ~cb MFO bfjijlobv vrav~mi~om``y oifqbmvbn nblminhjq tjqebqv fmrvoid v~qrf~rqm` vcjq~mdbv jh rqami tjqebqv) Qrqm` jr~lodqmi~v cmxb ~binbn~j ho`` ~cov dmw) Jrq wqjkbf~ojiv vcjt ~cm~ ~cb frqqbi~ rqami vcmqb jh ~cb wjwr`m~oji oi ~cbWQF to`` oifqbmvb hqjl mqjrin >>" ~j 86" ay 1767) ^cb rqami vcmqb hjq Oinjibvom ov codcbqmin to`` oifqbmvb hqjl 26" ~j 46") ^cb Oinomi rqami vcmqb ov `jtbq m~ mqjrin 67" min ov

=2^cb oihjqlm~oji ji Oinom lodqm~oji ov wqolmqo`y ja~moibn hqjl ~cb Loiov~qy jh V~m~ov~ofv IVV Qbwjq~ Ij) 266,Lodqm~oji oi Oinom 177473, Im~ojim` Vmlw`b Vrqxby Jhhofb min Wqjdqmllb Olw`blbi~m~oji, Djxbqilbi~ jhOinom, 17=7)


17/65


bswbf~bn ~j ji`y oifqbmvb ~j mqjrin 62" oi 1767) Ib~ qrqm` ~j rqami lodqm~oji hjq Oinjibvom,~cb WQF, min Oinom tbqb 1)3", 1)>" min 1)7" jh ~j~m` wjwr`m~ojiv, qbvwbf~oxb`y) ^cbmxbqmdb dqjt~c qm~bv jh ~cb rqami wjwr`m~ojiv tbqb oifqbmvoid vodiohofmi~`y nrb lmoi`y ~jlodqm~oji qm~cbq ~cmi ~j im~rqm` aoq~c qm~bv jh ~cb ~j~m` wjwr`m~ojiv) ^cb im~rqm` aoq~c qm~bvnqjwwbn hqjl 7)3" ~j 7)2" oi ~cb WQF, hqjl =)4" ~j =)6" oi Oinom min hqjl =)>" ~j =)="oi Oinjibvom) Mv m qbvr`~, lodqm~oji ~binv ~j oih`rbifb ~cb nbljdqmwcof fcmidb oi qb`m~oji ~jmdb, dbinbq, bnrfm~oji `bxb`, jffrwm~oji, min ~cb nbwbinbify qm~oj jh ~cb rqami min qrqm`wjwr`m~ojiv)

^cb IVV vrqxby hjq Oinom wqjxonbv nb~mo`v jh ~cb nbljdqmwcof fcmidbv min lodqm~oji oiOinom) Lm`bv jr~lodqm~bn hqjl aj~c qrqm` min rqami mqbmv hjq blw`jylbi~ qb`m~bn qbmvjiv#42"/ min hjq bnrfm~oji #=="/ tco`v~ hblm`bv ljv~`y lodqm~bn hjq lmqqomdb #3>"/ to~c ~cblmkjqo~y #32"/ v~myoid to~coi ~cb vmlb v~m~b) Oi ^cmo`min, oi~bqim` lodqmi~v ljxbn amfe ~j~cboq cjlb~jti #6>"/, hj``jtbn ~cboq wmq~ibq jq hmlo`y #1>"/, ljxbn hjq blw`jylbi~qbmvjiv #=?"/, min hjq bnrfm~oji #>"/)

^cb wqjnrf~oxo~y vcoh~v jr~òibn oi ~cb wqbxojrv vbf~oji mwwbmq ~j ab m`vj olwjq~mi~ hjq lm`bvoi~bqim``y lodqm~oid hqjl qrqm` ~j rqami lodqm~oji mqbmv) ^cb lodqm~oji jh hblm`bv ov ljqb

qb`bxmi~ hjq `majq vrww`y bhhbf~v ji wqjnrf~oxo~y)6)1)6 Tjqeoid mdb wjwr`m~ojiv

Bxonbifb hjq jrq fjri~qobv jh oi~bqbv~ vcjtv ~cm~ lodqmi~ tjqebqv ~bin ~j ab yjridbq #oimnno~oji ~j cmxoid mi mxbqmdb bnrfm~oji ~cm~ ov codcbq/ ~cmi ~cjvb tcj nj ij~ lodqm~b)Oi~bqim` lodqm~oji oi ^cmo`min ov ljv~`y ~cb yjridbq mdb dqjrwv to~c >8" `bvv ~cmi 1> ybmqvj`n, 6=" ab~tbbi 126> ybmqv j`n min 1=" oi ~cb qmidb jh 622? ybmqv)=8

Blwoqofm` v~rnobv oinofm~b ~cm~ ~cb tjqeoidmdb wjwr`m~oji ov olwjq~mi~ oi wqjlj~oid dqjt~coi wqjnrf~oxo~y min blw`jylbi~) Bfjijlof dqjt~c ov wjvo~oxb`y min vodiohofmi~`y òiebn ~jjr~wr~ wbq tjqebq dqjt~c #A`jjl min To`òmlvji =??35 A`jjl b~ m`), 17775 Fmo min Tmid

17785 Loic 177?5 A`jjl min Fmiioid 17735 A`jjl min Hoi`my 177?5 @btov 17=7/) Tco`v~vjlb jh ~cbvb v~rnobv oinofm~b ~cm~ ~j~m` wjwr`m~oji dqjt~c cmv m v~qjid ibdm~oxb olwmf~ jiDNW wbq fmwo~m dqjt~c qm~bv #A`jjl min To`òmlvji =??3/ o~ ov olwjq~mi~ ~j nov~oidrovcfcmidbv oi wjwr`m~oji hqjl fcmidbv oi tjqeoid mdb) A`jjl b~ m`) #1777/ vcjt ~cm~ m nbfòiboi tjqeoid mdb vcmqb cmv m ibdm~oxb bhhbf~ ji bfjijlof dqjt~c hjq ~cb =?82=??7 wbqojnmin ~cov qblmoiv qjarv~ ~j ~cb bswmivoji jh ~cb vmlw`b wbqojn ~j 1772) Qjabq~vji #1771/hjrin ~cm~ rimi~ofowm~bn oifqbmvbv oi riveo``bn tjqebqv #wjvvoa`y nrb ~j oifqbmvbv oiollodqmi~v/ qbvr`~v oi ~qmivo~ojim` dqjt~c)

Hjq ~cb WQF, ~cblbmi mdb jh lodqmi~v ov codcbq, m~ >>)

Ljq`byv #1778/ v~rny hoinv bxonbifb jh `jid qri fmrvmò~y fjloid hqjl wbq fmwo~m bfjijlofdqjt~c ~j ollodqm~oji hjq Mrv~qmòm, Fmimnm, min ~cb RV) Ov`ml #1774/ m`vj fjif`rnbv ~cm~ oi~cb vcjq~ qri, ljqb ollodqm~oji ov wjvvoa`y mvvjfom~bn to~c m~~qmf~oxb Fmimnomi ollodqm~oji

wjòfobv) Cjtbxbq, mv ~cb `majq lmqeb~ mnkrv~v, Fmimnomi ajqi tjqebqv mqb òeb`y ~j abibho~hqjl oifqbmvbn lodqm~oji oi ~cb `jid qri)

6)1)> Tmdbv min blw`jylbi~

Mv m dbibqm` javbqxm~oji, ~cb vo{bv jh qb`m~oxb tmdb, wqofbv, min òxoid v~minmqn vwqbmnv ovmij~cbq lbmvrqb jh d`jam` oi~bdqm~oji) @jtbq vwqbmnv oinofm~b ~cb `mt jh jib #xbf~jq jh/wqofb #Lmqmvcnbc min To`vji 1774/ fjivov~bi~ to~c ljqb oi~bdqm~bn djjnv, fmwo~m`, min`majq lmqeb~v) Hqbblmi #1778/ }rj~bv bv~olm~bv jh d`jamò{m~oji xom xmqom~ojiv oi lbmvrqbvjh tjq`n wqofbv min fmwo~m` fjv~v) ^cb qm~oj jh ~cb tjq`nv ~jw 17" hjq djjnv wqofbv mi n fjv~vjh fmwo~m` #oi wrqfcmvoid wjtbq wmqo~y ~bqlv/ ~j ~cb aj~~jl 17", mqb mqjrin =)2 ~j =) =4

=8 Im~ojim` V~m~ov~ofm` Jhhofb, @majq Hjqfb Vrqxby > ]rmq~bqv, ^cmo`min, 177?)

