deng xiaoping and the politics of openness

46
Deng Xiaoping, 1904 – 1997 The Politics of Openness

Upload: michael-peters

Post on 12-Apr-2017

21 views

Category:

Education


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Deng Xiaoping, 1904 –1997

The Politics of Openness

Page 2: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Personal note• I studied Mao’s China as a young geography student with Keith 

Buchanan at VUW in late 1960s • Keith McPherson Buchanan, Emeritus Professor and first Professor of

Geography at Victoria University• “Buchanan was a prolific writer, polemicist, reviewer and

commentator. His work includes nine books plus two co-authored volumes, well over 200 articles and comments, and a very large number of book reviews. As a radical geographer, a socialist, a champion of the dispossessed, and an unrelenting critic of orthodoxy, capitalist regimes and power elites, Buchanan was always controversial. His work represents a powerful case directed against some of the great evils and dangerous trends shaping the later twentieth century world.” Ray Watters

Page 3: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Keith Buchanan

• The Chinese people & the Chinese earth, 1966• The transformation of the Chinese earth:

aspects of the evaluation of the Chinese earth from earliest times to Mao Tse-tung, 1970

• What would Keith make of Deng Xiaoping?

Page 4: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

DENG XIAOPINGpreliminary

Page 5: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

"To learn knowledge and truth from the West in order to save China.”

• As a revolutionary nationalist Deng Xiaoping wanted to see China standing on equal terms with the great global powers. He developed a brand of pragmatism famously summed up in his 1962 slogan-- "I don't care if it's a white cat or a black cat. It's a good cat as long as it catches mice”—that served as a motto for “socialism with Chinese characteristics.” For Deng the very essence of socialism is the liberation and development of the productive systems. His policy reforms of “opening up” (改革开放 ) beginning in the late 1970s was responsible for the decollectivization of agriculture, the privatization and contracting out of state-owned enterprises and the growth of the market economy, a process that lead to China joining the WTO in 2001.

Page 6: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

邓先圣邓希贤born as Deng Xiansheng into a 

landlord family in Guang'an District, Sichuan province

Page 7: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Early Years

• "To learn knowledge and truth from the West in order to save China.”

• 1920 France to study• 1921 he joined the 

Chinese Communist Youth League in Europe

• 1924 Moscow• 1927 returned to China• Joined Feng Yuxiang

Page 8: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Chinese Nationalism

• "Deng Xiaoping and many like him [in the Chinese Communist Party] were not really Marxists but basically revolutionary nationalists who wanted to see China standing on equal terms with the great global powers. They were primarily nationalists and they participated in the Communist revolution because that was the only viable route they could find to Chinese nationalism."

Page 9: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Biography

• 1927-29 resided in Wuhan; first contact with Mao• secretary of Party Committee in Shanghai 1931.• Long March 1934; Mao head of Communist Party• 1937 Japanese invasion• 1945 traveled to Chongqing• Mayor of Chongqing, 1949• 1952 Deputy Premier and Vice President of the Committee on Finance in Beijing

Page 10: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

BAISEYears in  Baise; based on personal photographs taken in 2010

Page 11: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Street entrance

Page 12: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Entrance

Page 13: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Interior Courtyard

Page 14: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Balcony

Page 15: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Interior

Page 16: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Map

Page 17: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Map closeup

Page 18: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Meeting

Page 19: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Table

Page 20: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Detail

Page 21: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Detail

Page 22: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

detail

Page 23: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

detail

Page 24: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Fish detail

Page 25: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Fresco

Page 26: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Fresco

Page 27: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Fresco

Page 28: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Deng Xiaoping

Page 29: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

DENG’S PRAGMATISMReworking Mao’s legacy

Page 30: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Deng’s pragmatism, 1962

• "I don't care if it's a white cat or a black cat. It's a good cat as long as it catches mice” 

