Digestion System & Digestion System & NutritionNutrition

By: Kreauna Bonner, Shalana Hunter, By: Kreauna Bonner, Shalana Hunter, and Jazelle Jackson and Jazelle Jackson

http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/nutrition-final/deck/4816060

What is Digestion?What is Digestion?

DigestionDigestion: Is the : Is the chemical and mechanicalchemical and mechanical break down of food and the absorption of the break down of food and the absorption of the resulting nutrients by cells.resulting nutrients by cells.

Mechanical DigestionMechanical Digestion: Breaks large pieces : Breaks large pieces into smaller ones without altering their into smaller ones without altering their chemicalchemical composition. composition.

Chemical Digestion:Chemical Digestion: Breaks food into simpler Breaks food into simpler chemicals chemicals

The Digestive SystemThe Digestive System

The digestive system consists of the The digestive system consists of the alimentaryalimentary canal.canal.

The alimentary canal extends about 8 meters The alimentary canal extends about 8 meters from the from the mouthmouth to the to the anusanus, and several , and several accessory organs that secrete substances used accessory organs that secrete substances used in the process of digestion into the canal.in the process of digestion into the canal.

The Digestion SystemThe Digestion System

The Alimentary canal includes:The Alimentary canal includes: MouthMouth PharynxPharynx EsophagusEsophagus StomachStomach Small intestineSmall intestine Large intestineLarge intestine RectumRectum AnusAnus

Accessory organs include:Accessory organs include:

Salivary glandsSalivary glands LiverLiver GallbladderGallbladder PancreasPancreas

Alimentary CanalAlimentary Canal

The alimentary canal consists of The alimentary canal consists of fourfour distinct layers that are developed distinct layers that are developed to different degrees from to different degrees from regionregion to region. to region.

These layers are:These layers are: MucosaMucosa (mucous membrane): surface epithelium, underlying (mucous membrane): surface epithelium, underlying

connective tissue, and a small amount of smooth muscle form this connective tissue, and a small amount of smooth muscle form this layerlayer

SubmucosaSubmucosa: consists of considerable loose connective tissue as well : consists of considerable loose connective tissue as well as as glandsglands, , blood vesselsblood vessels, , lymphatic vesselslymphatic vessels, and , and nervesnerves organized organized into a network called a plexus.into a network called a plexus.

Muscular layerMuscular layer: produces : produces movementsmovements of the tube of the tube Serosa Serosa (serous layer): The visceral peritoneum comprises the serous (serous layer): The visceral peritoneum comprises the serous

layer, or layer, or outer coveringouter covering, of the tube., of the tube.

Movements of the TubeMovements of the Tube

The motor functions of the alimentary canal are of two basic types: The motor functions of the alimentary canal are of two basic types: Mixing MovementsMixing Movements and and Propelling MovementsPropelling Movements

Mixing occurs when smooth muscles in small sections of the tube Mixing occurs when smooth muscles in small sections of the tube contract rhythmicallycontract rhythmically

Example: When your stomach is full, waves of muscular Example: When your stomach is full, waves of muscular contractions move along its walls from one end to the other.contractions move along its walls from one end to the other.

Propelling includes a wavelike motion called peristalsis.Propelling includes a wavelike motion called peristalsis. Peristalsis occurs when a ring of contraction appears in the wall of Peristalsis occurs when a ring of contraction appears in the wall of

the tube, while this happens the muscular wall just ahead the rings the tube, while this happens the muscular wall just ahead the rings relaxesrelaxes

When the peristalsis waves move along, it will push the tubular When the peristalsis waves move along, it will push the tubular contents ahead of itcontents ahead of it

Tube Movement Tube Movement

Mixing movements Mixing movements occur when small occur when small segments of the segments of the muscular wall of the muscular wall of the alimentary canal alimentary canal contract rapidlycontract rapidly

Peristalic waves Peristalic waves move the contents move the contents along the canalalong the canal

MouthMouth

The MouthThe Mouth It receives food and begins mechanically reducing the size of It receives food and begins mechanically reducing the size of

solids and mixing them with saliva.solids and mixing them with saliva.TheThe lips lips, , cheekscheeks, , tonguetongue, and , and palatepalate surround the mouth to help surround the mouth to help

with the breakdown of food.with the breakdown of food.