^covfjlwmqbv ~j ~cb fm`fr`m~bn qm~oj jh ~cb ~jw 17" ~j ~cb aj~~jl 17" jh tjq`nv tmdbv jh

=4Hqbblmi #1778/, ww)=27=2=)


18/65


mqjrin >)2 ~j =, tcofc ov ~cqbb ~olbv codcbq) Mij~cbq bv~olm~b jh nohhbqbifbv oi ~cb oifjlbmin òxoid v~minmqnv jh lodqmi~v hqjl lbnorl crlmi nbxb`jwlbi~ oinbs #CNO/ fjri~qobvtjqeoid oi JBFN fjri~qobv, ov mqjrin hjrq ~olbv ~cm~ hjq fjlwmqma`b tjqebqv oi ~cb jqodoifjri~qy)=3

^cb CbfevfcbqJcòi ljnb` wqbnof~v ~cm~ lmqdoim` oifqbmvbv oi oi~bqim~ojim` ~qmnb ab~tbbi

nbxb`jwbn min nbxb`jwoid fjri~qobv to`` qbvr`~ oi oifqbmvoid tmdb oib}rmò~y ab~tbbiriveo``bn min veo``bn tjqebqv oi nbxb`jwbn fjri~qobv #nrb ~j novw`mfblbi~ jh riveo``bntjqebqv/ ar~ nbfqbmvoid tmdb oib}rmò~y ab~tbbi riveo``bn min veo``bn tjqebqv oi nbxb`jwoidfjri~qobv) Amvbn ji ~cbvb wqbnof~ojiv, oi~bqim~ojim` ~qmnb to`` qbnrfb tmdb oib}rmò~y oinbxb`jwoid fjri~qobv) Cjtbxbq blwoqofm` v~rnobv cmxb losbn qbvr`~v) Vjlb hoin ~cm~ ~qmnbqbhjqlv oifqbmvb tmdb oib}rmò~y #Bv}roxb` min Qjnqodrb{@jwb{ 1776/ tco`b j~cbqv vcjtqbnrfoid oib}rmò~y #Erlmq min Lovcqm 1773/)

^cbvb nohhbqbifbv fmi ab `mqdbq hjq codc`y veo``bn tjqebqv)

^cb bmq`y v~rnobv jh Fcovtofe #=?43/ min Fmqòibq #=?37/ hjrin ~cm~ RV ollodqmi~v bmqibn`bvv ~cmi im~oxbv tcbi bi~bqoid ~cb fjri~qy) Cjtbxbq ~cby fjixbqdbn ~j ~cb im~oxb `bxb` oi=2 ybmqv) 67 ybmqv `m~bq, ollodqmi~v tbqb hjrin ~j bmqi ljqb ~cmi im~oxbv jh volo`mq mdb minbnrfm~oji) J~~mxomij min Wbqo #1778/ m`vj hoin ~cm~, oi ~cb `jid qri, fr`~rqm` noxbqvo~y cmv m

ib~ wjvo~oxb bhhbf~ ji ~cb tmdbv jh tjqebqv oi ~cb RV) ^cov oi òib to~c ~cb qbvbmqfc ayBfji~bfc #1778/ oi Mrv~qmòm tcofc vcjtv ~cm~ mi oifqbmvb oi ~cb oih`rs jh codcveo``bnollodqmi~v cmv `bn ~j ibdm~oxb ~qmivo~oji bhhbf~v oi ~cb vcjq~ qri, ar~ ~j wjvo~oxb `majq lmqeb~bhhbf~v oi ~cb `jid qri5 `majq hjqfb wmq~ofowm~oji, blw`jylbi~ min veo`` `bxb` mwwbmq ~j cmxboifqbmvbn) Hjq Ibt [bm`min, V~qr~~ b~ m`) #1773/ hoin ~cm~ ollodqmi~v cmxb fmrvbn tmdbvmin blw`jylbi~ ~j nbfqbmvb hjq vjlb im~oxb ajqi tjqebqv min bmqòbq lodqmi~ fjcjq~v hjqtcjl ibt lodqmi~v mqb f`jvb vrav~o~r~bv oi ~cb `majq lmqeb~) ^cb ò~bqm~rqb vrqxby ay Ebqqmin Ebqq #17==/ fjif`rnbn ~cb vrqxbybn bxonbifb hoinv ~cm~ qbfbi~ lodqm~oji fjcjq~v ~jIjq~cbqi Brqjwb mqb òeb`y ~j bi~bq to~c qbnrfbn blw`jylbi~ min bmqioidv5 jxbq ~cboqnrqm~ojiv jh v~my ~cby to`` ji`y mfcobxb wmq~om` fjixbqdbifb ~j im~oxb `bxb`v)

Mynbloq min Ajqkmv #=??4/ hoin ~cm~ oi Fmimnm, Lbsofj, min RV, m =7" fcmidb oi `majqvrww`y nrb ~j lodqm~oji ov mvvjfom~bn to~c >" ~j 8" fcmidb oi tmdbv) Lmiy j~cbq v~rnobvhoin ò~~`b jq ij olwmf~ jh ollodqm~oji ji qbdojim` tmdbv5 Wovfceb min Xb`òid #=??4/ hjqDbqlmiy5 Mnnovji min Tjqvtofe #1771/ hjq Mrv~qmòm5 [jq`r min Cmq~jd #1772/ hjq ~cbIb~cbq`minv min Ijqtmy5 Nrv~lmii b~ m`) #1772/ hjq ~cb Rio~bn Eoidnjl #RE/5 minFmqqmvfj b~ m`) #1773/ hjq Vwmoi)

Hrq~cbq ~j ~cov, Ajqkmv #1772/, FFVFB #1772/, min Jqqbiorv min Iofcj`vji #177?/ hoin ~cm~,ji mxbqmdb oi ~cb `jid qri, ~cb olwmf~ jh ollodqmi~v ji ~cb qbfboxoid qbdojiv blw`jylbi~min tmdb qm~bv ov wjvo~oxb, min ji`y xbqy vlm`` vrav~o~r~oji bhhbf~v ab~tbbi im~oxb tjqebqvmin ollodqmi~v mqb javbqxbn) ^cb `mqdbv~ ibdm~oxb bhhbf~ jh ollodqmi~v ov ji ~cb tmdbv jhbmqòbq ollodqmi~ fjcjq~v)

Lb~mmim`yvov v~rnobv ay @jidco b~ m`) #1772m, 1772a, 1773m, 1773a, 17=7/ fjif`rnb ~cm~

~cb bhhbf~v jh ollodqm~oji ji `jfm` jq im~ojim` `majq lmqeb~v #o)b), tmdbv, blw`jylbi~,riblw`jylbi~, min `majq hjqfb wmq~ofowm~oji/ mqb bo~cbq oivodiohofmi~ jq xbqy vlm``) @jidco b~m`) #1772m/ hoin m jib wbqfbi~mdb wjoi~ oifqbmvb oi ~cb vcmqb jh ollodqmi~v oi ~cb wjwr`m~ojitjr`n `jtbq tmdbv jh ~cb im~oxbajqi wjwr`m~oji ay majr~ 7)=") ^cov ov fjivov~bi~ to~c ~cbOWWQ #177?/ v~rny ~cm~ vcjtv ~cb bhhbf~ jh lodqm~oji ji blw`jylbi~ oi ~cb RE ovoivodiohofmi~) M jib wbqfbi~mdb wjoi~ oifqbmvb oi ~cb vcmqb jh ollodqmi~v oi ~cb RE tjqeoidmdb wjwr`m~oji qbnrfbv tmdbv ay mqjrin 7)6")

Jxbqm``, m lmkjqo~y jh v~rnobv oinofm~b ~cm~ lodqmi~ cb~bqjdbibo~y w`myv m fqrfom` qj`b to~cqbvwbf~ ~j mdb, veo``v, dbinbq, bnrfm~oji, fr`~rqm` amfedqjrin, tb`hmqb wjvo~oji, minlj~oxm~oji) ^cbqb ov ibbn hjq qbvbmqfc ~j hjfrv ji tcm~ o~ ov majr~ noxbqvo~y oi ~cb `majq

=3 RINW Crlmi Nbxb`jwlbi~ Qbwjq~ 177?, Jxbqfjloid Amqqobqv; Crlmi Ljaoò~y min Nbxb`jwlbi~, Ajs 6)=,w) 27)


19/65


lmqeb~ min ollodqmi~v ~cm~ oifqbmvbv wqjnrf~oxo~y) ^cov aqjmnbq xobt to`` ijt abfjivonbqbn)

6)1)2 Tmdb wqblorlv min wqjnrf~oxo~y

Noxbqvo~y fmi ab oifjqwjqm~bn oi ~bqlv jh vbf~jqm` mim`yvov) Ji`y mqjrin 2" jh WQF lodqmi~v

tjqe oi lmirhmf~rqoid to~c ~cb dqbm~ lmkjqo~y, mqjrin 44", tjqeoid oi ~cb vbqxofbv vrfc mvfjiv~qrf~oji, tcj`bvm`b min qb~mo`, cj~b`, qbm` bv~m~b, `bmvoid, bnrfm~oji, cbm`~c, vjfom`vbfrqo~y, fjlwr~bq, min hoimifb vbf~jqv) =?

Oi m hqbb ~qmnb vo~rm~oji, Vj`jtv ljnb` mqdrbv ~cm~ wbq fmwo~m oifjlb ov m hrif~oji jh ~cbfmwo~m` `majq qm~oj tcofc mwwqjmfcbv o~v v~bmny v~m~b xm`rb oi ~cb `jid qri) ^cov oinofm~bv ~cm~bfjijlobv mqb fjixbqdoid ~j ~cboq jti v~bmny v~m~bv fjino~ojim` ji nohhbqbifbv oi v~bmny

v~m~bv) ^cb tmdb oib}rmò~y ò~bqm~rqb ~binv ~j hjfrv ji ~cb tmdb nohhbqbi~om`v ab~tbbiriveo``bn min veo``bn tjqebqv) Xb`nb min Ljqqovvby #177>/ bsmloib ~cb qb`m~ojivcow ab~tbbiHNO min tmdb oib}rmò~y oi hoxb Bmv~ Mvomi fjri~qobv #Ejqbm5 Voidmwjqb Cjid Ejid, Fcoim5Wcoòwwoibv5 min ^cmo`min/ min ~cb qbvr`~v vcjt ~cm~ HNO qbnrfbv tmdb oib}rmò~y #bsfbw~ hjq^cmo`min tcbqb HNO cmv qmovbn tmdb oib}rmò~y/) Mclmn min Nmrn #1773/ v~rny Lm`myvomhqjl =?47 ~j 177> rvoid fjoi~bdqm~oji ~bfcio}rbv min fjif`rnb ~cm~ ~qmnb jwbiibvv ovmvvjfom~bn to~c mi oifqbmvb oi bfjijlof dqjt~c min olwqjxblbi~v oi oifjlb oib}rmò~y)

^cb fjlwmqma`b hodrqbv hjq ^cmo`min minOinjibvom mqb 27" min 8>", qbvwbf~oxb`y, tjqeoid oi vbqxofbv) O~ ov bswbf~bn ~cb vbqxofbvbf~jqv mqb òeb`y ~j m~~qmf~ lodqmi~v oi ~cb lmkjqo~y jh fjri~qobv v~rnobn min to`` ~bin ~j cmxbcodcbq tmdbv qb`m~oxb ~j ~cb mdqofr`~rqm` min lmirhmf~rqoid vbf~jq blw`jylbi~) Hjq^cmo`min, ~cb bnrfm~oji, r~oò~obv, min hoimifb vbf~jqv mwwbmq ~j ab ~cb ljqb m~~qmf~oxbvbf~jqv ~j lodqm~b)