Page 31: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Cultural Revolution• Launch of Cultural revolution 

against Deng’s economic reformism

• Targeted by Red Guards• Zhou's choice as successor• returned to politics in 1974 as 

First Vice-Premier• Attack by Gang of Four• Self-criticisms• Criticize Deng and Oppose the

Rehabilitation of Right-leaning Elements

Page 32: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Emergence as leader• Deng gradually emerged as the de facto leader of China 

following Mao's death on 9 September 1976.• repudiated the Cultural Revolution• Met with Lee Kuan Yew in 1978• The Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee,

1979• commune system was gradually dismantled• China's economy opened to foreign trade• US recognizes CPRC• 1980 discussion for return of HK (by 1997)• 1987 Deng Xiaoping was re-elected as Chairman of  CMC

Page 33: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

The socialist market

• The social market economy

• The socialist economy• The socialist market 

economy

Page 34: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Socialist Market Economy

Page 35: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

SOCIALISM WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS

Deng argued that China was in the primary stage of socialism and that the duty of the party was to perfect so-called  “socialism with Chinese characteristics”

Page 36: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

“In the process of reform and opening up, we must be a little more courageous...”

Page 37: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

“Socialism with Chinese characteristics”

• interpretation of Maoism reduced the role of ideology in economic decision-making

• the market economy happens under socialism, too• political flexibility towards the foundations of socialism• The very essence of socialism is the liberation and development of 

the productive systems• Socialism and market economy are not incompatible• few of the economic reforms that Deng introduced were originated 

by Deng himself• The bottom-up approach of the Deng reforms, in contrast to the 

top-down approach of perestroika, was likely a key factor in the success of the former.

Page 38: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Deng’s policies

• Deng's reforms sparked an industrial revolution in China

• a reversal of the Maoist policy of economic self-reliance

• Special Economic Zones

Page 39: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

改革开放• Reform and opening up

Page 40: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

First & second stages

• The first stage (late 1970s and early 1980s) • the decollectivization of agriculture• the opening up of the country to foreign investment permission for entrepreneurs to set up 

• The second stage (1990s)• Privatization & contracting out of SOE• Lifting price controls, removing protectionst policies• Growth of private sector (70% of GDP in 2004)

Page 41: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Selected Works

Page 42: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

80th Birthday

Page 43: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China, Ezra F. Vogel

Page 44: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Ezra F. Vogel’s assessment• Once described by Mao Zedong as a “needle inside a ball of 

cotton,” Deng was the pragmatic yet disciplined driving force behind China’s radical transformation in the late twentieth century. He confronted the damage wrought by the Cultural Revolution, dissolved Mao’s cult of personality, and loosened the economic and social policies that had stunted China’s growth. Obsessed with modernization and technology, Deng opened trade relations with the West, which lifted hundreds of millions of his countrymen out of poverty. Yet at the same time he answered to his authoritarian roots, most notably when he ordered the crackdown in June 1989 at Tiananmen Square.

Page 45: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

China’s Transformation of China• Under Deng’s watch, Vogel writes, China transformed from a 

country with an annual trade of barely $10 billion to one whose trade expanded 100-fold. During his early years, Deng pleaded with the United States to take a few hundred Chinese students. Since then, 1.4 million have gone to study overseas. More than any other world leader, Deng embraced globalization, allowing his country to benefit from it more than any other nation. He also set the basis for a world-shaking demographic transition — by 2015, more than half of China’s population will live in cities — that will dwarf all the massive population shifts due to wars and uprisings in China’s past.

Page 46: Deng Xiaoping and the Politics of Openness

Video Interview

• NEW YORK, October 4, 2011 — Historian Ezra Vogel discusses his new biography of Deng Xiaoping, and Deng's singular place in modern Chinese history, with Orville Schell, Director of Asia Society's Center on U.S.-China Relations. (59 min., 54 sec.)

• http://asiasociety.org/video/countries/ezra-vogel-deng-xiaoping-complete