Cheeks and LipsCheeks and Lips

The cheeks consist of outer layer of skin, pads of The cheeks consist of outer layer of skin, pads of hypodermichypodermic fat, fat, muscles associated with the expression of chewing, and inner muscles associated with the expression of chewing, and inner layers of moist layers of moist stratifiedstratified squamous epithelium. squamous epithelium.

The lips are very highly mobile structures. They consists of The lips are very highly mobile structures. They consists of skeletal muscles and sensory receptors, that are useful in the skeletal muscles and sensory receptors, that are useful in the judgment of temperature and texture of various foods.judgment of temperature and texture of various foods.

Mouth (cont.)Mouth (cont.)

TongueTongue The tongue nearly fills the mouth when closed. The tongue nearly fills the mouth when closed. MucousMucous membranes cover membranes cover

the tongue. A membranous fold called the the tongue. A membranous fold called the frenulumfrenulum connects the midline connects the midline of the tongue to the top of the mouthof the tongue to the top of the mouth

Tongue is also useful because it has the ability of moving food underneath Tongue is also useful because it has the ability of moving food underneath the teeth for chewing.the teeth for chewing.

The tongue consists of rough projections called papillae on the surface of The tongue consists of rough projections called papillae on the surface of the tongue which provides friction, which helps handle the food.the tongue which provides friction, which helps handle the food.

Papillae also bare Papillae also bare taste budstaste buds The roof of the tongue is also known as the The roof of the tongue is also known as the posterior region, posterior region, it is anchored it is anchored

to the hyoid boneto the hyoid bone Posterior region is covered with round masses of lymphatic tissue these are Posterior region is covered with round masses of lymphatic tissue these are

called called lingual tonsilslingual tonsils

Mouth (cont.)Mouth (cont.)

Palate:Palate: Forms the roof of the Forms the roof of the oral cavityoral cavity, and consist of a hard anterior (, and consist of a hard anterior (hard hard

palatepalate) part and a soft posterior () part and a soft posterior (soft palatesoft palate) part) part Soft palate forms a muscular arch which extends posteriorly and Soft palate forms a muscular arch which extends posteriorly and

downwards as a cone shaped projection called the downwards as a cone shaped projection called the uvulauvula While swallowing the soft palate and uvula draw upward to prevent food While swallowing the soft palate and uvula draw upward to prevent food

from entering the nasal cavity from entering the nasal cavity Palatine tonsilsPalatine tonsils are masses of lymphatic tissue on either side of the tongue are masses of lymphatic tissue on either side of the tongue

that are closely associated with the palate that are closely associated with the palate The palatine tonsils lie beneath the epithelial lining of the mouth they The palatine tonsils lie beneath the epithelial lining of the mouth they

protect against infection protect against infection The Pharyngeal tonsilsThe Pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids are above the border of the soft palate or adenoids are above the border of the soft palate

on the posterior wall of the pharynx. on the posterior wall of the pharynx.

Mouth (cont.)Mouth (cont.)

TeethTeeth There are two different sets of There are two different sets of

teeth during development teeth during development primary and secondary teethprimary and secondary teeth

Primary teeth erupt through Primary teeth erupt through the gums between the ages of the gums between the ages of six months to 2 years old. six months to 2 years old.

The secondary teeth usually The secondary teeth usually appear around the age of six appear around the age of six years oldyears old

Salivary glands Salivary glands

The The salivary glandssalivary glands secrete saliva. secrete saliva. Saliva Saliva moistens moistens food particles helping to bind them so they can start the food particles helping to bind them so they can start the

process of chemical digestion of carbohydrates.process of chemical digestion of carbohydrates. Saliva is a Saliva is a solventsolvent Saliva dissolves foods so that they can be tasted and it helps cleanse the Saliva dissolves foods so that they can be tasted and it helps cleanse the

mouth mouth and teeth and teeth With in each salivary gland there are two typesWith in each salivary gland there are two types of secretory cells the of secretory cells the

Serous cellSerous cell and the and the Mucous cellMucous cell Serous cells produce watery fluid the contains Serous cells produce watery fluid the contains amylaseamylase, this enzyme splits , this enzyme splits

starch and glycogen molecules into disaccharides which is the first step of starch and glycogen molecules into disaccharides which is the first step of the chemical digestion of carbohydrates.the chemical digestion of carbohydrates.

