Human Systems

Digestive system

Life Function Nutrition the taking in of food, breaking it down into useable forms for metabolism

set of organs involved in the digestion of food.Converts foods to simpler molecules that can be absorbed by the cells of the body

LABEL STRUCTURES1. Mouth

2. Salivary glands3. epiglottis

4. esophagus

7. liver

8. Gall bladder

5. stomach6. pancreas

10. Large intestine9. Small intestine

11. rectum

FUNCTIONS 1. Mechanical digestion and chemical digestion of carbohydrates and starch.2. Secrets saliva which contains amylase to break down carbohydrates.3.Flap of skin that prevents food from going into the bronchial tubes and lungs.4. Muscular tube that begins peristalsis

to push the food through the digestive system.

5. Secretes hydrochloric acid to begin the digestion of proteins. Also churns for some mechanical digestion.

6. Secretes enzymes into small intestines, and produces insulin for glucose control.7. Functions to make bile which helps to break down fats by spreading them out. (emulsification)8. Stores bile and transports it to the small intestines.9. Finishes digestion, and absorbs nutrients.10. Removes water from waste products.11. Stores waste for removal from body.

FUNCTIONS

Mechanical digestion – done by teeth and muscles, increases surface area for digestion

Chemical digestion– enzymes break down food into pieces that can be absorbed

Happens in mouth, stomach, small intestines

NUTRIENT 

ENZYME thatbreaks downnutrient

Where digestion BEGINS

Where digestion ENDS

End Products

Proteins   

 PEPSINPROTEASE

 STOMACH  SMALL INTESTINE

 AMINO ACIDS

Carbohydrates   

 AMYLASE  MOUTHSALIVARY GLANDS

 SMALL INTESTINE

 SIMPLE SUGARS

Lipids   

 LIPASE  SMALL INTESTINE

 SMALL INTESTINE

 GLYCEROL ANDFATTY ACIDS

COMPLETE the CHART below:

Diseases that effect the digestive system:• Ulcers-- irritation of the lining of the stomach or intestine

• Appendicitis– inflammation of appendix

• Diarrhea– too little water absorption by large intestine

• Constipation– too much water absorption by large intestine

•Homeostasis is disrupted by any of these, because nutrients are not absorbed properly

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM--

gas exchange

Cell organelle—cell membrane – gas exchange

Life function: Respiration– release of energy from food in the presence of oxygen.

The Respiratory system consists of 6 main parts

1.Nose2.Pharynx3.Larynx4.Trachea5.Bronchus6.Lungs --

includes bronchioles and alveoli

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HOW DOTHE RESPIRATORY PASSAGEWAYS KEEP THE LUNG TISSUE HEALTHY?

By producing mucus that is swept out of the respiratory system by the cilia that line the passage ways

Gas exchange:1.Oxygen dissolves on surface of alveoli2.Oxygen diffuses into blood through the

thin-walled capillaries3.Carbon dioxide moves through

membrane from capillary to alveoli4.Hemoglobin increases oxygen carrying

capacity of blood 60x

DESCRIBE HOW GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS IN THE ALVEOLI.

a. Inhalation – The diaphragm moves down allowing air to fill the lungs

b. Exhalation – the diaphragm moves up to push the air out.

The muscular diaphragm changes the Air Pressure within the chest to allow for gas exchange.

IF THERE ARE NO MUSCLES CONNECTED TO THE LUNGS, WHAT DRIVES AIR INTO AND OUT OF THE LUNGS?

HOW DOES THE BRAIN AND BLOOD CONCENTRATION LEVEL CONTROL BREATHING RATE?

As carbon dioxide level increases the brain tells us to exhale, and then the carbon dioxide level decreases and the oxygen level increases as we inhale

Disease Description

Bronchitis Inflamation of bronchial tubes with heavy production of mucus

Emphysema Deterioration of the alveoli

Pneumonia Build up of mucus in the alveoli

Lung cancer Cancerous mass in the lung or lung area.

Any of these diseases disrupt homeostasis.

•Each interferes with the exchange of gas in the lungs.

•Each lowers the oxygen level in the blood

•Each increases the carbon dioxide level in the blood.

