Dimitris Livanios

102A, Sharpe HouseOffice hours: Monday, Wednesday: 2.00pm - 5.00pmEmail: dimitris@livanios.net

Dimitris_Livanios@Brown.edu________________________________________________________________________

HI0197 S07

A 'Shadow-Land of Mystery'The Balkans in the European and American Imagination,

c.1800-1950

Aim of the courseThis seminar aims to analyse the construction of the Balkans by the British and American imagination during the 19th and 20th centuries. During that period, perceptions of the Balkans as an exotic and violent land enjoyed wide currency and consolidated an image that refused to die a natural death. Based on a wide array of sources (by travelers, poets, painters and spies) the seminar will attempt to place these perceptions within their historical context and to make sense of their enduring powers.

Prerequisites: none. The course does not require prior knowledge of Balkan history, and its source material is in English. It can be taken by students concentrating on History, International Relations, Slavic Studies and Comparative Literature.

Assessment

Assessment will be based on three research essays (two essays of at least 3.000 words each, and one final essay of at least 4.000 words), and on participation in class. Students are free to choose essay subjects, after consultation with me. Those who do not come up with topics will have to suffer my choices. All essays must be properly referenced, and include a bibliography. The first two essays must include in the bibliography at least five books/articles. The final essay, at least eight. Taken as a whole, the essays must cover at least three different case-studies or countries. Films about the Balkans can also be used as a case-study. Comparative subjects are strongly encouraged. Essays are due on: Week 4, Week 8, Week 11. Important note: failure to submit an essay (without good reason) on the date it is due may have unfortunate results.

Readings

I. Required texts

Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans, 2 vols (Cambridge 1993 rep.)Maria Todorova, Imagining the Balkans (Oxford 1997)Vesna Goldsworthy, Inventing Ruritania:The Imperialism of the Imagination (Yale 1998)

II. Books on Balkan History

Please note: The subject of this seminar cannot be studied in isolation. The following books offer general introductions to modern Balkan history and to Balkan countries, and should be consulted for historical background during the preparation of essays.

Mark Mazower, The Balkans: A Short History (New York 2000)Stavrianos, L.S., The Balkans Since 1453 (London 2000 rep.)Peter, Sugar, Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804 (Seattle 1996 rep.)Stevan Pavlowitch, A History of the Balkans, 1804-1945 (London 1999),Joseph Rothschild, East Central Europe between the two World Wars (Seattle 1974)Stevan K. Pavlowitch, Serbia: the history of an idea (New York 2002)John Lampe, Yugoslavia as History (Cambridge 1996),Richard Clogg, A Concise History of Greece (Cambridge 2002 ed.),R.J. Crampton, A Concise History of Bulgaria (Cambridge 1997)Charles and Barbara Jelavich, The establishment of the Balkan national states,

1804-1920 (Seattle 1977)

III. Books on European perceptions of the Balkans and travelers' accounts.

Please note: Pages form these books will be distributed for in-class discussion.

William St. Clair, That Greece might still be free; the Philhellenes in the War of

Independence (Oxford 1972)Douglas Dakin, British and American philhellenes during the War of Greek

Independence, 1821-1833 (Salonica 1955)

Dina Iordanova, Cinema of flames: Balkan film, culture and the media (London 2001)Olga Augustinos, French odysseys: Greece in French travel literature from the

Renaissance to the romantic era (Baltimore 1994)Arthur D. Howden Smith, Fighting the Turk in the Balkans; an American's adventures

with the Macedonian revolutionists (New York 1908)Harry De Windt, Through savage Europe, being the narrative of a journey (undertaken

as special correspondent of the "Westminster gazette"), throughout the Balkan

States and European Russia, by (London 1909)William E. Curtis, The Turk and his lost provinces: Greece, Bulgaria, Servia, Bosnia

(Chicago 1903)G. Muir Mackenzie and A. P. Irby, Travels in the Slavonic provinces of Turkey-in-

Europe (London 1877)Rebecca West, Black lamb and grey falcon; a journey through Yugoslavia

(New York 1941)Louis Adamic, The native's return; an American immigrant visits Yugoslavia and

discovers his old country (New York 1934)H. C. Barkley, Bulgaria before the war during seven years' experience of European

Turkey and its inhabitants (London 1877) George Clenton Logio, Bulgaria, past & present (Manchester 1936)Richard Stoneman (ed.), A Literary companion to travel in Greece (Malibu 1994)M. Edith Durham, High Albania (London 1909)John B. Allcock & Antonia Young (eds), Black lambs and grey falcons: women

travelers in the Balkans (New York 1999)J. Swire, King Zog's Albania (London 1937)Leonard Wolf (ed.), The annotated Dracula by Bram Stoker (New York 1975)Radu R. Florescu - Raymond T. McNally, Dracula, prince of many faces : his life and

his times (Boston 1989)

Weekly timetable and readings

Week 1. Introduction

The Balkans as a name and image: 'Macedoine', 'Dracula' 'Balkanisation', violence.The limits of Balkan 'Orientalism'.Background reading: No reading.Sources for discussion: European Orientalist and Romantic painting

Week 2. Greece (19th century)The lure of antiquity, and the role of Christianity: classicism and Philhellenism in the construction of the image of Greece.Background reading: Jelavich, History, Vol.1, 72-80, 204-229, V. Goldsworthy, Inventing Ruritania, 1-41. John T. A. Koumoulides, Greece in Transition chapter on Philhellenism by W. St Clair. Richard Clogg, A Concise History of Greece, 7-45Sources for discussion: Robert Eisner : Travellers to an Antique Land, 89-143

Week 3. The dark side of the 'noble' Greek land (19th century)Images of the Greek brigand: a 'noble savage', a 'hero' or an oddity? Background reading: Jelavich, History, 254-264. Dimitri Gondicas and Charles Issawi (eds), Ottoman Greeks in the age of nationalism,

chapter by J. Koliopoulos, 143-161Jenkins Romilly, The Dilessi Murders, 1- 50. J.G. Peristiany - Julian Pitt-Rivers (eds), Honor and grace in anthropology, 129-149. Sources for discussion: Edmond About, The king of the mountains , v-xv, 3-43

Week 4. Albania: Born to be wild? (19th - 20th centuries)Perceptions of honour, killing and blood-feud. Background reading: Jelavich, History, 80-84, 361-366.Charles and Barbara Jelavich, The establishment of the Balkan national states, 222-234. J. Swire, King Zog's Albania, 86-111. John B. Allcock & Antonia Young (eds), Black lambs and grey falcons: women

travelers in the Balkans, 9-32Sources for discussion: E Durham, High Albania , pp. 1-38,

E.Durham, Some tribal origins, 172-179

Week 5: The Slav peasant world: Bulgaria (19th century)Simple peasants, colourful headgears.Background reading: Jelavich, History, 95-98, 329-348, 352-361Todorova, Imagining the Balkans, 62-115. Goldwsworthy, Inventing Ruritania, 112-126. Charles and Barbara Jelavich, The establishment of the Balkan national states, 128-169.

