DNA Biotechnology

Cloning• A clone is a

group of living organisms that come from one parent and are genetically identical

• Can occur naturally or artificially when manipulated by man.

Cloning Video

Examples of Natural Cloning include:

• Identical twins – one fertilized egg splits into 2 and each develops.

• Vegetative reproduction – starting a new plant from a cut piece of a plant

• Binary Fission - Microorganisms that reproduces by splitting in two ie. Bacteria, Paramecium,etc.

Cloning by Man• Take an egg from the

female and remove haploid nucleus

• Replace the nucleus with a diploid nucleus from the animal to be cloned

• Place the “fertilized” egg back into the female to develop as normal.

• The organism created is a clone.

Genetic Engineering• Did you know that diabetic humans can get their

insulin from BACTERIA?• This ability is made available by Genetic

Engineering.

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• Genetic Engineering is the process of manipulating genes for human use.

Some definitions• Restriction Enzyme - an enzyme that

cuts a certain DNA sequence between specific nucleotides

• Recombinant DNA - the DNA formed when a section of DNA from one organism is cut out and spliced into the DNA of another organism

• Plasmid – a circular strand of (extra) DNA found in bacterial cells

Recombinant DNA Video

Using bacteria in Genetic

Engineering• The bacterial plasmid is used in this process.

• It will be cut and the gene for insulin will be inserted there. Normal Bacterial

DNA

Steps in Genetic Engineering

1. Cut the desired gene (insulin) with restriction enzymes

2. Cut the plasmid of the bacteria with the same enzyme.

3. Add the desired gene to the plasmid

4. Recombinant DNA is produced and inserted into the bacteria

5.Bacteria now reproduce, making many copies of the insulin gene.

6.The insulin can be extracted and used for human use.

Gel Electrophor

esis • A technique that

uses electricity in a gel to separate molecules by their size

• DNA is negatively charged, so the DNA moves towards the positive end of the gel (remember, opposites attract)

Gel Video

DNA fingerprint• A DNA fingerprint is a photograph of the

dark bands made when DNA fragments are separated using gel electrophoresis

Using DNA to Solve Crimes Video

The Human Genome Project

Using Gel Electrophoresis to

see Evolution• Organisms that have the largest

number of matching bands on a gel are most closely related.

• In other words, chimps and humans would have more similar bands than zebras and humans