•Each makes the individual out of breath and tired

Circulatory System: Transports Oxygen and nutrients to cells and takes away waste

Life Function: Transport– distribution of materials

Organelle– cell membrane and cytoplasm

Label structures:

1.Superior vena cava2.Aorta3.Venules4.Pulmonary artery5.Pulmonary vein6.Capillary beds7.Inferior vena cava8.Descending aorta9.Capillary bed in lungs

Type of circulation

Where it goes to and from

Pulmonary Between heart and lungs

Systemic Between heart and body

coronary Heart to heart

Type of vessel

Size Direction of blood flow

Oxygen content

Arteries LargestThick wall

Away from heart

High

Veins (valves)

Thin wall Return to heart

low

Capillaries SmallestOne cell thick

In middle exchange

Lymph Thin Two and from lymph nodes

none

AN AVERAGE ADULT’S BLOOD PRESSURE IS _120/80___.The 1st number is the SYSTOLIC PRESSURE Force in arteries when ventricles contract

The 2nd number is the DIASTOLIC PRESSURE- force in arteries when ventricles relax.

# Structure Function

1Aorta Carry blood

away from heart

2Vena Cava

Carry blood to heart

3Pulmonary artery(r)

Carries blood to lungs

4Pulmonary vein (r)

Carries blood away from lungs

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Atrium Receive blood

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Ventricle pump blood out

Pictures Red blood cells - carry oxygen

White blood cells - fight infections in the body

Platelets - aid in clotting the blood

Plasma - clear fluid in blood that carries nutrients and waste

Many disorders of the circulatory system stem from a condition known as ATHEROSCLEROSIS-

fatty deposits(plaque) build up on walls of arteries

Disorder DescriptionHIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

Hypertension-- pressure in arteries increases, weakens heart

HEART ATTACK

Arteries that feed heart are blocked, no nutrients-muscle dies

STROKE Blood clot in vessel to brain is blocked

Cardiovascular Disease is any disease that involves the heart and or blood vessels

HOW DOES THIS SYSTEM HELP MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS?

Unable to get oxygen and nutrients to were they are needed

Excretory System— removes metabolic (cellular) wastes from the body.

LIFE FUNCTION:Excretion– the elimination of

metabolic waste productsCell organelles responsible -- Cell

membrane and waste vacuole

Organs involved in excretion:1.liver 2. kidney3. lungs 4. Skin

ORGAN WASTE REMOVED DISORDER AFFECT ON HOMEOSTASIS

1. LIVER Old blood cells

Toxins (drugs, alcohol)

Cirrhosis Limits blood flowExcess tissue growth

2. KIDNEY UREA, SALTS ,WATER (urine)Nitrogenous waste from proteins

Uremia

Gout

Kidney stones

Waste not filtered

Waste collects in joins causing pain

Waste becomes solid and causes a blockage

3. Lung (alveoli)

Carbon dioxide Asthma Difficulty getting oxygen to the blood.

4. Skin HeatExcess waterSalts

Burns Disrupts ability to maintain body temperatureInfectioncancer

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Structures and Functions: Urinary system

1.Ureter: Transports urine from kidney to bladder2.Renal vein: moves blood away from kidney3.Renal artery: moves blood to kidney4.Kidney: filters blood5.Urinary bladder: stores urine

Urethra6

6. Urethra: Eliminates urine from body

1.cortex– contains nephrons2.Medulla – contains “loop of Henley”3.Renal Artery – carries non filtered blood into kidney4.Renal Vein – carries filtered blood out of kidney5.Ureter – caries urine to bladder

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6. Glomerulus – network of capillaries (site of exchange of materials) 7. Bowman's capsule – surrounds glomerus and collects materials to be filtered out FITRATION

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8. Collecting duct– waste products collect here and go to the ureter URINE PROCESSING9. Renal tube (loop of Henley)– filtrates are collected here. Substances that are not waste, re-enter the circulatory system. SECRETION AND REABSORPTION

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BLOOD PURIFICATION HAS 3 DISTINCT PROCESSES:WHERE DOES IS HAPPEN? MATERIALS INVOLVED

1. FILTRATION Nephron (glomerus, bowman's capsule)

removal of water, salt, urea, glucose and amino acids

2. REABORPTION

Loop of Henley

water and nutrients are reabsorbed

3. SECRETION Skin Urea, salt and water are removed in sweat.?

This system maintains homeostasis, by removing nitrogenous (metabolic) waste from the blood and body.

HOW DOES THIS SYSTEM PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS?

NERVOUS SYSTEM controls and coordinates functions throughout body and responds to stimuli

LIFE FUNCTION: Regulation (control)Cell Organelle: NucleusThe messages carried by the nervous system are electrical signals called impulses. The cells that transmit these impulses are called neurons.