Sources for discussion: H. Barkley, Bulgaria , pp. 40-72, G.Logio, Bulgaria , pp. 237-261

Week 6. Savage Europe? the Yugoslav lands (19th - 20th centuries)The south Slav lands, Bosnia, Montenegro, Serbia.Background reading: Jelavich, History, 84-95, 192-204. Todorova, Imagining, 1-61John R. Lampe, Yugoslavia as history: twice there was a country, 70-99Sources for discussion: De Windt, Through savage Europe , 15-23, 180-195, 93-124

Roy Trevor, My Balkan tour , pp. 90-112

Week 7: A noble people? Serbia (20th century)Perceptions of heroism and the role of international politics Background reading: Jelavich, History, 238-254, S. Pavlowitch, Serbia, 41-93. Charles and Barbara Jelavich, The establishment of the Balkan national states, 284-297Sources for discussion: Lazarovich, The Servian People , 14-31

L.F. Waring, Serbia , 147-163

Week 8: Rebecca West's Yugoslavia (1919-1939)Deconstructing the most influential account on interwar Yugoslavia.Background reading: J. Rothschild, East Central Europe, chapter on Yugoslavia. John R. Lampe, Yugoslavia as history: twice there was a country, 99-196. Bernard Schweizer, Rebecca West : heroism, rebellion, and the female epic, 81-99.Sources for discussion: Rebecca West, Black lamb and grey falcon .

Week 9. 'Land of the Sword': Macedonia (1878-1913)Macedonia as eternal battlefield.Background reading: Hugh Poulton, Who are the Macedonians?, 1-78. James Pettifer, The New Macedonian question, 3-15, 47-60Sources for discussion: Carnegie Endowment, The other Balkan wars, pp. 71-108

Arthur Howden Smith, Fighting the Turk , 1-40

Week 10: The land of Dracula? Vampires in Romania and Britain (19th century)How the British imagination turned a Christian warrior into a vampire.

Background reading: Goldsworthy, Inventing Ruritania, 73-87.Radu R. Florescu - Raymond T. McNally, Dracula, prince of many faces. Sources for discussion: L. Wolf (ed.), The annotated Dracula by Bram Stoker

Week 11: Anthropological perceptions of the Balkans (1950s)The role of anthropology in conveying Balkan images.Background reading: John Campbell and Philip Sherrard, Modern Greece. Chapter on the Greek moral values. Sources for discussion: J. Campbell, Honour, Family and Patronage

Joel Halpern, A Serbian village .

Week 12: Beyond Antiquity: A new awareness of Greece (1950s)(Re)discovering Greece before the age of mass tourism.Background reading: William H. McNeill, The metamorphosis of Greece since World

War II . R. Clogg, A Concise history of Greece, 142-165.

Sources for discussion: P. L. Fermor, Mani , P.L.Fermor, Travels in Northern Greece .

Week 13. Conclusion and general discussionImages that refuse to die a natural death. Current perceptions of the Balkans after the wars of the 1990s. Continuity and change in the image of the Balkans.No reading.

Dimitris Livanios

Office: 102A, Sharpe BuildingOffice hours: Wednesday, Friday 2.00pm - 5.00pmEmail: dimitris@livanios.net

Dimitris_Livanios@Brown.edu

Course: HI0197 S16

The Balkans in International Relations: The Eastern Question and After, 1774 - 1950

Aim of the seminar

The aim of this seminar is to examine the Balkans as an issue in international politics from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the Cold War. In particular, it will analyse the policies of the Great Powers (Britain, Russia/USSR, France, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Germany, and USA) towards the Balkans, as well as the proverbial 'Eastern Question', that is the filling of the political vacuum created by the gradual withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from the Balkans. Within this framework, students will be invited to reflect on Balkan geopolitics, and to identify continuities and changes in Great Power politics over the course of two centuries.

Prerequisites: Although, strictly speaking, the course does not require prior knowledge of Balkan history, some familiarity with it (or a serious commitment to acquiring it rapidly) will be an advantage. An informed interest in the wider issue of Great Power politics is also advantageous. The seminar can be taken by students concentrating on History, International Relations, or Slavic Studies. All required texts are in English, but students who wish to consult material in Balkan or other European languages will have the opportunity to do so.

Assessment

Assessment will be based on three essays (two essays of at least 3.000 words each, and one of at least 4.000 words) and participation in class. Students are free to choose subjects, after consultation with me. The essays (taken as a whole) must cover at least three Great Powers. Those who do not come up with topics will have to suffer my choices. All essays must be properly referenced. The first two essays must include in the bibliography at least five books/articles, and the final essay, at least eight. Comparative subjects (dealing with two countries) are strongly encouraged. Essays are due on: Week 5, Week 8, Week 12. Important note: failure to submit an essay (without good reason) on the date it is due may have unfortunate results.

Prescribed texts

L.S.Stavrianos, The Balkans Since 1453 (London 2002 rep.)Alec L. Macfie, The Eastern Question, 1774-1923 (London 1996)

C.J. Bartlett, Peace, war, and the European powers, 1814-1914 (New York 1996)

Further Reading

I. Textbooks on Balkan history

Please note: The Eastern Question cannot be studied in isolation. The following books (which are on reserve) offer general introductions to modern Balkan history and should be consulted for background to wider issues.

Mark Mazower, The Balkans (New York 2002)Dennis Hupchick, The Balkans from Constantinople to Milosevic (New York 2002)Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans, 2 Vols (Cambridge 1983)Charles and Barbara Jelavich, The establishment of the Balkan national states, 1804-1920 (Seattle 1977)

II. Books on the Eastern Question (and After)

Please note: The books listed below are studies that mostly deal with specific aspects, or periods, of the Eastern Question. Students should consult them in order to gain further insight into the themes of the seminar, and to find material for essays. This is a select list and its purpose is to get you started, not to limit the choice of the books that should be consulted for the essays. These books have been put on reserve and should not be taken out of the library.

Branimir M. Jankovic, The Balkans in international relations (New York 1988)Matthew S. Anderson, The Eastern Question, 1774-1923. A Study in International Relations

(London 1966)John Marriott, The Eastern Question; an historical study in European diplomacy

(Oxford 1940)A.L. Macfie, The end of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1923 (London 1998)Barbara Jelavich, Russia's Balkan entanglements, 1806-1914 (Cambridge 1991)Richard Millman, Britain and the Eastern Question, 1875-1878 (Oxford 1979) R. W. Seton-Watson, Disraeli, Gladstone, and the Eastern question; a study in diplomacy and

party politics, (New York 1972)Mihailo D. Stojanovic, The great powers and the Balkans, 1875-1878 (Cambridge 1939)W. N. Medlicott, The Congress of Berlin and after; a diplomatic history of the Near Eastern

settlement, 1878-1880 (Hamden Conn. 1963)Baumgart, Winfried, The Peace of Paris, 1856: Studies in War, Diplomacy, and Peacemaking..

