Type I Diabetes and Kidney

Disease

Robyn Eady

Eng/215

Strayer University

Overview

o Research Proposal to compare Type 1 Diabetes and Chronic

Kidney Disease with Long-Term complications. What do they

have in common? Can it be reversed?

o What is Diabetes

o What is Chronic Kidney Disease

o Literature Review

o Review some of the facts and information about Diabetes

and its development of type 1

o Chronic Kidney Disease and Diet

o Hypothesis

Overview Cont.

o Method

o Participants

o Materials

o Procedures

o References

What is Diabetes?Diabetes is a disease in which the blood glucose levels

are above normal this happens when most of the food he

or she eat is turned into glucose, or sugar, for our bodies

to use for energy.

The pancreas, is an organ that lies near the stomach, and

makes a hormone called insulin to help glucose get into

the cells of our bodies. When a person has diabetes, the

body either doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t use its

own insulin as well as it should. This will cause sugar to

build up in your blood.

Diabetes can cause serious health complications including

heart disease, blindness, kidney failure and lower

extremity amputations.

www.cdc.gov/diabetes/consumer/learn/htm 4

Literature Review

o Development of Type 1 Diabetes

o Types of Diabetes

o Type 1

o Type 2

o Gestational Diabetes

o Growing Epidemics

o Symptoms of Diabetes

o Treatment with Insulin and Medication

o Long-Term Complications

o Diabetes: Harm the Kidneys

Development of Type I Diabetes

http://emedicine.medsacpe.com6

Types of Diabetes Type 1 – Insulin dependent, persons with Type 1 must have

insulin delivered by injections or pump.

Type 2 – Non-Insulin dependent or adult-onset diabetes.

Associated with older age

Obesity

Family history of diabetes

History of gestational diabetes, physical inactivity

Race/ethnicity

o (African American and Native Hawaiian, and other

Pacific Islanders are higher risk for Type 2 diabetes

and complications.

Gestational – occurs in women who are pregnant, late stage.

www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/general07.htm 7

Diabetes: Growing Epidemic Did you know these facts about diabetes?

Nearly 21 millions people in the United

States (about 7% of the populations) have

diabetes, and about a third do not even know

they have the disease.

Diabetes is the leading cause of chronic

kidney disease.

Diabetes accounts for 45% of kidney failure.

Worldwide, 171 million people have

diabetes.

At lease 20% of people older than 65 years

have diabetes. www.kidney.org 8

Symptoms of Diabetes Frequent Urination

Excessive Thirst

Unexplained Weight Loss

Extreme Hunger

Sudden Vision Changes

Tingling or Numbness in hands or feet

Feeling very tired much of the time

Very dry skin

Sores that are slow to heal

More infections than usual

Nausea, vomiting, or stomach pains are some of the

symptoms in an insulin-dependent diabetic, which is called

Type 1 Diabetes.

www.cdc.gov/diabetes/consumer/learn.htm9

Risk Factors & White Foods to Avoid

Belly Fat

Family History

Smoking

Sanitary Life Style

Risk Factors White Foods to Avoid

Bread “White”

Flour “White”

Sugar “White”

Fried Foods

Pasta “White”

Soda

Treatment with Insulin & Oral Medication

Insulin14%

No Medication

16%

Insulin & Oral

Medication13%

Oral Only57%

www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/general07.htm 11

Long-Term Complications

Heart, Brain,

Legs, Eyes, Kidney

Nerves, Skins

Heart Failure

Stroke

Leg Cramps

Poor Vision

Kidney Failure

Damage to the Nerves

Skin Breakdown

Angina

www.merck.com/mmhe 12

Diabetes and the Kidneys

Diabetes can harm the kidneys by causing damage to the

following:

Blood vessels in the kidneys

Poor intake of fluid

Nerves in your body

Medication – diuretic “water pills”

Urinary tract

www.kidney.org 13

Functions of the Kidney

www.niddk.org 14

Pair of Organs

Keep the Blood Clean

Process 200 quarts of

Blood daily.