Mucous cells secretes a thick liquid called Mucous cells secretes a thick liquid called mucous mucous this liquid binds food this liquid binds food particles and lubricates during swallowing. particles and lubricates during swallowing.

Salivary Glands (cont.) Salivary Glands (cont.)

The three major parts of the Salivary Glands are the The three major parts of the Salivary Glands are the parotidparotid, , submandibularsubmandibular, and , and sublingual glandssublingual glands

Parotid Glands :Parotid Glands : are the largest of the major Salivary glands each of these are the largest of the major Salivary glands each of these glands lies anterior to the ear between the cheek and the masseter muscle. glands lies anterior to the ear between the cheek and the masseter muscle. The parotid glands secrete a clear fluidThe parotid glands secrete a clear fluid that is rich inthat is rich in amylase. amylase.

Submandibular GlandsSubmandibular Glands: are located in the floor: are located in the floor of the mouth on the inside of the mouth on the inside surface of the lower jaw. The secretory cells of the these glands are surface of the lower jaw. The secretory cells of the these glands are predominantly serous, containing a few mucous cells. Submandibular predominantly serous, containing a few mucous cells. Submandibular glands secrete a viscous fluid than the parotid.glands secrete a viscous fluid than the parotid.

Sublingual Glands:Sublingual Glands: is the smallest is the smallest of theof the salivary glands are on the floor of salivary glands are on the floor of the mouth inferior to the tongue. Secretary cells are primarily the mucous the mouth inferior to the tongue. Secretary cells are primarily the mucous type making their secretions thick and stringy.type making their secretions thick and stringy.

Pharynx and EsophagusPharynx and Esophagus PharynxPharynx connects toconnects to the nasalthe nasal andand oraloral cavities with the larynx and cavities with the larynx and

esophagus. There are three different parts.esophagus. There are three different parts. NasopharynxNasopharynx: communicates with the nasal: communicates with the nasal cavity and provides a cavity and provides a

passageway for air during breathing passageway for air during breathing OropharynxOropharynx: is posterior to the soft palate and the inferior to the : is posterior to the soft palate and the inferior to the

nasopharynx. It is a passageway for food moving downward from the nasopharynx. It is a passageway for food moving downward from the mouth and for air moving to and from the nasal cavity. mouth and for air moving to and from the nasal cavity.

LaryngopharynxLaryngopharynx: just inferior to the orophaynx is a passage to the : just inferior to the orophaynx is a passage to the esophagus.esophagus.

There are three stages of swallowing.There are three stages of swallowing. Food is mixed with the saliva and forced into the pharynxFood is mixed with the saliva and forced into the pharynx Involuntary reflex actions move the food into the esophagusInvoluntary reflex actions move the food into the esophagus Peristalsis transports food to the stomachPeristalsis transports food to the stomach

Pharynx and EsophagusPharynx and Esophagus Esophagus is a a straight, Esophagus is a a straight,

collapsible tube about 25 collapsible tube about 25 centimeters long, is a food centimeters long, is a food passageway from the pharynx passageway from the pharynx to the stomachto the stomach

The esophagus begins at the The esophagus begins at the bottom of the pharynx and bottom of the pharynx and goes down the posterior to the goes down the posterior to the trachea, that passes through the trachea, that passes through the the mediastinum. the mediastinum.

Circular muscle fibers at the Circular muscle fibers at the distal end of the esophagus distal end of the esophagus that helps prevent regurgitation that helps prevent regurgitation of food from the stomachof food from the stomach

StomachStomach

The stomach receives food, mixes it with The stomach receives food, mixes it with gastric juicegastric juice carries on a limited carries on a limited amount of absorption and moves food into the small intestine.amount of absorption and moves food into the small intestine.