(Santa Barbara, CA 1981)Wetzel, David, The Crimean War: A Diplomatic History (Columbia University Press 1985.)Webster, Sir Charles K, The Foreign Policy of Palmerston 1830-1841; Britain, The Liberal

Movement, and the Eastern Question (New York 1969 )Mason Whiting Tyler, The European powers and the Near East, 1875-1908 (Minneapolis 1925)Marian Kent (ed.), The Great powers and the end of the Ottoman Empire (London 1996)Harry N. Howard, The partition of Turkey; a diplomatic history, 1913-1923 (New York 1966) C.J. Bartlett, Defence and diplomacy: Britain and the Great Powers, 1815-1914

(New York 1993)Barbara Jelavich,The Habsburg Empire in European affairs, 1814-1918 (Chicago 1969)Peter Catterall and C.J. Morris (eds), Britain and the threat to stability in Europe, 1918-1945

(New York 1993)Harry J. Psomiades, The Eastern question: the last phase : a study in Greek-Turkish diplomacy

(Thessalonike: 1968)R. E. Powaski, The Cold War: the United States and the Soviet Union 1917-1991 (Oxford 1998)Petko M. Petkov, The United States and Bulgaria in World War I (Boulder 1991)Michael M. Boll, Cold war in the Balkans : American foreign policy and the emergence of

Communist Bulgaria, 1943-1947 (Lexington, KY:1984)Robert Frazier, Anglo-American relations with Greece : the coming of the Cold War, 1942-47

(New York: 1991)Lawrence S. Wittner, American intervention in Greece, 1943-1949 (New York 1982)P. Papastratis, British policy towards Greece during the Second World War, 1941-1944

(Cambridge 1984)

Geir Lundestad, The American non-policy towards eastern Europe, 1943-1947: universalism in

an area not of essential interest to the United States (Tromsö :1978)Ivo Tasovac, American foreign policy and Yugoslavia, 1939-1941 (Texas A&M University

Press 1999)Walter R. Roberts Tito, Mihailovic, and the Allies, 1941-1945 (New Brunswick, N.J. 1973Mark C. Wheeler, Britain and the war for Yugoslavia, 1940-1943 (Boulder Colo. 1980)

III. Collections of Documents

Please note: Much of this seminar is based on critical analysis of sources. You should make every effort to consult the following collection of documents, and include/discuss some of the documents presented there in your essays.

Hurewitz, C. J., The Middle East and North Africa in world politics : a documentary

record (Yale University Press 1975)M. S. Anderson (ed), The great powers and the Near East, 1774-1923 (London, 1970)Sir Lytton Bulwer, The life of Henry John Temple, Viscount Palmerston : with selections from his diaries and correspondence (London 1870)The European concert in the Eastern question. A collection of treaties and other public acts, ed.

with introduction and notes by Thomas Erskine Holland (Oxford 1885)Records of proceedings and draft terms of peace London, Printed & pub. by H.M. Stationery

off., 1923 [Treaty of Lausanne]Karl Marx, The Eastern question, a reprint of letters written 1853-1856 dealing with the events of the Crimean War (London 1897)

IV. Weekly timetable of lectures and readings

I. The Eastern Question

Week 1: The Eastern Question: Geopolitics and the actors of a 'Great Game'

Introduction. No reading.

Week 2: The Great Powers and the Ottoman Empire (1774-1804)

Marriott, Eastern Question, pp. 1-40, 129-192Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453, pp. 117-213M.S. Anderson, The Eastern Question, pp. 1-52

Week 3: Serbia and Greece: Revolutions and the Great Powers (1804-1833)

Branimir Jankovic, The Balkans in International Relations, pp. 49-76

Marriott, Eastern Question, pp. 193-225Anderson, The Eastern Question, pp. 48-87

Week 4: Crimea: The Ottomans and Europe (1854-1856)Stavrianos, The Balkans, pp. 319-338Anderson, The Eastern Question, 110-148Further details: David Wetzel, The Crimean War: A

Diplomatic History

Week 5: The Great Powers, the Ottomans and the Balkans (1856-1875)

M. W.Tyler, The European powers and the Near East, 1875-1908, pp.38-

54M. S. Anderson, The Eastern Question, 149-177Further details: R. Davison, Reform in the Ottoman

Empire, 1856-1876

Week 6: Bosnia, Bulgaria and The Eastern Crisis (1875-1878)

Stavrianos, The Balkans Since 1453, pp. 393-412Mihailo Stojanovic, The Great Powers and the Balkans,

1875-1878, pp.145-283Further details: W.N. Medlicott, The Congress of Berlin and after; a diplomatic history of the Near Eastern settlement, 1878-1880

Week 7: Macedonia and the Balkan Wars (1878-1913)H. Poulton, Who Are the Macedonians, pp. 48-75E. Kofos, Nationalism and Communism in Macedonia, pp.

1-40Anderson, The Eastern Question, pp. 261-286 Further details: Douglas Dakin, The Greek struggle in

Macedonia,

1897-1913

Week 8: Serbia, Austria-Hungary and The Great War (1914 -1918)

Stavrianos, The Balkans Since 1453, pp. 485-513C. and B. Jelavich, The establishment of the Balkan

national States, 1804-1920, pp. 284-297C.J. Bartlett, Peace, war, and the European powers, 1814-

1914, pp. 159- 176Further details: Vladimir Dedijer, The road to Sarajevo

Week 9: Lausanne: The End of the Ottoman Empire and the Balkans (1918-1923)

Paul C. Helmreich, From Paris to Sèvres: the partition of the Ottoman

Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919-1920 C. and B. Jelavich, The establishment of the Balkan

national States, pp. 298-319H. Psomiades, The Eastern Question: The Last PhaseFurther details: H. N. Howard, The partition of Turkey; a diplomatic history, 1913-1923

II. And After

Week 10: Britain, Germany, USSR and the Balkans: support and destroy

(1923 -1939)Jankovic, The Balkans in International Relations, pp. 133-

163Stavrianos, The Balkans Since 1453, pp. 732-760Further details: Marilynn Giroux Hitchens, Germany,

Russia, and the Balkans

Week 11: Wartime: Britain, USSR, the US and Balkan Communism (1939-1944)

Robert Lee Wolff, The Balkans in our Time, pp. 191-267Geir Lundestad, The American non-policy towards eastern

Europe, 1943-1947: universalism in an area not of essential interest to the

United States

Week 12 : Russia claims the Balkans (1944-1948)Robert Lee Wolff, The Balkans in our Time, pp. 267-323R.J. Crampton, The Balkans Since the Second World War,

11-103Further details: Thomas T. Hammond (ed.), The Anatomy of Communist takeovers

Week 13: Geopolitics: Continuity and Change (1774 - 1950)Conclusions and general discussion. No reading.