Removes Waste

Symptoms of Chronic Kidney Disease

Frequent Urination

Blood and or Protein in the Urine

Burning during Urination

Puffiness & Swelling (edema) in the face, hands

& feet

High Blood Pressure

Skin Itching

Nausea & Vomiting

Weakness

www.brighthub.com/health/diabetes/articles/2749/aspx 15

Primary Causes of Kidney Failure

Glomerulonephritis8%

Cystics Disease

2% Urologic Disease

2%

Other17%

Diabetes44%

High Blood Pressure

27%

Kidney Failure

kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudisease/pubs/kdd 16

Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease

Stage Description

Glomerular Filtration

Rate (GFR)

1

Kidney damage (e.g.,

protein in the urine)

w/normal GFR 90 or above

2

Kidney damage w/mild

decrease in GFR 60 to 89

3 Moderate decrease in GFR 30 to 59

4 Severe reduction in GFR 15 to 29

5 Kidney Failure Less than 15

www.kidney.org17

Dialysis

Prevent Kidney Disease

Ways that diabetics can prevent themselves from

acquiring kidney disease:

Control your blood sugar level

Keep blood pressure under control

Check your blood pressure often

Test for kidney disease once a year

Take medicine to control blood glucose

cholesterol, & blood pressure.

Follow your diet for diabetes

Get regular exercise www.kidney.org

18

Chronic Kidney DiseaseChanging the Diet

Protein Limit the amount of protein that you eat: instead of 8 oz.

more like 3 or 4oz.

Cholesterol Limit the amount of High Cholesterol foods:

cookies, pastries and muffins.

Sodium No canned or processed foods like: frozen dinners and hot

dogs.

Potassium Oranges, potatoes, bananas, dried fruits, dried beans, and

peas, nuts and snack foods.

Not Smoking

Two leading cause of Kidney Disease is

Diabetes and High blood pressure

www.kidney.niddk.nih.gov

19

Sample Meal Plan Diabetes and Kidney Disease

Breakfast

o Peanut Butter Oatmeal

o Fresh Sliced Pears

o Very Berry Smoothie

Lunch

o Baked Salmon on a Toasted Hamburger Bun

o Roasted Asparagus Spears w/Spicy Tofu Hollandaise

o Sliced Pineapple w/Strawberry Lemon thyme Sorbet

Snack

o Cucumbers w/Horseradish & Dill Dip

o Mixed Nuts

Dinner

o Grilled Vegetables on Bulgur Pilaf

o Sliced Avocado

o Rum-Baked Apples

www.kidney.niddk.nih.gov 20

The potassium contents of this meal may be to high for some people

with Chronic Kidney Disease stages 3 or 4

Hypothesis It is hypothesized individuals with stages 3 or 4 chronic

kidney disease who consume a Renal Failure Diet over a 6

month period will be significantly more likely to have their

chronic kidney disease enter remission than individuals with

stage 3 or 4 chronic kidney disease who do not modify their

diets.

It is further hypothesized that individuals with stage 3 or 4

chronic kidney disease who consume an renal failure diet over

a 6 month period will be significantly less likely to require

dialysis treatment than individuals with stage 3 or 4 chronic

kidney disease who do not modify their diets.

21

Method

Participants

23www.kidney.niddk.nih.gov

Materials

www.kidney.niddk.nih.gov 24

Materials

Assessment Materials

Renal Failure

Diet Foods

Blood –Testing

Equipment

10 Medical Doctors

Outpatient Dialysis Facility

Procedures

Diagnosis of Type I Diabetes and participants with stage

3 or 4 Chronic Kidney Disease.

Experimental participants receive a week’s worth of

Renal Failure Diet frozen meals from the Outpatient

Dialysis Center weekly.

Control participants will maintain their regular diet;

which will consist of all food being:

Broiled

Grilled

Baked

www.kidney.niddk.nih.gov

26

Procedures Cont.

Participants will be asked to eat meals at a set times.

7 am Breakfast

11 am Lunch

2:30pm Snack

6 pm Dinner

Time Frame

6 month period

Assessments to determine the necessity of dialysis

treatment

References American Diabetes Association, (2007); Diabetes, Retrieved on

August 12, 2010, from www.diabetes.org

Brighthub Health (2008); Health and Diabetes, Retrieved on August

25, 2010; from;

www.brighthub.com/health/diabetes/articles/2749/apsx

Center for Disease Control, (2007); What is diabetes, Retrieved

on August 12, 2010, from

www.cdc.gov/diabetes/consumers/learn.htm

eMedicine for WebMD, (2009); Development of Type I

Diabetes; Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com

References

Merck Manuals, (2010); Online Medical Library, Long-Term

Complications Diabetes; Retrieved on August 19, 2010,

from www.merck.com/mmhe

National Kidney and Urologic Disease Information Clearinghouse,

(2010); Kidney Disease, Retrieved from,

www.kidney.niddk.nih.gov

National Kidney Foundation, (2008); Kidney Disease and

Diabetes, Retrieved on August 19, 2010, from

www.kidney.org