LABEL THE NEURON(nerve cell)

1. Axon terminals2. Nodes3.myelin sheath4.Axon5.Cell body 6.Nucleus7.dendrites

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3 types of neurons

Impulses carriedTO:

FROM:

1. Sensory Interneuron receptor(eyes,ears,nose,skin)

2. Interneuron Motor sensory

3. Motor Effector interneuronThe location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell is called a _______Synapse________. _______Neurotransmitters_______ are chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell.

LABEL THE BRAIN

1. cerebrum2. hypothalamus3. pituitary4. skip5. Medulla oblongata6. Spinal cord7. cerebellum8.skip9. thalamus

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Part of Central NS

What functions are controlled here?

CEREBRUM Thinking, learningCEREBELLUM Balance,

coordinationMEDULLA (brain stem)

Heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing

HYPOTHALAMUS

Hunger, thirst, fatigue

SPINAL CORD

Reflex-inborn, automatic response

THE PATHWAY OVER WHICH THE NERVE IMPULSES TRAVEL IN A REFLEX IS CALLED A REFLEX ARC

LIST THE STEPS OF A REFLEX ARC:____Receptor____ (sensory organs) are stimulated and send the message to the_____sensory______ neuron which sends the message to the____interneuron______ located in the spinal cord, which sends the message to the _____motor______ neuron which sends the message to the_______effector_______which are muscles or glands.

Fill in the CONCEPT MAP using the following terms: don’t forget the connecting wordsNERVOUS SYSTEM CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMBRAIN SPINAL CORD CEREBRUM CEREBELLUM MEDULLASOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEMVOLUNTARY INVOLUNTARY

NS MALFUNCTION

DESCRIPTION

Cerebral palsy Genetic disease that prevents nerve responses to muscles

Meningitis Infection in the spinal column

Stroke Blockage of blood vessel to brain causing nerve cells to die

Polio Viral disease that causes damage to nerve cells to muscles

Alzheimer’s disease

Deterioration of nerve cells in the brain

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM – glands secrete hormones throughout body by blood stream to affect target cells.

LIFE FUNCTION: Regulation (control)Cell Organelle: nucleus, secretory vesicles

VOCABULARY:HORMONES- substance produced in one part of an organism that affects part of the same individual.TARGET CELLS- cells that have receptors for a particular hormone.

EXOCRINE GLANDS- gland that releases its secretions through tube like structures called ducts.

ENDOCRINE GLANDS- gland that releases its secretions directly into the blood stream.

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1. Adrenal glands- Deals with stress2.ThymusStimulates T cell development3.Parathyroid glandRegulates calcium level4.Pituitary glandRegulates other glands5.HypothalamasControls pituitary

LABEL STRUCTURES and give function of each

6. Pineal glandRhythmic activities (sleep cycle)

7.ThyroidRegulates metabolism

8. PancreasRegulates glucose level in blood

9. Ovaryegg production

10.TestisSperm production

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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM IS REGULATED BY feedback Mechanisms TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS.

Thyroxin regulation

Increases TSH, which causes the release of thyroxin. As the thyroxin increases in the blood, the level of TSH decreases. This causes a decrease in thyroxin, which causes an increase in TSH and then begins again.

Gland Hormone Produced

Affects of Hormone

PITUITARY GROWTH Stimulates the elongation of long bones

PITUITARY THYROID-STIMULATINGHORMONE (TSH)

Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce its hormone, thyroxin.

PITUITARY FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)

Stimulates activity in the ovaries and testis.

THYROID Thyroxin {iodine}

Regulates the rate of metabolism in the body and is essential for normal, physical and mental development.

PARATHYROID Parathromone Controls the metabolism of calcium, which is necessary for nerve function blood clotting and proper growth of teeth and bones.

ADRENAL (adrenal medulla)

adrenalin Adrenaline increases the blood sugar level + accelerates the heart + breathing rates.

PANCREAS(Islets of Langerhans)

insulin Facilitates the entrance of glucose into the cells

glucagon Stimulates the release of sugar from the liver and raises the blood sugar level.

TESTES testosterone The male sex gland

OVARIES estrogen Female sex gland responsible for the secretion of several hormones.

Endocrine System Disorder

Description

GOITER Enlargement of the thyroid gland usually resulting from the glands inability to manufacture Thyroxin.