Dimitris Livanios

Email: dimitris@livanios.net Dimitris_Livanios@Brown.edu

From Dracula to Milosevic:Religion, Violence and Nationalism in the Balkans (15th to 20th

centuries)

Course descriptionFrom Dracula to Slobodan Milosevic, the Balkans have acquired the unenviable reputation of being a land of violence, lawlessness and nationalist obsessions. The recent wars in (what used to be) Yugoslavia further consolidated such perceptions and cast a grim shadow over the inhabitants of the entire region. The aim of this course is to explore the dimensions of Balkan violence from Ottoman times to the recent Yugoslav tragedy, and to put it in a historical context. The interplay between religion, violence and nationalism will

be examined from a cross-disciplinary perspective which will employ historical, literary and anthropological accounts.

Although the course does not require prior knowledge of Balkan history, an informed interest in nationalism and the politics of religion, and/or violence (in any of their manifestations) would be an advantage. It is open to motivated Freshmen, Sophomores, Seniors and Graduate students studying History, International Relations, or Slavic Studies. Debate and participation in class discussion will be actively encouraged.

Prescribed texts

BooksBranimir Anzulovic, Heavenly Serbia: From Myth to Genocide (London 1999)Christopher Boehm, Blood revenge : the enactment and management of conflict in Montenegro and other tribal societies (University of Pennsylvania Press 1987)Vesna Goldsworthy, Inventing Ruritania: The Imperialism of the Imagination (Yale1998)Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans, 2 vols (Cambridge 1993 rep.)Mark Mazower, The Balkans (London 2000)Peter Sugar – Ivo Lederer (eds), Nationalism in Eastern Europe (Seattle 1971)Maria Todorova, Imagining the Balkans (Oxford 1997)

Xeroxed Material (XM) [ a selection of articles and book chapters]

Further Reading

F.W.D. Deakin, The Embattled Mountain (Oxford 1971) Edith Durham, High Albania (London 2002 rep.)

Margaret Hasluck, The Unwritten Law in Albania (Cambridge 1954)

Thanos Veremis - Martin Blinkhorn (eds), Modern Greece: Nationalism and Nationality (Athens 1990, also in: European History Quarterly , Vol 19 (1989)John S. Koliopoulos, Brigands with a cause: Brigandage and Irredentism in Modern Greece, 1821-1912 (Oxford 1987)The other Balkan wars : a 1913 Carnegie Endowment inquiry in retrospect, with a new introduction and reflections on the present

conflict by George F. Kennan (Washington 1993) [originally published in 1914]Hugh Seton-Watson, Nations and states : an enquiry into the origins

of nations and the politics of nationalism (London 1977)

Weekly timetable

Week 1. The faces of Dracula: ‘European’ perceptions of ‘Balkan’ violence Vesna Goldsworthy, Inventing Ruritania, pp.1-13, 42-111 Maria Todorova, Imagining the Balkans, pp. 89-139Mark Mazower, The Balkans, pp. 128-135

Week 2. ‘Christian Commonwealth’: Balkan collective identities under the Ottomans (15th – 20th centuries)Stevan Pavlowitch, A History of the Balkans, 1804-1945 (London), pp. 163-191 (XM)Paschalis Kitromilides, ‘Balkan Mentality: History, Legend, Imagination’, Nations and Nationalism, vol. 2, part 2 (1996) pp. 163-191 (XM)Richard Clogg, ‘The Greek Millet’, in: B. Braude – B. Lewis (eds), Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire, Vol. 1 (New York 1982), pp. 186-207 (XM) Mark Mazower, The Balkans, pp. 45-76

Week 3. The limits of tolerance: Islam and Christianity in the Ottoman Empire(15th – 20th centuries)Peter Sugar, Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule (Seattle), pp. 31-59 (XM)Braude - Lewis (eds), Christians and Jews, pp. 1-34 (XM)H. Gibb–H. Bowen, Islamic Society and the West, Vol 1 (London 1950), pp. 207-261 (XM)

Week 4. Brigands and honour: the role of violence in traditional Balkan Societies (19th –20th centuries)

Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans, Vol. 1, pp. 247-254S. Pavlowitch, A History, pp.35-40 (XM)John Campbell, ‘The Greek Hero’, in: J. Peristiany – Julian Pitt-Rivers (eds), Honor and Grace in Anthropology (Cambridge 1992), pp. 129-149 (XM)

C.Boehm, Montenegrin Social Organisation, pp. 65-92 (XM)Koliopoulos, Brigands with a Cause, 239-292

Week 5. Choreographing pre-modern Balkan violence: codes of violence, and strategies of ending them (19th – 20th centuries)

C. Boehm, Blood Revenge, 65-92Margaret Hasluck, The Unwritten Law in Albania (Cambridge 1954) [selections] (XM)Edith Durham, High Albania (London 2000 rep.) [selections] (XM)

Week 6. The descent of modernity: constructing national identities[Romania - Albania] (18th –20th centuries)

Lederer-Sugar (eds), , Nationalism in Eastern Europe, pp. 55-92, 373-395Stavro Skendi, The Albanian National Awakening, 1878-1912 (Princeton 1967), pp. 111-144 (XM)Keith Hitchins, The Romanians, 1774-1866 (Oxford 1996), 114-140 (XM)

Week 7. Religion, violence, and the forging of national identity: Kosovo in the Serbian imagination (19th – 20th centuries)

Branimir Anzulovic, Heavenly Serbia, 1-44 Noel Malcolm, Kosovo: A Short History (London 1998), pp. 58-80 (XM)Adrian Hastings, The Construction of Nationhood: ethnicity, religion and nationalism (Cambridge 1997), pp. 124-147 (XM)

Week 8. Nationalism and religion: The Bulgarian case (1840s – 1870)

B. Jelavich-C.Jelavich (eds), The Balkans in transition : essays on the development of Balkan life and politics since the eighteenth century (Connecticut 1974) [chapter by G. Arnakis, pp. 115-144] (XM)Lederer-Sugar, Nationalism in Eastern Europe, pp. 93-165Thomas Meininger, The Formation of a nationalist Bulgarian Intelligentsia 1835-1878 (Ann Arbor, Mich. : University Microfilms International 1980) pp. 120-180 (XM)

Week 9. Religion, language and class: Greek nationalism (1774-1922)

Lederer, Nationalism in Eastern Europe, chapter by Xydis, pp. 207-258T. Veremis-M. Blinkhorn, Modern Greece: Nationalism and Nationality, chapter by Veremis, pp. 9-22 (XM)T. Veremis-J. Koliopoulos, Greece: The Modern Sequel (London 2002), pp. 227-262 (XM)

Week 10. Eternal battleground? religion, violence and nationalism in ‘Macedonia’ (1904-1908)