Parts of the stomachParts of the stomach The stomach is divided into The stomach is divided into cardiaccardiac, , fundicfundic, , bodybody, and small intestine, and small intestine The cardiac regions is a small area near the esophageal openingThe cardiac regions is a small area near the esophageal opening The fundic region which balloons superior to the cardiac portion is a The fundic region which balloons superior to the cardiac portion is a

temporary storage areatemporary storage area Main part of the stomach lines between the fundic and pyloric portionsMain part of the stomach lines between the fundic and pyloric portions Pyloric region narrows and becomes the pyloric canal as it approaches Pyloric region narrows and becomes the pyloric canal as it approaches

the small intestine. At the end of the pyloric canal, the muscular wall the small intestine. At the end of the pyloric canal, the muscular wall thickens, forming a powerful circular muscle, the pyloric sphincter. thickens, forming a powerful circular muscle, the pyloric sphincter. This muscle is a valve that controls gastric emptyingThis muscle is a valve that controls gastric emptying

Stomach (cont.)Stomach (cont.) Regulation of Gastric Secretion:Regulation of Gastric Secretion: gastric glands secrete gastric juice. gastric glands secrete gastric juice.

Gastric juice contains pepsin. This begins the chemical digestion of Gastric juice contains pepsin. This begins the chemical digestion of protein hydrochioricacid and intrinsic factor. protein hydrochioricacid and intrinsic factor.

The regulation of gastric secretions is the parasympathetic impulses The regulation of gastric secretions is the parasympathetic impulses and the hormone gastrin that enhances gastric secretion. and the hormone gastrin that enhances gastric secretion.

Food in the small intestine reflexly inhibits gastric secretions Food in the small intestine reflexly inhibits gastric secretions Gastric Absorption: Gastric Absorption: when the stomach absorbs a few substances, when the stomach absorbs a few substances,

such as water and other small moleculessuch as water and other small molecules Mixing and Emptying Actions:Mixing and Emptying Actions: after a meal the mixing movement of after a meal the mixing movement of

the stomach wall acid in producing a semi fluid paste of food the stomach wall acid in producing a semi fluid paste of food particles and gastric juice called chyme. particles and gastric juice called chyme.

Peristaltic waves push the chyme closer to the pyloric sphincter then Peristaltic waves push the chyme closer to the pyloric sphincter then the muscles begin to relax, during stomach contractions chyme is the muscles begin to relax, during stomach contractions chyme is pushed little by little into the small intestinepushed little by little into the small intestine

Stomach (cont.)Stomach (cont.)

The rate of which the stomach empties depends upon the fluidity of the chyme and the type of food present

When liquids are passed through the stomach, it is moved along rapidly.

Whereas solids stay until they are well mixed with gastric juice

Fatty foods will stay in the stomach for three to six hours

Foods high in proteins move through more quickly

Carbohydrates pass through faster than fats and proteins

PancreasPancreas The pancreas also has an exocrine function - secretion of a digestive juice

called pancreatic juice The pancreas is closely associated with small intestine. It is located

horizontally across the posterior abdominal wall in the C-shaped of the duodenum

Pancreatic juice contains enzymes that can split carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids, and proteins. Pancreatic juice has a high bicarbonate ion concentration that helps neutralize chyme and causes intestinal contents to be alkaline

Hormones regulate pancreatic secretion Secretin stimulates the release of pancreatic juice with a high bicarbonate

ion concentration Cholecystokinin stimulates the release of pancreatic juice with a high

concentration of digestive enzymes

LiverLiver The liver is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdominal

cavity, just inferior to the diaphragm The right and left lobes of the liver consist of hepatic lobules, the

functional units of the gland. Biles canals carry the bile from hepatic ducts

The liver mobilizes carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins; stores some substances it filters blood, destroys toxins and secretes bile.

The only liver secretion there is is bile that also directly affects digestion.