^qmnb jwbiibvv fmi wqjnrfb ~tj bhhbf~v, mi oifqbmvb oi ~cb qb`m~oxb wqofb jh `bvv veo``bn`majq oi~bivoxb wqjnrf~v #m hm`` oi ~cb tmdb wqblorl/ min m tonbq veo`` novfqbwmify nrb ~jeijt`bndb vwo``jxbqv #m qovb oi ~cb tmdb wqblorl dmw/)

J~cbq hmf~jqv fmi oih`rbifb tmdb wqblorlv, oif`rnoid dbinbq, `majq rioji nbivo~y, veo``bn

min riveo``bn tjqebqv, qb`m~oxb wqofb jh `majq oi~bivoxb wqjnrf~v, oifqbmvbn wqjwjq~oji jh`majq to~c ~bq~omqy bnrfm~oji, Q(N bswbino~rqbv, oih`rbifb jh ollodqm~oji, nbqbdr`m~oji,~bfcij`jdofm` fcmidb, bnrfm~ojim` cb~bqjdbibo~y, riblw`jylbi~ qm~b, nboinrv~qomò{m~oji,nbfòioid djxbqilbi~ ~qmivhbq wmylbi~v, bfjijlof nbfbi~qmò{m~oji, min njlbv~of ~qmnb)

Qbvbmqfc ay Cm b~ m`) #177?/ mim`y{b ~cb olwmf~ jh qrqm` ~j rqami lodqm~oji ji oifjlboib}rmò~y min dbinbq tmdb dmw oi qrqm` qbdojiv rvoid m wmib` nm~mvb~ jh mqjrin =77 qrqm`xo``mdbv jxbq ~biybmq wbqojn hqjl =??4 ~j 1778 oi ~cb WQF) ^cby fjif`rnb ~cm~ blodqm~oji~binv ~j oifqbmvb ~cb dbinbq tmdb dmw oio~om``y, min ~cbi ~binv ~j nbfqbmvb o~ oi ~cb qrqm`xo``mdbv)

Cjtbxbq, tcm~ tjr`n cmwwbi oi ~cb tmeb jh oifqbmvoid oi~bdqm~oji jh nbxb`jwoid fjri~qobv,vrfc mv ~cb MFO fjri~qobv, ~j tmdb oib}rmò~y: ^cov ov m xbqy olwjq~mi~ blwoqofm` }rbv~oji

yb~ ~j ab mnnqbvvbn) ^cov vbf~oji bv~olm~bv ~cb vbf~jqm` tmdb wqblorlv hjq ~cb WQF,^cmo`min, min Oinjibvom tcbqb tb cmxb lofqjbfjijlof vrqxby nm~m) Tb ~cbi fjlwmqb ~cbnohhbqbifbv mfqjvv vbf~jqv min vb`bf~bn fjri~qobv oi jqnbq ~j bsmloib ~cb bs~bi~ jhfjlwmqm~oxb mnxmi~mdbv mfqjvv vbf~jqv min fjri~qobv)

Tb rvb m ljnohobn xbqvoji jh Loifbqv #=?23/ ljnb` oi jqnbq ~j bv~olm~b tmdb wqblorlv)Tmdb wqblorlv fmi ab nbhoibn mv ~cb wjq~oji jh tmdbv ~cm~ fmiij~ ab bsw`moibn ~cqjrdctjqebq jq hoql fcmqmf~bqov~ofv, ar~ fmi ab bsw`moibn ~cqjrdc tjqebq oinrv~qy mhhoòm~ojiv) Mvvrfc ~cby qbh`bf~ vbf~jqm` fcmqmf~bqov~ofv tcofc nb~bqloib wqjnrf~oxo~y)

^cb wjj`bn qbv~qof~bn `bmv~ v}rmqbv bmqioid b}rm~ojiv mqb bv~olm~bn hjq ^cmo`min minOinjibvom hqjl ~cboq qbvwbf~oxb `majq vrqxbyv jh 177? min hjq ~cb WQF hqjl ~cb Rqami

=?Im~ojim` Arqbmr jh V~m~ov~ofv, Fcoim Rqami Cjrvbcj`n Vrqxby 1778, WQF)


20/65


Cjrvbcj`n Vrqxby #RCV/ ay rvoid fqjvvvbf~ojim` min `jido~rnoim` nm~m) 17

# /w tn b

^cb qbdqbvvojivoif`rnb tjqebqv fcmqmf~bqov~ofv òeb bnrfm~oji, dbinbq, mdb, `jfm~oji, min oinrv~qy ~cby mqbtjqeoid oi) Tcbi fjlwmqbn ~j oinrv~qy tmdbv o~ ov wjvvoa`b ~j onbi~ohy tcbqb tjqebqv to~cvolo`mq fcmqmf~bqov~ofv mqb qbfboxoid tmdb wqblorlv jq novfjri~v mfqjvv oinrv~qobv minfjri~qobv) ^cbvb bsw`jqm~jqy bfjijlb~qof bv~olm~ojiv to~c v~minmqn bqqjqv to`` hjql ~cb amvov

jh ~cb #bswbf~bn/ bmqioidv nohhbqbi~om`v jh tjqebqv, tcofc fmi ab m amvb hjq jrqhr~rqb wqbnof~ojiv ji ~cb wm~~bqiv jh lodqm~oji)

^cb wqjwjq~ojim` nohhbqbifb oi tmdbv hjq m tjqebq oi m doxbi vbf~jq qb`m~oxb ~j ~cb mxbqmdbtjqebq oi m`` vbf~jqv to~c ~cb vmlb javbqxma`b fcmqmf~bqov~ofv fmi ab jh~bi qbhbqqbn mvijqlmò{bn tmdb wqblorl min rvbn ~j oinofm~b ~cb qb`m~oxb v~qbid~c jh ~cb vbf~jqv oim~~qmf~oid tjqebqv) ^crv ~cb wjvo~oxb oinrv~qy vwbfohof veo`` wqblorl vrddbv~v ~cm~ ~cboinrv~qy cmv m codc oinrv~qyvwbfohof wqblorl qb`m~oxb ~j ~cb mxbqmdb hjq ~cb bfjijly) ^cjvboinrv~qobv mqb onbi~ohobn mv codc`y wqjnrf~oxb min ~cbqbhjqb òeb`y ~j m~~qmf~ lodqmi~v)

^ma`b > vrllmqo{bv ~cb bv~olm~bn oinrv~qy tmdb wqblorlv #min novfjri~v/ hjq ~cb WQF hjq1778) ^cb qbvr`~v vcjt ~cm~ m tjqebq vto~fcoid hqjl mi mdqofr`~rqb vbf~jq ~j ~cb~qmivwjq~m~oji min fjllriofm~oji vbf~jq tjr`n bswbqobifb ji mxbqmdb m =?)6? #=?)6? ; Bv~olm~bn Ijqlmò{bn Vbf~jqm` Tmdb WqblorlvWQF

Vbf~jqv 1778 Vbf~jqv 1778

Mdqofr`~rqb 7)7?43 Cbm`~c 7)73=?

#7)71>4/+++ #7)7=62/+++

Fjllbqfb 7)7372 Lmirhmf~rqoid #=??8/ 7)714?

#7)7=21/+++ #7)7733/+++

Fjiv~qrf~oji 7)7>== Qbm` Bv~m~b 7)774>

#7)7=?8/++ #7)718=/

Bnrfm~oji 7)7=7= Vfobi~ohof Qbvbmqfc 7)=7=1

#7)7=76/ #7)7=44/+++

Dbj`jdy #=??8/ 7)=827 ^qmivwjq~m~oji min 7)7?8=

#7)724>/+++ Fjllriofm~ojiv #7)7==6/+++

Ij~b; +++, ++, min + nbij~b vodiohofmifb m~ =, 2, min =7", qbvwbf~oxb`y) Oinoxonrm` tmdb ov lbmvrqbn ji m lji~c`y

amvov min fjiv~mi~ tmdb nm~m ov fm`fr`m~bn rvoid ~cb =??7 tmdb oinbs mxmo`ma`b hqjl ~cb IAV) ^cb vmlw`b vo{bv mqbxbqy f`jvb to~c majr~ ?,==? javbqxm~ojiv oi =??6 ~j ==,2>= javbqxm~oji oi 1778) Jr~ jh ==,2>= javbqxm~ojiv ==88wbqvjiv mqb oi~bqim` lodqmi~v)

Vjrqfb; @bb #17=7/)

^ma`b 2; Bv~olm~bn Ijqlmò{bn Vbf~jqm` Tmdb WqblorlvOinjibvom 177?

Oinrv~qy Vbf~jq Tbodc~ A+ V~n) Bqq) ~ W9 ~ U?2" FO\

Mdqofr`~rqb 7)1=>3 7)6223 7)771? =16)76 7)77 7)68=2 7)627=

Loioid 7)7=2> 7)6>=6 7)7=72 61)26 7)77 7)6174 7)68=?