Douglas Dakin, The Greek Struggle in Macedonia, 1897-1913 (Salonica 1966), pp. 3-25 (XM)Dimitris Livanios, ‘Conquering the Souls: Nationalism and Greek Guerrilla Warfare in Ottoman Macedonia, 1904-1908’, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, vol. 23 (1999), pp. 195-221 (XM)H.N. Brailsford, Macedonia: its Races and their Future (London 1906), pp. 111-172 (XM)Duncan Perry, The Politics of Terror: the Macedonian liberation movements1893-1903 (Duke 1988), pp. 143-193 (XM)

Week 11. Mind your language: state-promoted nationalism and minorities (1912-1990s)

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (Washington 1914) (XM)R.R. King, Minorities under Communism: Nationalities as a Source of Tension among Balkan Communist States (Harvard 1973) pp. 124-169 (XM)H. Poulton, The Balkans: minorities and states in conflict (London 1991)

Week 12: Communism, war and the politics of guerrilla warfare (1939 – 1945)

Condit, A Case-Study in Guerrilla War: Greece during World War II (Washington), pp. 185-220 (XM)

Mark Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941-1944 (Yale 1993), pp. 123-143, 297-321 (XM)F.W.D. Deakin, The Embattled Mountain (Oxford 1971) [selections]

Week 13. ‘Born to be wild’ ? Religion, violence and ethnicity in the Yugoslav Wars (1990s)

The other Balkan wars : a 1913 Carnegie Endowment inquiry in retrospect, with a new introduction and reflections on the present conflict by George F. Kennan (Washington 1993) [Inrtroduction by Kennan].Richard Crampton, The Balkans Since World War II (London 2002), pp. 239-269 Beverly Allen, Rape Warfare : the Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia (Minneapolis 1996), pp. 41-101 (XM) B. Anzulovic, Heavenly Serbia, p. 99-146

Dimitris Livanios

Office: 102A, Sharpe Building, Angell StreetOffice hours: Friday, Wednesday: 2.00pm - 5.00pmEmail: dimitris@livanios.net

Dimitris_Livanios@Brown.edu

HI0143 S003

From Belgrade to Dayton via AthensIntroduction to Modern Balkan History, 1804 - 1995

A. Course description

The aim of this course is to offer a critical introduction to the modern history and politics of the Balkans in the 19th and 20th centuries. During that period the Albanian, Slav, Greek and Romanian lands, which make up the loosely-defined and hotly disputed region called ‘The Balkans’, underwent significant and occasionally dramatic transformations that produced a complicated, yet fascinating, history. The themes of this course are as diverse as its subject, and will range from the position of the Balkan peasants under the Ottomans in the 1820s, to the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s, and from the power of nationalism, to the role of the United States in the shaping of Balkan history.

Prerequisites: none. The course does not require prior knowledge of Balkan history, and can be taken by Freshmen, Sophomores, Seniors and Graduate students studying History, International Relations, or Slavic Studies. All required texts are in English, but students who wish to consult material in Balkan or other European languages will have the opportunity to do so. Debate and participation in class will be actively encouraged.

B. Assessment

Assessment will be based on three essays (two essays of at least 3.000 words each, and a final essay of at least 4.000 words) and participation in class. Students are free to choose subjects, after consultation with me. The essays (taken as a whole) must cover at least three countries. Those who do not come up with topics will have to suffer my choices. All essays must be properly referenced. The first two essays must include in the bibliography at least five books/articles, and the final essay, at least eight. Comparative subjects (dealing with two countries) are strongly encouraged. Essays are due on: Week 4, Week 8, Week 12. Important note: failure to submit an essay (without good reason) on the date it is due may have unfortunate results.

C. Required texts

Richard Crampton, The Balkans Since the Second World War (London 2002) Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans, 2 vols (Cambridge 1993 rep.)Mark Mazower, The Balkans (London 2000)

D. Further Reading

Please note: This is a select list of books, and should be treated as a first port of call, not as a complete bibliography. You are encouraged to consult these books for further information about the Balkan countries, and for material for your essays. Most of the weekly readings (for which see below) will be based on these books.

Stavrianos, L.S., The Balkans Since 1453 (London 2000 rep.)Maria Todorova, Imagining the Balkans (Oxford 1997)Peter, Sugar, Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804 (Seattle 1996 rep.)Robert Lee Wolf, The Balkans in our Time (Harvard 1956 rep),Stevan Pavlowitch, A History of the Balkans, 1804-1945 (London 1999),Joseph Rothschild, East Central Europe between the two World Wars (Seattle 1974)D. Hupchick, The Balkans: from Constantinople to communism (New York 2002), John Lampe, Yugoslavia as History (Cambridge 1996),Richard Clogg, A Concise History of Greece (Cambridge 2002 ed.),R.J. Crampton, A Concise History of Bulgaria (Cambridge 1997)Keith Hitchins, Rumania: 1866-1947 (Oxford 1994)Stavro Skendi (ed.), Albania (Praeger 1956)

Charles and Barbara Jelavich (eds), The Balkans in transition; essays on the development

of Balkan life and politics since the eighteenth century. (Berkeley 1963)Charles and Barbara Jelavich, The establishment of the Balkan national states,

1804-1920 (Seattle 1977)J.F. Brown, Hopes and Shadows: Eastern Europe After Communism (London 1994)G.F. Cushing et. al. (ed. and trans.), Contrasts in emerging societies; readings in the

social and economic history of south- eastern Europe in the nineteenth century

(Bloomington 1965)

E. Weekly readings

Week 1: Orientation: Thinking about ‘The Balkans’, or the use and abuse of a nameMaria Todorova, Imagining the Balkans, pp. 1-115B. Jelavich, History of the Balkans, Vol. 1, pp. 1-36Robert Lee Wolff, The Balkans in Our Time, pp. 10-50

Week 2: The Balkans under Imperial rule: An Overview (1453 - 1804)B. Jelavich, History of the Balkans, Vol. 1, pp. 39-168P. Sugar, Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, pp. 271-288 Robert Lee Wolff, The Balkans in Our Time, pp. 50-69

Week 3: The Descend of the Beast: Nationalism in the Balkans (1770s - 1880s)Jelavich, History, pp. 171-193Stavrianos, The Balkans, pp. 215-229M.Mazower, The Balkans, pp. 1-76Robert Lee Wolff, The Balkans in Our Time, pp. 69-92

Week 4: Revolutions Against the Ottomans (1804 - 1833) Jelavich, History of the Balkans, pp. 193-234Richard Clogg, A Short History of Greece, pp. 43-70D. Hupchick, The Balkans: from Constantinople to communism

(New York 2002), pp. 212-233Charles and Barbara Jelavich, The establishment of the Balkan national states,