The liver plays a specific part in carbohydrate metabolism by maintaining the normal concentration of blood glucose. Liver cells that are responding to hormones such as insulin and glucagons lower the blood glucose level by breaking down glycogen or by converting noncarbohydrates into glucose

Liver (cont.)Liver (cont.) Most vital liver functions concern protein metabolism. This includes Most vital liver functions concern protein metabolism. This includes

deaminating amino acids forming urea, synthesizing plasma proteins deaminating amino acids forming urea, synthesizing plasma proteins (clotting factors) and converting certain amino acids to other amino (clotting factors) and converting certain amino acids to other amino acidsacids

The liver also stores glycogen, iron, and vitamins A, D, and BThe liver also stores glycogen, iron, and vitamins A, D, and B1212

Macrophages in the liver help destroy damaged red blood cells and Macrophages in the liver help destroy damaged red blood cells and phagocytize foreign antigens. The liver also removes alcohol from phagocytize foreign antigens. The liver also removes alcohol from the blood and secretes bilethe blood and secretes bile

Bile contains bile salt, bile pigments, cholesterol, and electrolytes. Bile contains bile salt, bile pigments, cholesterol, and electrolytes. Only the bile salts have digestive functionsOnly the bile salts have digestive functions

The gallbladder is a pear-shaped sac located in a depression on the The gallbladder is a pear-shaped sac located in a depression on the livers inferior surface. Its attached to the cystic duct which in turn livers inferior surface. Its attached to the cystic duct which in turn joins the common hepatic duct.joins the common hepatic duct.

Liver (cont.)Liver (cont.)

The gallbladder is lined with The gallbladder is lined with epithelial calls and has a strong, epithelial calls and has a strong, muscular layer in the wall that muscular layer in the wall that stores bile between meals, stores bile between meals, reabsorbs water to concentrate reabsorbs water to concentrate bile, and contracts to release bile bile, and contracts to release bile into the small intestineinto the small intestine

A sphincter muscle controls the A sphincter muscle controls the release of bile from the common release of bile from the common bile ductbile duct

The sphincter muscle at the base The sphincter muscle at the base of the common bile duct relaxes of the common bile duct relaxes as a peristaltic wave in the as a peristaltic wave in the duodenal wall approachesduodenal wall approaches

Small IntestineSmall Intestine The small intestine is a tubular organ that extends from the pyloric The small intestine is a tubular organ that extends from the pyloric

sphincter to the beginning of the large intestine, with its many loops and sphincter to the beginning of the large intestine, with its many loops and coils it fills much of the pancreas and livercoils it fills much of the pancreas and liver

It completes digestion of the nutrients in chyme, It completes digestion of the nutrients in chyme, absorbs the products of absorbs the products of digestiondigestion and transports the residues to the large intestine and transports the residues to the large intestine

The small intestine consists of of three portions: the The small intestine consists of of three portions: the duodenumduodenum, the , the jejunumjejunum, and the , and the ileumileum

The duodenum is 25 centimeters long and 5 centimeters in diameter, lies The duodenum is 25 centimeters long and 5 centimeters in diameter, lies posterior to the parietal peritoneum and is the most fixed portion of the posterior to the parietal peritoneum and is the most fixed portion of the small intestinesmall intestine

The proximal two filths of this portion is the jejunum and the remainder is The proximal two filths of this portion is the jejunum and the remainder is the ileumthe ileum

A double-layered fold of peritoneal membrane called mesentery suspends A double-layered fold of peritoneal membrane called mesentery suspends these portions from the posterior abdominal wallthese portions from the posterior abdominal wall

Small Intestine DiagramSmall Intestine Diagram

Small Intestine (cont.)Small Intestine (cont.)

The wall is lined with villi that greatly increase the surface area and aid in The wall is lined with villi that greatly increase the surface area and aid in mixing and absorptionmixing and absorption

Secretions from the small intestine include Secretions from the small intestine include mucusmucus and digestive and digestive enzymesenzymes. . Digestive enzymes split molecules of sugars, proteins, and fats into simpler Digestive enzymes split molecules of sugars, proteins, and fats into simpler formsforms

Mechanical and chemical stimulation from chyme causes goblet cells to Mechanical and chemical stimulation from chyme causes goblet cells to secrete mucus. Distention of the intestinal wall stimulates parasympathetic secrete mucus. Distention of the intestinal wall stimulates parasympathetic reflexes that stimulate secretions from the small intestinereflexes that stimulate secretions from the small intestine

Enzymes in microvilli perform the final steps in digestion. Villi absorb Enzymes in microvilli perform the final steps in digestion. Villi absorb monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol.monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol.