Lmirhmf~rqb 7)=>34 7)=237 7)77>2 62)=> 7)77 7)=883 7)=>?1R~oò~obv 7)7764 7)4>41 7)718= 13)88 7)77 7)8?8= 7)4?36

Fjiv~qrf~oji 7)7311 7)===? 7)7724 =?)4? 7)77 7)=773 7)=167

Fjllbqfb 7)1726 7)7=61 7)776> 6)3? 7)77 7)7=?3 7)7782

^qmivwjq~ 7)7338 7)7?8= 7)772> =4)33 7)77 7)7328 7)=784

Hoimifb 7)711? 7)234? 7)7=1= >3)28 7)77 7)28>= 7)8==8

Vbqxofbv 7)1=36 7)1?72 7)7767 ?2)36 7)77 7)13>8 7)1?82

Fjiv~mi~ ) =6)2=16 7)77=4 3=11)?3 7)77 =6)27?7 =6)2=22HV~m~ov~of 6181)1 Wqja 9 H 7)777

Vjrqfb; Fjlwr~bn hqjl VMEBQIMV #177?/)

^ma`b 8 vcjtv ~cb bv~olm~bn oinrv~qy tmdb wqblorlv hjq ^cmo`min hjq 177?) M tjqebqljxoid hqjl ~cb mdqofr`~rqm` vbf~jq, to~c tmdb novfjri~ 7)377> ~j ~cb ~qmivwjq~m~oji vbf~jqto~c tmdb wqblorl 7)1>>7, tjr`n bswbqobifb ji mxbqmdb m =7>)>> #7)1>>7 #7)377>//"oifqbmvb oi lji~c`y tmdb) Tb fmi m`vj ij~b ~cm~ oinrv~qy tmdb wqblorlv mqb }ro~b `jt minibdm~oxb #novfjri~v/ oi ~cb oinrv~qobv vrfc mv mdqofr`~rqb, hovcoid, loioid, lmirhmf~rqoid,fjiv~qrf~oji, tcj`bvm`b min qb~mo`, cj~b`v min qbv~mrqmi~v, fjllrio~y min vjfom` tjqe, minwqoxm~b cjrvbcj`nv to~c blw`jybn wbqvjiv) Mdmoi ~cb oinrv~qy tmdb wqblorlv ~bin ~j abcodcbv~ oi vbqxofb oinrv~qobv vrfc mv r~oò~obv, hoimifb, min bnrfm~oji) ^cb blbqdoid vbf~jqv,vrfc mv ~qmivwjq~ min fjllriofm~oji, qbm` bv~m~b, wraòf mnloiov~qm~oji min nbhbifb, cbm`~cmin bs~qm ~bqqo~jqom` jqdmiovm~ojiv, to`` nblmin ljqb tjqebqv) Tb tjr`n bswbf~ ~cm~ ~cb

vcjq~mdbv jh tjqebqv oi ~cjvb oinrv~qobv to`` ab ho``bn ay oi~bqim` jq bs~bqim` lodqm~oji)


22/65


^ma`b 8; Bv~olm~bn Ijqlmò{bn Vbf~jqm` Tmdb Wqblorlv ^cmo`min177?

Oinrv~qy Vbf~jq Tbodc~ a+ V~n) Bqq) ~ W9 ~ U?2" F`\

Mdqofr`~rqb 7)=7=8 7)377> 7)77>7 177)>8 7)77 7)3736 7)4?18

Hovcoid 7)7732 7)6?67 7)7=>3 18)8= 7)77 7)>117 7)68>=

Loioid 7)7713 7)716> 7)7188 7)33 7)64 7)7428 7)7133

Lmirhmf~rqoid 7)1=8= 7)=433 7)7718 84)26 7)77 7)=3>7 7)=468

R~oò~obv 7)77?1 7)42?1 7)7=2= 27)=6 7)77 7)41?2 7)433?

Fjiv~qrf~oji 7)7?68 7)6676 7)77>6 44)73 7)77 7)6634 7)61=?

Tcj`bvm`b min qb~mo` ~qmnb 7)==31 7)=432 7)7763 >4)73 7)77 7)=32? 7)=4==

Cj~b`v min qbv~mrqmi~v 7)7>88 7)6141 7)7781 21)81 7)77 7)66?> 7)6=27

^qmivwjq~ minfjllriofm~oji

7)7618 7)1>>7 7)7744 6=)24 7)77 7)1133 7)12?=

Hoimifb 7)7128 7)4?34 7)77?7 33)83 7)77 7)43== 7)3=8>

Qbm` bv~m~b 7)7137 7)=216 7)7736 =3)67 7)77 7)=687 7)=838

Wraòf mnloiov~qm~oji minnbhbivb

7)==27 7)>4?8 7)77>7 =17)82 7)77 7)>4=3 7)>346

Bnrfm~oji 7)=722 7)3231 7)77>1 17=)?> 7)77 7)3>?3 7)3882

Cbm`~c 7)7264 7)>>76 7)7787 46)11 7)77 7)>132 7)>21=

Fjllrio~y vjfom` tjqe 7)714? 7)61?2 7)773= >7)87 7)77 7)6>2> 7)6=68

Wqoxm~b cjrvbcj`nv to~cblw`jybn wbqvjiv

7)7=27 7)8==3 7)7==7 22)43 7)77 7)8666 7)2?76

Bs~qm~bqqo~jqom`jqdmio{m~ojiv

7)777= 7)>422 7)=633 6)>6 7)77 7)176> 7)4>42

Fjiv~mi~ 3)32>8 7)77=> 8611)?1 7)77 3)32=? 3)324>HV~m~ov~of 4261)=8 Wqja 9 H 7)77 Ij) jh javbqxm~ojiv 1=8,4?3

Vjrqfb; Fjlwr~bn hqjl Im~ojim` V~m~ov~ofm` Jhhofb #177?/)

Cmvmi min Kminjf #17=7/ bv~olm~b tmdb wqblorlv oi ~cb Wcoòwwoibv rvoid 1777 nm~m) Mtjqebq to~c ~cb volo`mq fcmqmf~bqov~ofv vto~fcoid hqjl hmqloid jh miolm`v, to~c tmdb novfjri~jh 7)7?4 ~j ~cb lmirhmf~rqb jh lj~jq xbcof`bv, ~qmo`bqv min vblo~qmo`bqv to~c tmdb wqblorl7)68? tjr`n bswbqobifb ji mxbqmdb m >8)8 #7)68? #7)7?4//" oifqbmvb oi lji~c`y tmdb)

^cbvb qbvr`~v m`vj m``jt oinrv~qy fjlwmqovjiv mfqjvv fjri~qobv #m``jtoid hjq nohhbqbifbv oivbf~jqm` nbhoio~ojiv min lbmvrqblbi~ ovvrbv/) M tjqebq tcj ljxbv hqjl blw`jylbi~ oi ~cbwqolo~oxb mdqofr`~rqb vbf~jq ~j blw`jylbi~ oi ~cb ljnbqi ~qmivwjq~m~oji vbf~jq, tjr`n jimxbqmdb bswbqobifb m tmdb oifqbmvb mqjrin 14" oi ~cb WQF, >2" oi Oinjibvom, =77" oi

^cmo`min, min >4" oi ~cb Wcoòwwoibv)

^cbvb tmdb wqblorlv*novfjri~v qbh`bf~ ~cb qb`m~oxb wqjnrf~oxo~y jh vbf~jqv to~coi min mfqjvvfjri~qobv) ^cby mqb ~cbqbhjqb olwjq~mi~ hmf~jqv oi oi~bqim` min bs~bqim` vbf~jqm` lodqm~oji)1=

6)1)8 Qblo~~mifbv

^cb vcmqoid jh ~cb abibho~v jh blw`jylbi~ min oifqbmvbn wqjnrf~oxo~y ay lodqmi~v to~c ~cboqhmloòbv ov olwjq~mi~) Qblo~~mifbv cmxb dqjti nqmlm~ofm``y to~c m ~j~m` jh RV.=81)2 ao`òjiqblo~~bn ~j Mvom oi 177?, tcofc tmv ibmq`y >7" jh d`jam` qblo~~mifbv) Jh ~cov, RV.>4 ao`òji

1= Jrq hr~rqb hjfrv ov ~j mim`y{b tmdb wqblorlv min novfjri~v hjq >nodo~ oinrv~qobv, jxbq ~olb, hjq ljqbfjri~qobv, to~c veo``bnriveo``bn fcmqmf~bqov~ofv min fmrvbv, oif`rnoid wqjnrf~oxo~y)


23/65


tbi~ ~j ~cb WQF min RV.>4 ao`òji tbi~ ~j Oinom #~cb `mqdbv~ qbfowobi~v oi ~cb tjq`n/ minRV.=? ao`òji tmv qblo~~bn ~j ~cb Wcoòwwoibv)11

Blwoqofm` qbvbmqfc ay M~~mib min Amqaobqo #177?/, Aqrio #177?/, min @bxoib b~ m`) #17=7/nbljiv~qm~b ~cb abibho~v jh lodqm~oji ~j ~cb qbfboxoid min vbinoid fjri~qobv oi ~bqlv jhoifqbmvbn oifjlb min fjivrlw~oji) Lmq~oi #1773/ }rj~bv ~cb 1772 Tjq`n Amie D`jam`

Bfjijlof Wqjvwbf~v Qbwjq~ tcofc mqdrbn hjq oifqbmvoid lodqm~oji hqjl nbxb`jwoid fjri~qobv~j nbxb`jwbn fjri~qobv ~j m``bxom~b wjxbq~y) ^cb Tjq`n Amie bv~olm~bv ~cm~ mi oifqbmvb oi~cov lodqm~oji hqjl 67 ~j >2 lo`òji tjr`n oifqbmvb tjq`n oifjlb ay jxbq RV.627 ao`òji) ^cbwjvvoa`b mnxbqvb bhhbf~v jh qbnrfbn veo``bn tjqebqv oi ~cb vbinoid fjri~qobv cmv `bn ~jwqjkbf~v ~j hmfoò~m~b qblo~~mifbv hqjl bswm~qom~bv, ovvroid nomvwjqm ajinv min qbnrfoidqblo~~mifb fjv~v xom oi~bqim~ojim` amiev #[`j~iofe 17=7/) ^cb Rio~bn Im~ojiv #17=7m/ mfeijt`bndbv ~cb Tjq`n Cbm`~c Jqdmiovm~oji #TCJ/ ibt fjnb jh wqmf~ovb, oi~qjnrfbn oiLmy 17=7, ~j qbnrfb ~cb mnxbqvb bhhbf~v jh ~cb `jvv jh vfmqfb wqjhbvvojim` cbm`~c tjqebqvhqjl nbxb`jwoid fjri~qobv) Veo``bn lodqmi~v mqb m`vj bifjrqmdbn ~j jqdmio{b vwbfom` wqjkbf~voi ~cboq jqodoim~oid fjri~qy min bxbi vwbin ~olb, hjq bsmlw`b mv m xovo~oid njf~jq jq irqvb)^r``mj, min Qoxbqm #1773/ mqdrb ~cm~ ~cbqb ov m`vj m f`bmq olwqjxblbi~ oi ~j~m` qbm`cjrvbcj`n oifjlb hqjl ~cb oifqbmvbn wqjnrf~oxo~y aqjrdc~ amfe ~j Oinom ay qb~rqioid

tjqebqv)