1804-1920 (Seattle 1977), pp. 26-52

Week 5: The Balkan Nation-States: Success and Failure (1830s - 1918)Stevan Pavlowitch, A History of the Balkans, 1804-1945 (London 1999),pp. 45-64 Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans, Vol. 1, pp. 329-380L. S. Stavrianos, The Balkans Since 1453, pp. 545-570Charles and Barbara Jelavich, The establishment of the Balkan national states, 1804-1920 (Seattle 1977),pp. 170-206

Week 6: National Conflict, Parliamentary Politics and Dictatorships (1918 - 1939)Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans, Vol.2, pp. 134 - 191Robert Lee Wolff, The Balkans in Our Time (Harvard 1956 rep), pp. 101-159 D. Hupchick, The Balkans: from Constantinople to communism, pp. 316-352

Week 7: Wartime: Occupation, Resistance and Civil Wars (1939 - 1946)Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans, Vol.2, pp. 247-300Robert Lee Wolf, The Balkans in our Time, pp. 191-267 Richard Crampton, The Balkans Since the Second World War, pp.1-86

Week 8: Balkan Communism: Bulgaria, Romania and Albania (1950s - 1980s)Richard Crampton, The Balkans Since the Second World War, pp. 156-230Richard Crampton, Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century, pp. 240-254 D. Hupchick, The Balkans: from Constantinople to communism, pp. 367-387

Week 9: The Lonely Life of a Heretic: Tito’s Yugoslavia (1948 - 1980)John Lampe, Yugoslavia as History (Cambridge 1996), 229-324 Richard Crampton, The Balkans Since the Second World War, pp. 113-155Robert Lee Wolf, The Balkans in our Time, pp. 352-390

Week 10: “The One that Got Away”: Greece (1946 - 1974)Richard Clogg, A Concise History of Greece (Cambridge 2002 ed.), pp.142-166 David Close, The Origins of the Greek Civil War (London 1995), pp. 150-220

Richard Crampton, The Balkans Since the Second World War, pp. 205-230

Week 11: Born to be Wild? The Death of Yugoslavia (1980 - 1995)Richard Crampton, The Balkans, pp. 231-298Branimir Anzulovic, Heavenly Serbia: From Myth to Genocide (London 1999)pp. 99-146Noel Malcolm, Kosovo: A Short History (London 1998), pp. 334-356

Week 12: Back to the Future? The Balkans after Communism (1989-2004)Richard Crampton, The Balkans, pp. 299-342J.F. Brown, Hopes and Shadows: Eastern Europe After Communism (London 1994)pp. 93-120D. Hupchick, The Balkans: from Constantinople to communism, pp. 416-443

Week 13: Conclusion and Future Prospects: Whither the Balkans?Maria Todorova, Imagining the Balkans, pp. 161-189

Dimitris Livanios

Office: 102A, Sharpe BuildingOffice hours: Monday, Wednesday: 2.00pm - 5.00pmEmail: dimitris@livanios.net

Dimitris_Livanios@Brown.edu

Occupation, Resistance and Collaboration The Balkans During the Second World War and After (1939 -

1949)

Aim of the courseDuring the Second World War Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece and Yugoslavia underwent significant transformations, although for different reasons and with different outcomes. This course will examine the internal and external forces that shaped Balkan history during the war with particular emphasis on their ethnic, social and political dimensions. The course will also explore the communist takeovers in the region, and will discuss the ideological, social and political aspects of the establishment of the communist system.

Prerequisites: none. The course does not require prior knowledge of Balkan history, and can be taken by students concentrating on History, International Relations, or Slavic Studies. All required texts are in English, but students who wish to consult material in Balkan or other European languages will have the opportunity to do so.

AssessmentAssessment will be based on three research essays (two essays of at least 3.000 words each, and a final essay of at least 4.000 words) and participation in class. Students are free to choose subjects, after consultation with me. The essays (taken as a whole) must cover at least three countries. Those who do not come up with topics will have to suffer my choices. All essays must be properly referenced. The first two essays must include in the bibliography at least five books/articles, and the final essay, at least eight. You should not use essentially the same bibliography for all your essays. Comparative subjects (dealing with two countries) are strongly encouraged. Essays are due on: Week 4, Week 8, Week 11. Important note: failure to submit an essay (without good reason) on the date it is due may have unfortunate results.

Prescribed texts

Mark Mazower, The Balkans: a Short History (New York 2000)Barbara Jelavich, History of The Balkans, Vol.2 (Cambridge 1985)Mark Mazower, Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941-1944

(New Haven 1993)

Fitzroy Maclean, Eastern Approaches (London 1949)

Further Reading

Please note: This is a select list of books dealing with individual countries, and should be treated as first port of call, not as a complete bibliography. You should consult these books during the semester for further background, and for essay material. More books relevant to the wartime period are included in the weekly readings.

On YugoslaviaJozo Tomasevich, War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and

Collaboration (Stanford 2001)Milovan Djilas, Memoir of a Revolutionary (New York 1973)Aleksa Djilas, The Contested country: Yugoslav Unity and Communist Revolution,

1919-1953 (Cambridge, Mass. 1991)

On AlbaniaEdmund Davies, Illyrian Venture: the Story of the British Military Mission to Enemy

Occupied Albania, 1943-44 (London 1952)Reginald Hibbert, Albania’s National Liberation Struggle: The Bitter Victory

(London 1991)Bernd J. Fischer, Albania at War, 1939-1945 (West Lafayette, Ind. 1999)

On Bulgaria,Nissan Oren, Bulgarian Communism: The Road to Power (New York 1971)Nissan Oren, Revolution administered: Agrarianism and communism in Bulgaria

(Baltimore 1973)John D. Bell, The Bulgarian Communist Party from Blagoev to Zhivkov (Stanford 1986)

On RomaniaHenry Roberts, Rumania: Political Problems of an Agrarian State (New Haven 1951)Robert R. King, A history of the Romanian Communist Party (Stanford, Calif. 1980)Keith Hitchins, Rumania, 1866-1947 (Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1994)

On Greece

Richard Clogg, Greece 1940-1949 : Occupation, Resistance, Civil War: a Documentary

History (New York 2002)Christopher Woodhouse, The Struggle for Greece, 1941-1949 (Chicago 2002)John Hondros, Occupation and Resistance: the Greek Agony, 1941-44 (New York 1983)

Timetable of subjects and readings

I. Introduction

Week 1: Orientation: Aspects of the Balkan historical experience to 1919Mark Mazower, The Balkans, pp. 17-76Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans, Vol. 1, pp. 39-98

Week 2: The Interwar Years, 1919-1939 Mark Mazower, The Balkans, pp.104-127Jelavich, History of the Balkans, Vol.2, pp. 134-243Wolff, Robert Lee, The Balkans in our time (Cambridge Mass. 1956), pp. 101 - 159

II Politics

Week 3: The coming of the war to the Balkans, 1939-1941Barker, Elisabeth, British policy in South-East Europe in the Second World (London 1976), pp. 3 – 110Wolff, R.L., The Balkans, pp. 191-201