DIABETES Disorder characterized by an insulin deficiency that results in an evaluated blood sugar level and an in ability of the body to store the sugar as glycogen in the liver.

The hypothalamus produces hormones which influence the pituitary gland Together they control all other glands in body.

Failure of a gland disrupts homeostasis.

If the pancreas does not make insulin, then your blood has too much sugar in it, and other parts of your body begin to fail

HOW DO THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND THE PITUITARY GLAND WORK TOGETHER TO HELP MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS?

IMMUNE SYSTEM– body’s defense against infectionLIFE FUNCTION: Homeostasis- maintain a balance

Cell organelle-- lysosome

DISEASE-any change that disrupts the normal functions of the body

PATHOGENS-infectious disease-causing agents

A disease can be acquired in 3 ways:1. inherited2.Materials in environment (smoke, pollen)3. bacteria, virus and fungi

Ways infectious diseases are spread from person to person.1. coughing, sneezing, physical contact2. Contaminated water or food3. Infected animals

What are they?

ACTIVE orPASSIVEIMMUNITY

Definition of immunity

ANTIBODIES

Proteins that destroy pathogens

Active Body makes defense

ANTIBIOTICS

Compounds that kill bacteria

Passive Body given defense protects only once

VACCINATION

Weak pathogen

Active Body makes defense memory B cells

IMMUNE SYSTEM: NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES

A.First Line of Defense 3 ways that the body Protects itself from pathogens.

Organ Defense

Skin, mucus, sweat tears

Keeps pathogens out

Nose and throat

Mucus traps viruses and bacteria

Stomach Destroys pathogens with digestive enzymes

B. Second Line of Defense- inflammatory response IMMUNE SYSTEM: SPECIFIC DEFENSESIf a pathogen is able to get past the body’s nonspecific defenses, an immune response occurs. A substance that triggers this response is known as an __antigen____.

ANTIGENS – carbohydrates, proteins and lipids on the surfaces of viruses, bacteria and other pathogens

macrophage

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B cell

Memory B cells

antibodies

HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE DIAGRAM

1.Large phagocyte (macrophage) engulfs a bacterium

2.Bacteria antigens on surface of macrophage

3. T cell binds to macrophage4.Bacterial antigens stimulate B

cells5. T cell becomes helper T cell6. Helper T cell assists B cell to

develop into antibody-producing plasma cell

7. Plasma cell produces ANTIBODIES released into blood stream

8. B cells produce clones of memory cells

9.Antibodies bind to antigens; help other immune cells destroy bacteria

T cells and B cells are Lymphocyte (white blood cells) That are made in the bone marrowImmune System Disorder

Description

ALLERGIES asthma Overreaction of immune system

AUTOIMMUNE DIEASE Immune system attacks the body’s own cells

Allergies cause release of histamines, which cause sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes

MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS by reducing disruptions by invaders of the body

SKELETAL/MUSCULAR SYSTEMS – provides support and locomotion

LIFE FUNCTION: Growth– increase in number of cells (blood)

Cell ORGANELLE –cytoskeleton

LIST 5 important FUNCTIONS of the SKELETAL SYSTEM:

1. Supports the body2. Protects internal organs3. Provides movement4. Stores mineral reserves5. Provides a site for blood cell formation

1 cranium, skull2 mandible3 clavicle4 sternum5 humerus6 rib7 vertebra8 pelvis9 radius10 ulna

11 carpals12 metacarpals13 phalanges14 femur15 patella16 tibia17 fibula18 tarsals19 metatarsals20 phalanges

BONE VS. CARTILAGE

SIMILAR- both protect and support

DIFFERENT-cartilage is more flexible and it cushions. Bone is hard

Skeleton of embryo made mostly of cartilage.

Type of Muscle

Smooth or Striated?

Voluntary or Involuntary?

Found where?

1.Skeletal Striated Voluntary Leg, arm2. Visceral

Smooth Involuntary

Digestive tract

3.Cardiac Striated Involuntary

heart

Connective TissueLIGAMENTS- connect bone to boneTENDONS- connect muscle to bone

MUSCLE CONTRACTIONA muscle contracts when the thin

filaments (made of protein called_________________) in the muscle fiber slide over the thick filaments (made of protein called _________________).

Locomotive malfunction

description

Arthritis Inflammation of joints. Pain and stiffness

Tendonitis Inflammation of a tendon

Osteoporosis

Brittle bonesLack of minerals

Affect on homeostasis:

Provides ability to find food, shelter, and other essentials