Mlbq min Tm`lv`b #177?/ vcjt ~cm~ ~cb tb`hmqb jh Oinomi tjqebqv qblmoioid abcoin oi Oinomolwqjxbv mv m qbvr`~ jh ~blwjqmqy veo``bn `majq lodqm~oji) ^cb tb`hmqb `jvv mqovoid hqjl jr~lodqm~oji ov jr~tbodcbn ay ~cb vrav~mi~om` oifqbmvb oi qblo~~mifbv amfe ~j Oinom) ^cb OinomiIVV lodqm~oji qbwjq~ #Loiov~qy jh V~m~ov~ofv 17=7/ vcjtv ~cm~ qblo~~mifbv xmqy mfqjvvcjrvbcj`nv) 42" jh jr~ lodqmi~v ~j jxbqvbmv qblo~ cjlb fjlwmqbn ~j 27" hjq jr~ lodqmi~vqblmoioid oi Oinom) Rqami cjrvbcj`nv oi Oinom qbfboxb ~tofb ~cb mljri~ jh qblo~~mifbv ~cm~qrqm` cjrvbcj`nv qbfboxb min codcbq oifjlb cjrvbcj`nv qbfboxb ljqb qblo~~mifbv ~cmiwjjqbq cjrvbcj`nv)

Cjrvbcj`nv qbfboxoid qblo~~mifbv hqjl jxbqvbmv cmxb codcbq `bxb`v jh bnrfm~ojibswbino~rqbv fjlwmqbn to~c cjrvbcj`nv to~cjr~ bs~bqim` qblo~~mifb oifjlb) ^cb codcbq ~cboifjlb jh hmloòbv to~c qblo~~mifbv oifjlb, ~cb codcbq ov ~cboq bswbino~rqbv ji ijqlm` minvrwbqojq djjnv min vbqxofbv, oif`rnoid bnrfm~oji #^r``mj min Qoxbqm 1773/) ^cb IVVlodqm~oji qbwjq~v ~cm~ jxbq ?7" jh rqami cjrvbcj`nv qbfboxoid qblo~~mifbv rvbn ~cbl ~j aryfjivrlbq djjnv) Jh ~cb rqami cjrvbcj`nv, 4=" vwbi~ qblo~~mifbv ji hjjn o~blv, 68" jicbm`~c fmqb, 6>" ji bnrfm~oji min =6" ji vmxoid min oixbv~lbi~) ^cb wqjwjq~ojiv mqbvolo`mq hjq qrqm` cjrvbcj`nv qbfboxoid qblo~~mifbv, m`~cjrdc =7" rvb qblo~~mifbv ~j qbwmynba~)

Doxbi ~cb lmdio~rnbv min olwjq~mifb jh qblo~~mifbv o~ ov olwjq~mi~ ~j fjivonbq ljxblbi~vmqb fyfòfm` min ~cbqb ov nbam~b majr~ ~cb onbi~ohofm~oji wqja`bl) Oh qblo~~mifbv mqbm`~qrov~ofm``y lj~oxm~bn ~cbi tb tjr`n bswbf~ ~cbl ~j ab fjri~bqfyfòfm` to~c ~cb lodqmi~vjqodoi #vbinoid/ fjri~qyv arvoibvv fyf`b, tcbqbmv oh ~cb lj~oxb ov hjq oixbv~lbi~ ~cbi tb

tjr`n bswbf~ ~cbl ~j wqjfyfòfm` #vbb Doròmij min Qro{Mqqmi{ 177?/) ^cby lmy m`vj abwqjfyfòfm` to~c ~cb lodqmi~ qbfboxoid fjri~yv arvoibvv fyf`b qbh`bf~oid ~cb fmwmfo~y jh ~cblodqmi~ ~j qblo~) Ij~b, cjtbxbq, ~cm~ ~cbqb ov qbfbi~ bxonbifb ~cm~ qblo~~mifbv qbnrfb jr~wr~min fjivrlw~oji xj`m~oò~y oi ~cb lodqmi~ vbinoid fjri~qy, tcbqbmv hjq ~cb qbxbqvb fmrvm~oji,~cbqb ov bxonbifb jh wqj min fjri~bqfyfòfm` bhhbf~v jh jr~wr~ ji qblo~~mifbv)

Tb fjif`rnb ~cm~ qblo~~mifbv mqb xbqy bhhbf~oxb lbmiv ~j vcmqb ~cb abibho~v jh oifqbmvbnwqjnrf~oxo~y mvvjfom~bn to~c lodqm~oji jh tjqebqv) Tb to`` ijt fjivonbq ~cb fji~qoar~oji jhlodqm~oji ~j ~j~m` hmf~jq wqjnrf~oxo~y #^HW/)

11Oi~bqim~ojim` Jqdmio{m~oji hjq Lodqm~oji #OJL/ Tjq`n Lodqm~oji Qbwjq~17=7, w) =83)


24/65


6)1)4 ^HW

Hbòwb #=???/ vrqxbyv ~cb blwoqofm` ò~bqm~rqb ji ^HW dqjt~c oi Mvomi fjri~qobv vrfc mvOinjibvom5 Lm`myvom5 Wcoòwwoibv5 Voidmwjqb5 ^cmo`min5 ~cb Qbwraòf jh Ejqbm5 Cjid Ejid,Fcoim5 min Kmwmi min fjif`rnbv ~cm~ ~cb blwoqofm` ^HW dqjt~c bv~olm~bv xmqy vodiohofmi~`y,bxbi hjq ~cb vmlb fjri~qy jxbq ~cb vmlb ~olb wbqojn) Mclbn #17=7/ v~rnobv MVBMI2 w`rv

6 bfjijlobv hjq ~cb wbqojn jh =?82177> min fjif`rnbv ~cm~ Kmwmibvb dqjt~c ov ^HW nqoxbitco`v~ m`` ~cb j~cbq fjri~qobv dqjt~c mqb oiwr~ nqoxbi)

Jq~bdm min Wbqo #177?/ v~rny ~cb bhhbf~v jh ollodqm~oji h`jtv ji ~j~m` blw`jylbi~, ~j~m`cjrqv tjqebn, wcyvofm` fmwo~m` mffrlr`m~oji min ^HW oi vb`bf~bn JBFN fjri~qobv, ab~tbbi=?37 min 1774) ^cb mr~cjqv hoin ~cm~ lodqm~oji oifqbmvbv blw`jylbi~ min fmwo~m` v~jfev,ar~ njbvi~ cmxb m vodiohofmi~ bhhbf~ ji ^HW) ^cby mqdrb voifb ollodqm~oji vcjfev `bmn ~j mioifqbmvb oi ~j~m` blw`jylbi~ min m wqjwjq~ojim` qbvwjivb jh ~cb wqjnrf~oji, jr~wr~ wbqfmwo~m ov ij~ mhhbf~bn ay ~cb ollodqm~oji oih`jtv) Cjtbxbq, ~cb v~rny njbv ij~ ~meb oi~jmffjri~ ~cb crlmi fmwo~m` jh lodqmi~v min ~cb bv~olm~ojiv mqb amvbn ji dqjvv lodqm~ojih`jtv, tcofc nj fji~qj` hjq qb~rqi lodqm~oji)

NMlrqo min Wbqo #17==/ bv~olm~b ~cm~ ollodqm~oji oi Tbv~bqi Brqjwb ~jje `jt veo``bn kjav

hqjl im~oxb tjqebqv oi ~cb qbfboxoid fjri~qobv, tcofc hjqfbn ~cbl oi~j codcbq veo``bn kjav)^cov abibhofom` olwqjxblbi~ oi wqjnrf~oxo~y tmv dqbm~bq hjq `bvv bnrfm~bn im~oxb tjqebqv,min oi fjri~qobv to~c ljqb h`bsoa`b `majq `mtv) Hrq~cbq wjvo~oxb bfjijlb~qof bxonbifb ovwqjxonbn ay J~~mxomij b~ m`) #17=7/ tcj hoin ~cm~ ollodqm~oji oifqbmvbv wqjnrf~oxo~y minblw`jylbi~) O~ njbv ij~ qbnrfb ~cb blw`jylbi~ jh im~oxb tjqebqv oi ~cb RV min lmymf~rm``y oifqbmvb ~cboq blw`jylbi~) Wbqo #177?/ hoinv qjarv~ bfjijlb~qof bxonbifb ~cm~ollodqm~oji hqjl Lbsofj oifqbmvbv ^HW hjq ~cb v~m~bv jh ~cb RV min ljxbv wqjnrf~oji~jtmqnv `bvv veo``v aomvbn ~bfcij`jdy) Cb bv~olm~bv ~cm~ m =" oifqbmvb oi lodqmi~blw`jylbi~ oi m RV v~m~b to`` oifqbmvb oifjlb wbq tjqebq jh 7)2" oi ~cb v~m~b)