Monosaccharide are absorbed by the villi through active transport or Monosaccharide are absorbed by the villi through active transport or facilitated diffusion and enter blood capillariesfacilitated diffusion and enter blood capillaries

Small Intestine (cont.)Small Intestine (cont.)

Amino acids are absorbed into the villi by active transport and are carried away in the blood

Fatty acids are absorbed and transported differently than the other nutrients

The small intestine carries on segmentation and peristaltic waves

The ileocecal sphincter at the junction of the small and large intestines usually remains closed unless a gastroileal reflex is elicited after a meal.

Large IntestineLarge Intestine

The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes and forms and The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes and forms and stores fecesstores feces

The large intestine consists of the cecum, colon, the rectum, and the The large intestine consists of the cecum, colon, the rectum, and the anal canal.anal canal.

The anal canal opens to the outside as the anus; it is guarded by an The anal canal opens to the outside as the anus; it is guarded by an involuntary internal anal sphincter and a voluntary external anal involuntary internal anal sphincter and a voluntary external anal sphincter musclesphincter muscle

The large intestinal wall has the same four layers found in other The large intestinal wall has the same four layers found in other areas of the alimentary canal, but lacks many of the features of the areas of the alimentary canal, but lacks many of the features of the small intestinal mucosa such as villismall intestinal mucosa such as villi

Fibers of longitudinal muscle are arranged in teniae coli that extend Fibers of longitudinal muscle are arranged in teniae coli that extend

the entire length of the colon, creating a series of pouchesthe entire length of the colon, creating a series of pouches

Large Intestine (cont.)Large Intestine (cont.) The large intestine does NOT digest The large intestine does NOT digest

or absorb nutrients, but it does secrete or absorb nutrients, but it does secrete mucus; absorbs electrolytes and water; mucus; absorbs electrolytes and water; and contains important bacteria that and contains important bacteria that synthesize vitamins and use cellulose.synthesize vitamins and use cellulose.

Peristaltic waves happen only two or Peristaltic waves happen only two or three times during the day in the large three times during the day in the large intestineintestine

Defecation is stimulated by a Defecation is stimulated by a defecation reflex that forces feces into defecation reflex that forces feces into the rectum where they can be the rectum where they can be expelled.expelled.

Feces are composed of undigested Feces are composed of undigested material, water, electrolytes, mucus, material, water, electrolytes, mucus, and bacteria. Both the color of feces and bacteria. Both the color of feces and its odor is due to the action of and its odor is due to the action of bacteriabacteria

Nutrition and Nutrients Nutrition is the process by which the body takes in and uses nutrients Essential nutrients are those that cannot be synthesized by human cells Carbohydrates, such as sugars and starches, are organic compounds used

for sources of energy in the diet. Carbohydrates can be consumed in a variety of ways: starch from grains,

glycogen from meat, and disaccharide and monosaccharide sugars from fruits and vegetables.

Complex carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides Monosaccharides that are absorbed in the small intestine are fructose,

galactose, and glucose; the liver converts the first two into glucose Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver then converted into fat

and stored adipose tissue The need for carbohydrates varies with a person's energy requirements; the

minimum requirement is unknown

Nutrition and NutrientsNutrition and Nutrients Lipids are organic substances that supply energy for cellular processes and

to build structures. Lipids include fats, phospholipids, and cholesterol Most common of lips are triglycerides. Triglycerides are found in plant-

and animal-based foods. Digestion breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol. A normally based human diet varies widely in lipid content. A typical diet

consisting of a variety of foods usually provides adequate fats Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Foods rich in protein include meats,

fish, poultry, cheese, nuts, eggs, and cereal. Legumes include beans and peas, contain lesser amounts Cells in an adult can synthesize all but eight required amino acids, whereas

children can produce all but ten

Nutrition and NutrientsNutrition and Nutrients

Amino acids that the body Amino acids that the body can synthesize are can synthesize are considered nonessential, considered nonessential, whereas those that whereas those that cannot are essential cannot are essential amino acidsamino acids

This refers to only to This refers to only to dietary intake since all dietary intake since all amino acids are required amino acids are required for normal protein for normal protein synthesizesynthesize

A protein called A protein called gliadin in wheat is an gliadin in wheat is an example of partially example of partially complete protein complete protein which does not which does not contain enough lysine contain enough lysine to promote growth, to promote growth, but contains enough but contains enough to maintain life.to maintain life.