Week 4: Death of a country:Yugoslavia, 1941-1944Fitzroy Maclean, Eastern Approaches (London 1949), pp. 303 - 469Jozo Tomasevich, War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945, pp. 335-380

Week 5: Occupation and resistance: Greece, 1941-1944John Hondros, Occupation and Resistance, pp. 55-85, 95-163Mark Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece, pp. 85-143, 265-354

Week 6: ‘Greater Albania’, 1941-1944

Miranda Vickers, The Albanians : a modern history ( London- New York 1995)pp. 141-162Bernd J. Fischer, Albania at War, 1939-1945 (West Lafayette, Ind. 1999), pp. 90-257

Week 7: Hitler’s Balkan Allies I: Romania, 1941-1944Keith Hitchins, Rumania, 1866-1947 (Oxford 1994), pp. 450-500 Watts Larry, Romanian Cassandra : Ion Antonescu and the struggle for reform, 1916-1941 (Boulder, Co. and New York 1993), pp. 263-345Wolff, R.L., The Balkans, pp. 234 - 242

Week 8: Hitler’s Balkan Allies II: Bulgaria, 1941-1944Nissan Oren, Bulgarian Communism: The Road to Power (New York 1971), pp.166-258Wolff, R.L., The Balkans, pp. 191 - 201

III. Issues

Week 9: The Final (and not so final) Solution: The Balkan Holocaust 1941-1944 Esther Benbassa, The Jews of the Balkans : the Judeo-Spanish community, fifteenth to twentieth centuries (Oxford-Cambridge, Mass. 1995), pp. 159-191Jozo Tomasevich, War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945, pp. 580-610Mark Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece, pp. 235 - 261

Week 10: Religion and ethnic cleansing: the Croat Ustasha, 1941-1944The Yugoslav Auschwitz and the Vatican : the Croation [i.e. Croatian] massacre of the Serbs during World War II, selected and compiled by: Vladimir Dedijer (Buffalo, N.Y. -Freiburg, Germany 1992), pp. 112-191Jozo Tomasevich, War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, pp. 380-415 Aleksa Djilas, The Contested country, pp. 103 - 127

Week 11: Nationalism and communism: Tito and the Macedonian Question, 1941-1948Paul Shoup, Communism and the Yugoslav national question (New York 1968),

pp. 144-183Evangelos kofos, Nationalism and Communism in Macedonia (Salonica 1964), pp. 95 – 195Hugh Poulton, Who are the Macedonians (London 1995), pp. 100 - 115

IV The aftermath

Week 12: Communist takeovers: Albania, Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria, 1944-1948 Thomas T. Hammond (ed.), The Anatomy of Communist takeovers (New Haven 1975), pp. 244-292, 310-338Wolff, R.L., The Balkans, pp. 267 - 323

Week 13: The Greek Civil War, 1943-1949Richard Clogg, Greece 1940-1949, pp. 1 - 21David H. Close, The origins of the Greek civil war (London 1995), pp. 127-224John O. Iatrides - Linda Wrigley (eds), Greece at the crossroads : the Civil War and its legacy (University Park, Pa. 1995), pp. 1 - 30

Dimitris Livanios Email: Dimitris_Livanios@Brown.edu dimitris@livanios.net

Course: HI0197 Section: S010

‘No burial for dead ideas’: The Macedonian Question (1870s - 1990s)

Aim of the seminar

Since the late 19th century nationalism has been one of the most potent forces in Balkan history. This seminar will concentrate on the Macedonian Question, one of the most vexed national issues in the region. It will revisit some controversial and highly politicised issues concerning the construction of national identities in the region of Macedonia and the dimensions of ethnic strife, placing them within their historical context(s). The seminar will invite students to think critically, and reflect upon all relevant views (Greek, Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian) regarding the above issues, and will seek to integrate both historical and anthropological perspectives.

Although, strictly speaking, the course does not require prior knowledge of Balkan history, some familiarity with it (or a commitment to acquiring it rapidly) will be an advantage. An informed interest in the wider issue of nationalism is also advantageous. The seminar can be taken by students concentrating on History,

International Relations, or Slavic Studies. All required texts are in English, but students who wish to consult material in Balkan or other European languages will have the opportunity to do so.

Assessment

Assessment will be based on three essays (two essays of at least 3.000 words each, and one final essay of at least 4.000 words), and on participation in class. Students are free to choose essay subjects, after consultation with me. Those who do not come up with topics will have to suffer my choices. All essays must be properly referenced, and include a bibliography. The first two essays must include in the bibliography at least six books/articles. The final essay, at least ten. Comparative subjects are strongly encouraged. Essays are due on: Week 5, Week 8, Week 12. Important note: failure to submit an essay (without good reason) on the date due may have unfortunate results.

Prescribed texts

Mark Mazower, The Balkans: A Short History (New York 2000)Hugh Poulton, Who are the Macedonians? (Bloomington 1995)Loring Danforth, The Macedonian Conflict (Princeton 1995)Keith Brown, The Past In Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation

(Princeton 2003)

Further Reading

I. Textbooks on Balkan history

Please note: The Macedonian Question cannot be studied in isolation. The following books (which are on reserve) offer general introductions to modern Balkan history and should be consulted for background to wider issues.

L.S.Stavrianos, The Balkans Since 1453 (New York 1958)Dennis Hupchick, The Balkans from Constantinople to Milosevic (New York 2002)Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans, 2 Vols (Cambridge 1983)

II. Books on the Macedonian Question

Please note: The books listed below are studies that mostly deal with specific aspects, or periods, of the Macedonian Question. Students should consult them in order to gain further insight into the themes of the seminar, and to find material for essays. This is a select list and its purpose is to get you started, not to limit the choice of the books that should be consulted for the essays. These books have been put on reserve and should not be taken out of the library. Further relevant books are included in the weekly readings.