6)1)3 @bvvjiv

Oi vrllmqy, ~cb ajny jh qbfbi~ blwoqofm` qbvbmqfc hoinv wjvo~oxb bhhbf~v jh lodqm~oji jiwqjnrf~oxo~y) ^cov tmv nbljiv~qm~bn m~ ~cb v~mq~ jh ~cov vrllmqy to~c ~cb qbxobt jh ~cb@bxoib b~ m`)#17=7/ volr`m~ojiv) ^cby bv~olm~b ~cm~ ollodqm~oji #to~c ij veo`` aomv/ ~cm~ doxbvm =7" oifqbmvb oi wjwr`m~oji jh ~cb qb`m~oxb`y codc ^HW qbfboxoid fjri~qy to`` oifqbmvb tjq`nbfjijlof dqjt~c ay 7)12" min wqjxonb m wbqlmibi~ oifqbmvb oi fjivrlw~oji jh ?") ^cov ovwqolmqo`y nrb ~j ~cb oifqbmvbn ^HW bhhofobify bhhbf~ jh ljxoid tjqebqv hqjl m qb`m~oxb`y `jt~j codcbq ^HW fjri~qy) ^cb veo``bnriveo``bn qb`m~oxb tmdb oifqbmvbv oi aj~c fjri~qobv #tcofcwqjxonb toiibqv min `jvbqv/ mqb jh vbfjin jqnbq ~j ~cb ^HW abibho~) ^cb ollodqmi~v qbfboxb~cb dqbm~bv~ olwqjxblbi~ min abibho~, hj``jtbn ay ~cb qbfboxoid fjri~qy veo``bn tjqebqv min~cbi ~cb qblmoioid veo``bn tjqebqv jh ~cb vbinoid fjri~qy) ^cb riveo``bn tjqebqv oi ~cbqbfboxoid fjri~qy mqb v~o`` ab~~bq jhh #~j m `bvvbq bs~bi~/, ar~ ~cb riveo``bn tjqebqv oi ~cbvbinoid fjri~qy mqb lmnb tjqvb jhh) ^cb mr~cjqv bv~olm~b ~cb qbwqbvbi~m~oxb cjrvbcj`n oi

~cb qbfboxoid fjri~qy to`` ab ab~~bq jhh jxbqm`` ay 7)32" tco`v~ ~cb qbwqbvbi~m~oxb cjrvbcj`noi ~cb vbinoid fjri~qy to`` ab tjqvb jhh ay =)1") ^cb mr~cjqv mqdrb ~cm~ qblo~~mifbv fmiqbnov~qoar~b ~cb wqjnrf~oxo~y abibho~v ~j `jvbqv oi ~cb vbinoid fjri~qy, tcofc tb cmxbnovfrvvbn wqbxojrv`y)

O~ qblmoiv ~j codcòdc~ mij~cbq wj~bi~om` wqjnrf~oxo~y abibho~ hqjl lodqm~oji, imlb`y ~cbbhhbf~v ji ~cb nblmin hjq bnrfm~oji oi ~cb vbinoid fjri~qy) Tco`v~ ~cb oifqbmvb oi ~cbcrlmi fmwo~m` xm`rb jh wqjhbvvojim`v hqjl ~qmoioid min bnrfm~oji bswbino~rqbv lmy wrvclmiy jh ~cbl ~j tjqe jxbqvbmv tcofc lmy `bmn ~j ~cb wqja`bl jh aqmoi nqmoi ~cbqb ov ~cbwqjvwbf~ ~cm~ ~cov lmy oi hmf~ hjv~bq crlmi fmwo~m` hjqlm~oji min dqjt~c oi veo``bn `majqvbinoid fjri~qobv #Xonm` =??35 Aboib b~ m`) 177=5 Njf}robq min Qmwjwjq~ 177>/) Oh ~cb wqoxm~bqb~rqiv ~j bnrfm~oji ov codcbq jxbqvbmv ~cmi m~ cjlb, ~cb wjvvoaoò~y jh lodqm~oji oifqbmvbv

~cb bswbf~bn qb~rqi ~j crlmi fmwo~m`, ~cbqbay bicmifoid njlbv~of biqj`lbi~ oi bnrfm~oji)Ljqb wbjw`b, ~cbqbhjqb, oixbv~ oi crlmi fmwo~m` mv m qbvr`~ jh oifqbmvbn lodqm~oji


25/65


jwwjq~rio~obv) ^cov mf}rovo~oji fmi fji~qoar~b nyimlovl oi ~cb bnrfm~ojim` vbf~jq `bmnoid ~jdqjt~c min bfjijlof wbqhjqlmifb) ^cov oi òib to~c Lmyq min Wbqo #1773/ tcj fjif`rnb ~cm~~cb aqmoi nqmoi lodc~ ij~ mf~rm``y ab ~cm~ ibdm~oxb hjq ~cb vbinoid fjri~qy mv oixbv~lbi~v oibnrfm~oji min ~qmoioid wqjxonb wjvo~oxb vjfom` abibho~v) ^cby wjoi~ jr~ ~cm~ lodqm~oid ~j mijxbqvbmv fjri~qy, `bmnv ~j codcbq oixbv~lbi~v oi bnrfm~oji oi ~cb vbinoid fjri~qy ~cm~ fjr`ndbibqm~b wjvo~oxb vwo``jxbqv ~j ~cb vbinoid fjri~qyv `majq lmqeb~) M`vj, mv wqbxojrv`ylbi~ojibn, qb~rqi lodqm~oji jh codc veo``bn `majq min fji~mf~v jh codc veo``bn tjqebqv to~c ~cbcjlb fjri~qy lodc~ oifqbmvb crlmi fmwo~m` `bxb`v oi ~cb vbinoid fjri~qy) M aqmoi nqmoilodc~ oi hmf~ fmrvb m nyimlof aqmoi dmoi hjq ~cb vbinoid fjri~qobv)

6)6 Nohhbqbi~om`v oi @oxoid V~minmqnvMiy nbfovojiv ~j lodqm~b to`` oif`rnb bswbf~bn dbibqm` bfjijlof abibho~v #oi mnno~oji ~jtmdbv/ min bswbf~bn fjv~v) ^cbvb fjv~v fmi oif`rnb ~cjvb hjq ~qmivwjq~, hbbv minoi~bqlbnomqobv fcmqdbv, tcofc fmi ab majr~ vos lji~cv jh ~cb bswbf~bn tmdb hjq qbdojim`ljxblbi~v ab~tbbi Oinjibvom min Lm`myvom*Voidmwjqb, min ab~tbbi ^cmo`min minFmlajnom) 16 ^cb fjv~v mqb lrfc codcbq hjq ljxblbi~ jr~ jh ~cb Mvomi qbdoji min

wmq~ofr`mq`y ~j ljqb nbxb`jwbn fjri~qobv) ^cb vjfom` abibho~v oif`rnb ab~~bq tjqeoidfjino~ojiv min wjvvoa`b mffbvv ~j bnrfm~oji min cbm`~c fmqb) ^j fjivonbq ~cov olwjq~mi~nolbivoji jh lodqm~oji, tb fmi ljnohy ~cb Cmqqov^jnmqj ljnb` oi Hodrqb 2 ay qbw`mfoidtmdb qm~bv ji ~cb xbq~ofm` msbv to~c aqjmnbq lbmvrqbv jh crlmi nbxb`jwlbi~) ^cbnblminv frqxbv min ~cbi fmi ab oi~bqwqb~bn mv lmqdoim` vjfom` abibho~v frqxbvhjq ~cb vbf~jqv) ^cb Crlmi Nbxb`jwlbi~ Oinbs #CNO/ oif`rnbv jib~coqn tbodc~oidv bmfc hjqlbmvrqbv jh oifjlb, bnrfm~oji min cbm`~c min ov ~cbqbhjqb mi mwwqjwqom~b oinofm~jq jh vjfomàbibho~v) ^cb bs~binbn tmdb nohhbqbi~om` Cmqqov^jnmqj ljnb` wqbvbi~bn bmqòbq oif`rnbv ~cbbswbf~m~oji #jq wqjamaoò~y/ jh ja~moioid blw`jylbi~) ^cov fmi m`vj ab bswminbn ~j oif`rnb~cb wqjamaoò~y jh lodqmi~v db~~oid ijidrmqmi~bbn mffbvv ~j vbqxofbv, oif`rnoid bnrfm~ojimin cbm`~c)

Mv bswbf~bn, ~cbqb mqb nohhbqbifbv ab~tbbi jqodoi min cjv~ fjri~qobv CNOv) Jh ~cb blodqmi~vhqjl Mvomi fjri~qobv, 12" tbi~ ~j Brqjwb, =8" tbi~ ~j Ijq~c Mlbqofm, min 1" ljxbn ~jJfbmiom) ^cb qblmoioid 22" blodqm~bn to~coi ~cb Mvomi qbdoji) ^cb wqjwjq~ojiv hjq ~cboinoxonrm` fjri~qobv mqb doxbi oi ^ma`b 4 min ~cb CNOv oi ^ma`b 3)1>

16 RINW Crlmi Nbxb`jwlbi~ Qbwjq~177?, Jxbqfjloid Amqqobqv; Crlmi Ljaoò~y min Nbxb`jwlbi~, ww)2>

22)1>^cb ybmq 1772 ov wrqwjvb`y vb`bf~bn hjq ~cb CNOv oi jqnbq ~j lmeb qb`bxmi~ fjlwmqovjiv to~c ~cb blodqm~ojinm~m, tcofc ov ji`y mxmo`ma`b hjq 177771)


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^ma`b 4; Mvomi Blodqmi~v Qbvonbifb ay Fji~oibi~

Cjv~ Fji~oibi~

Blodqm~ojiqm~b

m

#"/

Mvoma

#"/

Brqjwba

#"/

Ijq~cMlbqofm

a

#"/

Jfbmioma

#"/

Kmwmi 7)4 =1)? =6)> 2?)2 >)6

Voidmwjqb 8)6 2=)1 1=)? =1)6 =6)2

Cjid Ejid, Fcoim ?)2 6)? 17)2 86)1 ==)7

NWQ Ejqbm 6)= 62)4 4)> 27)6 >)1

Lm`myvom 6)= 88)3 =7)4 ?)> ==)8

^cmo`min =)6 87)= =6)7 11)6 6)>

WQF 7)2 8>)7 4)1 16)6 6)2

Wcoòwwoibv >)7 62)> 8)4 >?)? >)?

Oinjibvom 7)? 44)2 =6)4 >)3 1)?

Xob~ Iml 1)> =2)= =3)6 24)> 3)7

Oinom 7)3 41)7 ?)4 =2)7 =)6

Fmlajnom 1)6 =6)= 18)6 27)2 3)?