Nutrition and NutrientsNutrition and Nutrients Vitamins are classified in two different basis of solubility, one that Vitamins are classified in two different basis of solubility, one that

involves involves fatsfats and the other with and the other with waterwater FatFat-soluble vitamins: this includes vitamins -soluble vitamins: this includes vitamins AA, , DD, , EE, and , and KK. These are . These are

carried in lipids and are influenced by the same factors that affect lipid carried in lipids and are influenced by the same factors that affect lipid absorptionabsorption

WaterWater-soluble vitamins: this includes vitamins -soluble vitamins: this includes vitamins BB, and , and C. C. B vitamins make B vitamins make up a group and oxidize carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. C vitamins is up a group and oxidize carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. C vitamins is the least stable, and widespread in plant foods, and is necessary for the least stable, and widespread in plant foods, and is necessary for collagen productioncollagen production

Minerals are elements other than carbon that are essential in human Minerals are elements other than carbon that are essential in human metabolism. Plants usually extract minerals from soil, and humans obtain metabolism. Plants usually extract minerals from soil, and humans obtain minerals from plant foods or from animals that have eaten plantsminerals from plant foods or from animals that have eaten plants

Adequate DietsAdequate Diets

An adequate diet is based upon sufficient energy, essential An adequate diet is based upon sufficient energy, essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals that fatty acids, essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals that will support optimal growth and maintain and repair body will support optimal growth and maintain and repair body tissues.tissues.

Because an adequate diet requirements are greatly dependent Because an adequate diet requirements are greatly dependent upon age, sex, growth rate, amount of physical activity, and upon age, sex, growth rate, amount of physical activity, and level of stress, designing a diet adequate for everyone is level of stress, designing a diet adequate for everyone is impossible impossible

Because of this a Department of Agriculture in the U.S has Because of this a Department of Agriculture in the U.S has created a series of food pyramids based upon age, medical created a series of food pyramids based upon age, medical conditions, ethnicity, food preferences, vegetarianism, and conditions, ethnicity, food preferences, vegetarianism, and weight loss goals.weight loss goals.

Food PyramidFood Pyramid

Adequate DietsAdequate Diets

There are highly different diets for someone who There are highly different diets for someone who is a normally active person compared to someone is a normally active person compared to someone who is athlete such as a weight lifter.who is athlete such as a weight lifter.

Someone who lifts weights on a regular basis Someone who lifts weights on a regular basis would stick to a high protein low carb diet.would stick to a high protein low carb diet.

For example a normally active person would For example a normally active person would endure around endure around 50 grams50 grams of protein a day whereas of protein a day whereas a weight lifter would consume around a weight lifter would consume around 100 grams 100 grams

Diseases/DisordersDiseases/Disorders Appendicitis: Is caused by, in some cases, when small objects block the

opening. Which then creates bacteria that grows and causes and infection. It is most common in people 10-30. Symptom is belly pain, pain can become severe while moving coughing or walking.

Crohn’s Disease: Caused by inflammation of the digestive (or gastrointestinal) tract. 500,000 people are affected in the U.S which tends to run in families. Symptoms are upset stomach, bouts of diarrehea, and bowel obstruction. Treatments are eating helthy, regular exercise, medications, nutritional supplementation, and surgery.

Colitis: Is inflammation of the colon leaving sores, or ulcers, on the inside lining that can bring on frequent bouts of diarreha and abdominal cramps. Usually occurs between the ages of 15 and 30. Possible causes are genetics, environmental factors, and immune system responses.

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