H.N. Braislford, Macedonia: Its Races and Their Future (London 1906)Elisabeth Barker, Macedonia; Its Place in Balkan Power Politics ( London 1950)Evangelos Kofos, Nationalism and Communism in Macedonia (Thessaloniki 1964)Duncan Perry, The Politics of Terror : the Macedonian Liberation Movements,

1893-1903 (Durham1988)Douglas Dakin, The Greek Struggle in Macedonia, 1897-1913 (Thessaloniki 1966)Stoyan Christowe, Heroes and Assassins (New York 1935)Christ Anastasoff, The Tragic Peninsula: a History of the Macedonian Movement for

Independence Since 1878 (St Louis 1938) Mihailo Apostolski-Haralampie Polenakovich: The Socialist Republic of Macedonia

(Skopje 1974)Henry Wilkinson, Maps and Politics: a Review of the Ethnographic Cartography of

Macedonia (Liverpool, University Press, 1951)Stoyan Pribichevich, Macedonia, its People and History (University Park 1982)John Shea, Macedonia and Greece: the Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation

(Jefferson, 1997)Nadine Lange-Akhund, The Macedonian Question, 1893-1908, from Western Sources

(Boulder, Colo. 1998) T.R. Georgevitch: Macedonia (London 1918)Victor Roudometof (Ed.), The Macedonian Question: Culture, Historiography, Politics

(Boulder, Colo. 2000)Jane Cowan (ed.), Macedonia : the Politics of Identity and Difference (London 2000)James Pettifer (ed.), The New Macedonian Question (New York 1999)

Peter Mackridge and Eleni Yannakakis (eds), Ourselves and Others: the Development of

A Greek Macedonian Cultural Identity Since 1912 (Oxford 1997Stephen E. Palmer, Jr. - Robert R. King, Yugoslav Communism and the Macedonian

Question (Hamden, Conn.1971)Institute of Balkan Studies, Macedonia Past and Present: Reprints from Balkan Studies

(Thessaloniki 1992)John S. Koliopoulos, Plundered loyalties: World War II and civil war in Greek West

Macedonia (London 1999)Mercia MacDermott, Freedom or death: the life of Gotsι Delchev (London 1978)

III. Collections of Documents

Please note: Much of this seminar is based on critical analysis of sources. You should make every effort to consult the following collection of documents, and include/discuss some of the documents presented there in your essays.

Basil Gounaris et. al. (eds), The Events of 1903 in Macedonia as Presented in European

Diplomatic Correspondence (Thessaloniki 1993)Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Macedonia: Documents and Material (Sofia 1978)Basil Kondis et al. (eds.), Resurgent Irredentism: Documents on Skopje "Macedonian"

Nationalist aspirations, 1934-1992 (Thessaloniki 1993)University of Cyril and Methodius, Documents of the Struggle of the Macedonian People

for Independence and a Nation State (The Brown library does not have this collection. Xerox copies of documents will be provided by the instructor.)

IV. Relevant Journals

Please note: the following journals contain numerous relevant articles.

Bulgarian Historical Review Macedonian Review Balkan Studies

Timetable of subjects and weekly readings

Week 1: Macédoine: the uses of a wordIntroductory session. No reading.

Week 2: Some context: ‘nations’, ‘races’ and ‘states’ in Macedonia and the BalkansMark Mazower, The Balkans: A Short History (New York 2000), pp. 1 - 112Hugh Poulton, Who are the Macedonians?, pp. 1 – 47H.N. Braislford, Macedonia: Its Races and Their Future (London 1906), pp. 42-75

Week 3: Dancing with the wolves: Balkan national projects on Macedonia (1850s-1912)Martin Blinkhorn - Thanos Veremis (eds), Modern Greece : nationalism & nationality (Athens 1990), article by Evangelos Kofos, pp. 103 – 141Ivo Banac, The national question in Yugoslavia : origins history, politics (Ithaca 1984), pp. 307 – 328Loring Danforth, The Macedonian Conflict (Princeton 1995), pp. 28 – 55James Pettifer (ed.), The New Macedonian Question (New York 1999), article by K. Drezov, pp. 47 - 59

Week 4: The Bulgarian exarchate and ‘Greater Bulgaria’, 1850-1878Thomas A. Meininger, Ignatiev and the establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate, 1864-1872; a study in personal diplomacy (Madison 1970), pp. 92 – 134Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans, Vol. 1, pp. 329 - 373Charles and Barbara Jelavich (eds), The Balkans in transition; essays on the development of Balkan life and politics since the eighteenth century (Berkeley 1963), article by Arnakis.

Week 5: IMRO and Ilinden, 1893-1903Nadine Lange-Akhund, The Macedonian Question, 1893-1908, pp. 93 –145Stephen Fischer-Galati, ‘The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization: Its Significance in “Wars of Liberation” ’, East European Quarterly, 6 (1973), pp. 454- 472Duncan Perry, The Politics of Terror : the Macedonian Liberation Movements.

Week 6: Wars: Macedonian, Balkan and European: 1904-1918

Nadine Lange-Akhund, The Macedonian Question, 1893-1908, pp. 201 – 261Hugh Poulton, Who are the Macedonians?, pp. 48 – 77The other Balkan wars : a 1913 Carnegie Endowment inquiry in retrospect / with a new introduction and reflections on the present conflict by George F. Kennan (Washington, D.C. 1993), pp. 21 -122

Week 7: The interwar years: governments, 1919-1939Hugh Poulton, Who are the Macedonians?, pp. 78 – 94Evangelos Kofos, Nationalism and Communism, pp. 45 – 54Elisabeth Barker, Macedonia; Its Place in Balkan Power Politics, pp. 21 – 45Stoyan Christowe, Heroes and Assassins (New York 1935)

Week 8: The interwar years: communism, 1919-1934E. Kofos, Nationalism and Communism, pp. 57 – 94E. Barker, Macedonia, pp. 45 – 77Joseph Rothschild, The Communist Party of Bulgaria; origins and development, 1883-1936 (New York 1959), ch. On the Balkan Communist Federation.

Week 9: Wartime: political developments in Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, 1939-1944Hugh Poulton, Who are the Macedonians?, pp. 100 - 115E. Barker, Macedonia, pp. 78 – 129E. Kofos, Nationalism and Communism, 95 - 153Paul Shoup, Communism and the Yugoslav national question (New York 1968), pp. 144-183Stephen E. Palmer, Jr. - Robert R. King, Yugoslav Communism and the Macedonian

Question (Hamden, Conn.1971)

Week 10: Tito and the Macedonian Question in Greece 1943-1948John O. Iatrides - Linda Wrigley (eds), Greece at the crossroads : the Civil War and its legacy (University Park, Pa. 1995), articles by Ivo Banac, and E. Kofos, pp. 258 - 318John S. Koliopoulos, Plundered loyalties: World War II and civil war in Greek West Macedonia (London 1999), 108 - 221

Week 11: Macedonian nation-building: history, language and heritage, 1940s-1980sHugh Poulton, Who are the Macedonians, pp. 116 - 143Loring Danforth, The Macedonian Conflict (Princeton 1995), 56 - 78Keith Brown, The Past In Question, pp. 153 - 233

Mihailo Apostolski-Haralampie Polenakovich: The Socialist Republic of Macedonia

(Skopje 1974)

Week 12: Macedonian independence and the debate with Bulgaria and Greece in the 1990sKaren Dawisha - Bruce Parrott (eds), Politics, power, and the struggle for democracy in South-East Europe (Cambridge 1997), article by D. Perry, 226 – 284James Pettifer (ed.), The New Macedonian question (New York 1999), article by E. Kofos, pp. 226 – 262, and James Pettifer, pp. 15 - 27John Shea, Macedonia and Greece, pp. 278 - 310

Week 13: ‘No burial for dead ideas’? some tentative conclusionsConclusion and general discussion. No reading.