Mvom =)4 2>)4 1>)2 =8)> 1)1Ij~bv; m Blodqmi~v mv m wqjwjq~oji jh qblmoioid wjwr`m~oji w`rv blodqmi~v hjq ~cb fjri~qy#177771/)

a Blodqmi~v mv m wqjwjq~oji jh ~j~m` blodqmi~v hjq ~cb fjri~qy #177771/) Brqjwb < >?

Brqjwbmi fjri~qobv min mqbmv nbhoibn oi ~cb RINW Crlmi Nbxb`jwlbi~ Qbwjq~ 177?, ww) 1=>1=2)


^cb bfjijlobv to~c ~cb lmkjq wqjwjq~ojiv jh blodqmi~v tcj v~mybn to~coi ~cb Mvomi qbdojimqb Voidmwjqb, Lm`myvom, ^cmo`min, ~cb WQF, Oinjibvom, min Oinom) Ijq~c Mlbqofm ov ~cblmkjq nbv~oim~oji hjq blodqmi~v hqjl Kmwmi5 Cjid Ejid, Fcoim5 Qbwraòf jh Ejqbm5Wcoòwwoibv5 Xob~ Iml5 min Fmlajnom) Brqjwb tmv ~cb vbfjin wqbhbqbifb hjq blodqmi~v hqjlKmwmi5 Voidmwjqb5 Cjid Ejid, Fcoim5 Oinjibvom5 Xob~ Iml5 min Fmlajnom)

^cbqb mqb m`vj wj~bi~om` dmoiv hqjl oi~bqim` lodqm~oji) ^cb CNO tmv fm`fr`m~bn ~j oifqbmvb aymqjrin =7" hjq ~cjvb tcj ljxbn hqjl qrqm` ~j rqami mqbmv oi Oinjibvom min Xob~ Iml, oi

~cb wbqojn =??21772)

12

12

Cmq~~dbi min E`mvbi #177?/)


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^ma`b 3; Crlmi Nbxb`jwlbi~ Oinbs #CNO/ 1772

Kmwmi 7)338 Mrv~qm`om 7)?=3

Voidmwjqb 7)362

Fmimnm 7)3?1Cjid Ejid,Fcoim

7)327 Hqmifb 7)38?

NWQ Ejqbm 7)388 RV 7)?71

Lm`myvom 7)463 RE 7)322

^cmo`min 7)828 Dbqlmiy 7)3?2

WQF 7)866 Qrvvomi Hbn) 7)412

Wco`owwoibv 7)811

Oinjibvom 7)241

Xob~ Iml 7)28=

Oinom 7)27>

Fmlajnom 7)>?=Vjrqfb; RINW Crlmi Nbxb`jwlbi~ Qbwjq~ 17==,Vrv~moimao o~y minB}ro~y; M Ab~~bq Hr~rqb hjq M``)

^cb nm~m hjq WQF mnloiov~qm~oxb noxovojiv ov dqmwcbn oi Hodrqb 8 min vcjtv m v~qjidqb`m~ojivcow ab~tbbi ~cb CNO wr`` min ib~ oilodqm~oji #ij~oid nohhbqbifbv oi rio~v jhlbmvrqblbi~/)18

Tco`v~ ~cb wrvc hmf~jq ov `bvv jaxojrv hjq ~cb `jtbq CNO noxovojiv o~ ov v~o``wqbvbi~ hjq ~cjvb to~c ~cb `jtbv~ qb`m~oxb CNO lbmvrqbv, imlb`y ~cb Vofcrmi min Micronoxovojiv)

Vjrqfb; Mr~cjqv)

18^cb lodqm~oji nm~m fjlbv hqjl Fcmi #1773/ min ~cb CNO nm~m hqjl RINW min Qbiloi Rioxbqvo~y jh Fcoim#17=7/)


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^cb mim`yvov vrllmqo{bn bmqòbq oi Hodrqbv 6 min >, vcjt `bvv f`bmq wm~~bqiv jh ib~lodqm~oji hjq Oinom min Oinjibvom min ~cb qb`m~ojivcow to~c CNO ov m`vj `bvv wqbfovb) Cmxoidvmon ~cov, Hodrqb 4 w`j~v ~cb ib~ lodqm~oji min CNO lbmvrqbv hjq ~cb WQF noxovojiv#nomljinv/, Oinomi v~m~bv #v}rmqbv/, min Oinjibvomi wqjxoifbv #~qomid`bv/ oi ~cb vmlw`b)

14

^cb òib jh abv~ ho~ vcjtv m vodiohofmi~ wjvo~oxb qb`m~ojivcow) #^cb }rbv~oji jh ~tjtmyfmrvm~oji ov olwjq~mi~ cbqb oi ~cm~ tb tjr`n bswbf~ CNO nohhbqbifbv ~j oinrfb lodqm~oji jh`majq min ~cb qbm``jfm~oji jh `majq tjr`n olwqjxb crlmi nbxb`jwlbi~)/

Vjrqfb; Mr~cjqv

>) NBLJDQMWCOF ^QBINV

Qmwon mdoid nrb ~j `jt hbq~oò~y qm~bv min oifqbmvoid òhb bswbf~mifobv ibbn ~j ab mnnqbvvbnmv ~cov cmv ~cb wj~bi~om` ~j fqbm~b j~cbq bfjijlof wqja`blv vrfc mv noloiovcoidfjivrlw~oji, nbfòioid ~ms oifjlb min `jtbq vmxoidv min oixbv~lbi~) Ji ~cb j~cbq cmin,

wjwr`m~oji dqjt~c qm~bv mqb ljnbv~ mqjrin =" miirm``y oi Oinom min Oinjibvom) ^cbbswbf~m~oji ov ~cm~ `majq olwjq~m~oji hqjl codc wjwr`m~oji dqjt~c fjri~qobv to`` qbvj`xb ~cbvcjq~mdbv oh ljqb hqbb ljxblbi~v jh `majq mqb m``jtbn) Oh ~cov tbqb ~j cmwwbi, ~cbi ~cbqb`m~oxb`y `mqdb noxbqdbifbv ab~tbbi tmdbv min crlmi nbxb`jwlbi~ lbmvrqbv mvbsw`moibn bmqòbq, to`` ab olwjq~mi~ nb~bqloimi~v jh lodqm~oji ab~tbbi vbinoid min qbfboxoidfjri~qobv) Cjtbxbq, `majq lodqm~oji ov codc`y nbwbinbi~ ji nblmin #wr``/ min vrww`y #wrvc/fjino~ojiv tcofc mqb wqbnjloimi~`y oih`rbifbn ay djxbqilbi~ lodqm~oji wjòfobv jh ~cbqbfboxoid fjri~qy #nblmin vonb/) ^jrdcbq ollodqm~oji wjòfobv mqb oi w`mfb hjq wjjq riveo``bntjqebqv min ljqb dbibqjrv wjòfobv mqb v~mq~oid ~j blbqdb hjq qbfqro~oid veo``bn tjqebqv) Tbto`` fjivonbq ~cb wqjkbf~bn nbljdqmwcof ~qbinv ~j 1767)

14Ji`y Oinjibvomi wqjxoifbv to~c ib~ lodqm~oji majxb =77,777 tbqb oif`rnbn) ^cb CNO vjrqfbv hjq Oinjibvomwqjxoifbv min Oinomi v~m~bv mqb V~m~ov~ofv Oinjibvom #17=1/ min Djxbqilbi~ jh Lbdcm`mym #1773/,qbvwbf~oxb`y)


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>)= Wjwr`m~oji Dqjt~c

^cb Rio~bn Im~ojiv #RI/ lonwjoi~ wjwr`m~oji wqjkbf~ojiv mqb vcjti oi Hodrqb 3 hjq qbdojiv jh~cb tjq`n)13

Vjr~c Mvom min Mhqofm mqb ~cb ji`y qbdojiv bswbf~bn ~j bswbqobifb fji~oiroidv~qjid wjwr`m~oji dqjt~c ~j 1767) Vjr~c Bmv~ Mvom wjwr`m~oji dqjt~c to`` noloiovc min

v~jfev to`` b}rm` ~cm~ hjq Brqjwb min v~maoò{b hqjl 1767) Bmv~ Mvom ov wqjkbf~bn ~j nbfòib m~~cb bin jh ~cb hjqbfmv~ wbqojn)

Hodrqb ?m vcjtv ~cm~ ~cb WQFv wjwr`m~oji dqjt~c to`` v`jt min ~cb WQFv wjwr`m~oji to`` abvrqwmvvbn ay Oinomv mh~bq 1712) MVBMIv wjwr`m~oji to`` `bxb` jhh ~jtmqnv ~cb bin jh ~cbwqjkbf~oji wbqojn tco`v~ ~cb Qbwraòf jh Ejqbm to`` fcmidb qb`m~oxb`y ò~~`b min Kmwmivwjwr`m~oji to`` nbfòib)

^cb MVBMI fjri~qobv oi Hodrqb ?a mqb m`vj vcjtoid xmqom~ojiv oi wqbnof~bn wjwr`m~ojiv) M``to`` fji~oirb ~j dqjt, m`~cjrdc ^cmo`min to`` ij~ofbma`y v`jt) Oinjibvomv wjwr`m~oji to``fji~oirb ~j ab vo{bma`b min ~cb Wcoòwwoibv to`` vcjt ~cb v~qjidbv~ dqjt~c)

13RI NBVM #17==/, Tjq`n Wjwr`m~oji Wqjvwbf~v; ^cb 17=7 Qbxovoji)


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Jxbqm``, ~cbvb lbmvrqbv vcjt qbnrfoid noxbqdbifbv oi wjwr`m~ojiv jxbq ~cb ibs~ ~tbi~yybmqv) ^cb wqjkbf~bn CNOv ay Mvcbq min Nmwji~b #17=7/ hjq ~cb wbqojn 17721767, mqbfjlwmqbn oi Hodrqb =7 to~c ~cb wbqojn =?371772 CNOv hjq ~cb vb`bf~bn fjri~qobv) Tco`v~~cbvb CNO wqjkbf~ojiv ibbn ~j ab cbmxo`y }rm`ohobn ~cby oinofm~b vjlb fjixbqdbifb jxbq ~cbwqjkbf~bn wbqojn ~j 1767) M~ hoqv~ vodc~ o~ fjr`n ab fjif`rnbn ~cm~ fjixbqdoid wjwr`m~ojiv minlbmvrqbv jh nbxb`jwlbi~ lbmi ~cm~ ~cbqb ov `bvv ibbn hjq lodqm~oji ~j jffrq oi jqnbq ~jab~~bq hmfo`o~m~b ~cb bhhofobi~ m``jfm~oji jh `majq min ~j wqjlj~b ~cb crlmi nbxb`jwlbi~wqjfbvv) ^cov tjr`n ab m vbqojrv lov~meb min tb to`` ijt vcjt tcy)


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>)1 Oifqbmvoid Nbwbinbifobv

^cb RI wjwr`m~oji wqbnof~ojiv oinofm~b vodiohofmi~ mdboid jh wjwr`m~ojiv) Tco`v~ tb cmxb cmnM` Djqb min bloibi~ vfobi~ov~v tmqioid jh d`jam` tmqloid, tb ibbn mij~cbq codc wqjho`bbixjy ~j codcòdc~ ~cb b}rm``y olwjq~mi~ bxbi~ jh wjwr`m~oji mdoid) ^cov ov m lmkjqnbxb`jwlbi~ tcofc to`` cmxb vodiohofmi~ bfjijlof, vjfom`, min wjò~ofm` fjivb}rbifbv) Ij~bijrdc wbjw`b qbmò{b ~cb bhhbf~v jh oifqbmvoid nbwbinbify ay ~cb mdbn)

Tb fm`fr`m~b ~cb nbwbinbify qm~oj mv ~cb irlabq jh wbjw`b mdbn vos~y min jxbq mv mwqjwjq~oji jh ~cb irlabq jh tjqeoid mdbn wjwr`m~oji #=2 ~j 2? ybmqv jh mdb/ min qbwjq~~cbvb qm~ojv oi Hodrqb ==)1?

1?

^cbvb fm`fr`m~ojiv mqb amvbn ji ~cb RI NBVM #17==/, Tjq`n Wjwr`m~oji Wqjvwbf~v; ^cb 17=7 Qbxovoji)

Olwjq~mi~`y, ~cb mdoid min oifqbmvoid nbwbinbify qm~ojv xmqybijqljrv`y mfqjvv fjri~qobv min qbdojiv min mqb wqjkbf~bn ~j hrq~cbq noxbqdb) Hodrqb ==m

vcjtv ~cm~ ay 1767, hjq bxbqy =77 tjqeoid mdb wbjw`b ~cbqb to`` ab ibmq`y 42 wbjw`b mdbnvos~y min jxbq oi Dbqlmiy) Oinbbn m`` jh ~cb ~qmno~ojim` `majq olwjq~oid fjri~qobv to``bswbqobifb vodiohofmi~ oifqbmvbv oi nbwbinbify qm~ojv)


32/65



33/65


^cov m`vj mwwòbv ~j Kmwmi min ~cb Qbwraòf jh Ejqbm) Hodrqb ==a vcjtv ~cm~ ay 1767, hjqbxbqy =77 tjqeoid mdb wbjw`b ~cbqb to`` ab ibmq`y 42 wbjw`b mdbn vos~y min jxbq hjq Kmwmi)^cb WQFv qm~oj ov hjqbfmv~ ~j njra`b hqjl ~cb frqqbi~ qm~b jh mqjrin 17 j`n wbjw`b hjq bxbqy=77 tjqebqv ~j mqjrin >7 oi 1767) Bxbi Oinom, tco`v~ cmxoid qb`m~oxb `bvv mdoid, to`` m`ljv~njra`b o~v nbwbinbify qm~oj hqjl krv~ jxbq =7" ~j ibmq`y 17") ^cb MVBMI fjri~qobv,^cmo`min, Xob~ Iml, Oinjibvom, min Lm`myvom, to`` m`vj bswbqobifb mdoid wjwr`m~ojiv minoifqbmvoid nbwbinbify qm~ojv, mv oinofm~bn oi Hodrqb ==f)

Vjrqfb; Mr~cjqv fm`fr`m~ojiv)

^cbvb nbljdqmwcof fcmidbv mqb bs~qmjqnoimqy min, mv lbi~ojibn bmqòbq, to`` olwjq~mi~`ymhhbf~ oifjlb min fjivrlw~oji, vmxoidv min oixbv~lbi~, mv tb`` mv djxbqilbi~v maoò~obv ~jvrwwjq~ hr~rqb bfjijlof dqjt~c) ^cb vjfom` min wjò~ofm` fjivb}rbifbv mqb b}rm``yolwjq~mi~, hjq bsmlw`b, dqminwmqbi~v to~c hbtbq fco`nqbi ~j vrwwjq~ ~cbl to`` cmxb lrfchbtbq dqminfco`nqbi #7=> ybmq j`nv/ ~j cb`w ~cbl fji~qoar~b ~j ~cb hmlo`y tb`àboid) ^cbqbmqb mqdrlbi~v ~cb mdbn to`` ibbn ~j tjqe ~j j`nbq mdbv, tjlbi to`` oifqbmvoid`y bi~bq minqblmoi oi ~cb tjqehjqfb min wqjnrf~oxo~y olwqjxblbi~v to`` ab bvvbi~om` ~j lo~odm~b ~cbvb

bhhbf~v) Cjtbxbq, ~cby tjr`n ji`y wmq~om``y jhhvb~ ~cbvb wqbnof~ojiv)

F`bmq`y, oi~bqim~ojim` lodqm~oji to`` ab ibbnbn ~j qbnov~qoar~b ~cb fjv~v jh mdoid wqjfbvvbvhjq nohhbqbi~ fjri~qobv mqjrin ~cb d`jab) Ay tmy jh bsmlw`b, fjivonbq jrq bv~olm~bv jh ~cboi~qmMvom qbdojim` lodqm~oji qb}roqbn vj ~cm~ ~cb vb`bf~bn Mvomi fjri~qobv mdb m~ ~cb vmlbqm~b) ^cov vcmqoid jh ~cb hr~rqb arqnbi jh nbwbinbifobv, vcjti oi ^ma`b ?, to`` njra`b hjq~cbvb fjri~qobv, hqjl mqjrin =2" ~j mqjrin 67" oi 1767) Fjivonbq ~cb qb}roqblbi~v hjq17=7) Kmwmi tjr`n cmxb ibbnbn ib~ ollodqm~oji jh jxbq =27 lo`òji tjqeoidmdb wbjw`b, ~cbWQF ibmq`y =77 lo`òji tjqebqv min Oinom tjr`n ibbn blodqm~oji jh ibmq`y 177 lo`òjitjqeoid mdb `majq) Oinjibvom tjr`n m`vj ibbn blodqm~oji jh 12 lo`òji min ~cb Wcoòwwoibvmin Xob~ Iml tjr`n ibbn ~j fji~qoar~b mij~cbq 67 lo`òji blodqmi~v) To~c m hbt bsfbw~ojiv,~cbvb qb}roqblbi~v to`` oifqbmvb ~j 1767)

^cbvb fm`fr`m~ojiv mvvrlb ij blodqm~oji ~j jr~vonb ~cb Mvomi qbdoji min ~cb wr`` hmf~jqhqjl ljqb nbxb`jwbn fjri~qobv to`` qbnrfb ~cb maoò~y jh ~cb qbdoji ~j am`mifb dqjt~c ~j


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1767) Tco`v~ o~ mwwbmqv olwjvvoa`b ~j mfcobxb am`mifbn dqjt~c, fjivonbq ~cb oi~bqim`lodqm~oji hodrqbv oi ^ma`b 1a min ~cb mffjlwmiyoid novfrvvoji) O~ tmv bv~olm~bn ~cm~ ~cbWQFv oi~bqim` lodqm~oji tmv wjvvoa`y jh ~cb jqnbq jh =27 lo`òji, Oinom mqjrin =77% lo`òji,to~c ~cb Wcoòwwoibv min Xob~ Iml cmxoid mqjrin 17 lo`òji oi~bqim` lodqmi~v) Oh ~cbvblodqmi~v tbqb m``jtbn ~j ljxb to~coi Mvom ~cby tjr`n ~cbjqb~ofm``y dj m `jid tmy ~jqbnrfoid, bxbi wjvvoa`y bòloim~oid, ~cb mdoid olam`mifbv oi ~cb 1777v) Cmxoid f`molbn ~cov,o~ ibbnv ~j ab mfeijt`bndbn ~cm~ ~cbvb jqnbqv jh qbdojim` min fqjvvim~ojim` ajqnbqlodqm~oji lmdio~rnbv mqb riòeb`y ~j jffrq rinbq wqbvbi~ mqqmidblbi~v) Tb to`` ijtfjivonbq ~cb amqqobqv ~j lodqm~oji hjq vb`bf~bn fjri~qobv)

^ma`b ?;Bs~qm Tjqeoid Mdb Wbqvjiv Qb}roqbn ~j Lmoi~moi ~cb Mxbqmdb Mvomi

Nbwbinbify Qm~oj#lo`òjiv/

1777 17=7 1717 1767

Kmwmi =11)3 =86)= =67)1 ?=)4

WQF 27)7 ?7)8 =4?)4 1?2)1

^cmo`min 7)1 =)3 3)4 =7)1

NWQ Ejqbm 6)4 2)6 =)7 =)4

Xob~ Iml >)> =1)7 3)? 7)=

Oinjibvom =?)> 1>)8 1?)7 12)1

Lm`myvom >)1 >)> 6)3 >)6

Oinom =6=)= =?4)4 127)7 666)8

Wcoòwwoibv =>)? =3)= 11)4 1?)>

Fmlajnom 1)3 6)? 2)1 8)>

Nbwbinbify Qm~oj 7)=>82 7)=82= 7)1=84 7)1?1?Vjrqfb; Mr~cjqv fm`fr`m~ojiv)

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