international foundation for development alternatives fundacibn intemacional para alternativas de desarrollo fondation internationale pour un autre developpement

i f da dossier 57/58 january/apri I 1987

EDITORIAL . Nous sommes t o u s d e s P a l e s t i n i e n s (Marc K e r f i n ) . We a r e a l l P a l e s t i n i a n s

ESPACE LoCAL/LOCAL SPACE . Mexique: Hanger, un a c t e p o l i t i q u e (Andrss Aubry) . A Sarvodaya P r o j e c t (ASSEFA/A^GOC)

ESPACIO NACIONAL . E l cambio d e l e s t i l o d e v i d a d e l Venezolano

a n t e l a c r i s i s (Frank Bracho)

REGIONAL SPACE . Tomorrow b e g i n s today (Hi lkka P i e t i l i )

GLOBAL SPACE . Impress ions from a journey t o P a l e s t i n e (Essma Ben Hamida) 5 5 . Cory Aquino t o t h e United N a t i o n s 6 9

NEWS FROM THE THIRD SYSTEM . T a b l e of c o n t e n t

LETTERS

FOOTNOTES 113

MATERIALS RECEIVED FOR PUBLICATION 143

s t e e r i n g committee: i s m a i l - s a b r i a b d a l l a , ahmed ben salah, gaman? corea, j d n m e i j e r , mart

n e r f i n ( p r e s i d e n t ) , iynacy sacha, mar ie-anqel ique savane, j " an somdvia, r o d o l f o

stavenhagen, inga tnorsson

c o u n c i l co-chairpersons: a l d o a j e l l o , r a j n i k o t h a r i

' p l a c e du rnarche, 1260 nyon, s à § i t z e r l a n d phone 41 ( 2 2 ) 61 82 81; t e l e x 419 953 i f d a Cn rome o f f i c e : 207 v i a panisperna, 00184 rome, i t a l y ; phone 39 ( 6 1 48 65 87

ifda d o s s i e r 57/58 . janüary/apri 1967 6 d i torial

NOUS SOMMES TOUS DES PALESTINIENS

. . . .- . .; x ~ e ? c r ; ; z 2 ~ 1 ~ : ~ 2 ?r4s , w i s 2 e ~ - e - c : c s e m i 2 5 ~ s : : ~ i - k ~ ; '?ssenxie: ,

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, - . . . . . - - ; ..?e*:xv Z C ; G ~ S - ~ z c ; x z z t ~ ~ e . - 2 s ? r 9 7 i z ~ : > 2 s : ~ ~ ; - c ' e s ; ;z ~ 5 ; . , - - . Z:GI,S e ~ p - 2 3 ~ - 'zrr<sen: e r L - c v e s z ~ z e a :222, LP ZY x?? . s , c x > g z g ~ k ,

.;-a' - . - . . . . . 1 ,,"- a.vbcn ;LA 3r:zee:9r2: .--1?X;ci5 sxr3 >G A2P:sze. -c 2:sc3z'Ys s i : - . . - . qisye 2 ' ~ : a r s x s s e , m D L e :srne :ln f r 2 ~ ~ e 2k.z m t r e s i<scours x ~ 2 z : m x .

. . . _ ~ m z t a n t la r S g k 5 l ' e xcep t ion dans leur propgur.de, l e s Szcn' istes ap- pL.iypèren La r2gle dans Les fa<ts plus radicalement Que t e s ?7~<csar.ces co lon ia l e s . Le colon, francais en Algérie cinglais -†¡kodés'i U n - G i s en Afr-;que ciu su^, e t c . , cua*Lt b e s o i ~ de & c o l a n i s i : <:

- , f a l l a i t b ien que quelqu'un t ravaiLL6t . i-epossidé e q t c i . z 2 , d > r ' i s i , c e r t e s , Le dolor:isà e x i s t a i t quard " i à ª ~ ?uisq t i r i ' , ita-ic n6cessaire . Vans l e cas pa l e s t i n i en , l ' i d à © o l o g i de l a rideri-pvion du pespL2 j x i f , n o t m e n t  ¥ travail agrico Le manuel, se t r a d u i s i t b . s L exs si us^;- cisrne juif??e.s ?a l e s t i n i ens , l e s Arabes, ntusuLmans ou chrd t i ens , j'ure,!t e x d u s , p lus , n i e s : I l n 'g a pas de Pa le s t i n i ens , d i t Jolda Neir en i963.

La c o n j ~ n a t z o n de ;a mauvaise f o i s i o n i s t e e t de La ,mauvaise conscience europgenne f i t passer l e t o u t auprSs d'une opin ion proprement e t s y s tg - matiquement désinforné

ai s a i t , par exemple, que 1 '40SfOGO Arabes vi.vaier.t darx qxelqv-e 500 . < ; ' i ~ L e s eâ '~ ' i l l ages en Pales t ine en 1348 ( c à ´ t 2 ac t e avec SCS'OGO . u i f s i ? .iiie La. t e r re appartenait dans sa plus grande par t ie aux Arabes ( e t seulement 3% aux colons, a?r&s un demi-siScte d 'wn igra t ion , ' ? 22 sont ce s Arabes auj 'ourd'kui? Qui poss6de l eur s t e r r e s ? Su jour au ten- demain, en 1348, 8 3 0 ' 0 0 0 de ce s ?a l e s t i n i ens furent transformé en r k fu - gie's, leurs t e r r e s conf i squées leur patrimoine d à © t r u i t Une seconde vague de spo l ia t i on eu t l i e u en 1967.

.&, jourd 'hui , t e s .%Lestiniens ccns t i t uenz un peupk pyi-vd de leur paz- r z e , en e'tranoe paya ËDI Leur pays lui-me%e pour ;eux qui hab i t en t en- cave La v i v e occ identa le du Jourdain ou :a régio de Gaza ' t e s t e r r i t o i - r e s occupds par I s rae l depuis 1367) , en e x i l en Jordanie, au Liban, en Jypie - e t dans l e r e s t e du monde.

. . , - : e t t e ~ i , sper s<on , pzssia ~a s t : , ~ e ~ r i~.-'Lip'e ~ c r ; '2>$2nemxt , a 25su t i ?

* . un r 6 2 e i t de t: xr.scir5nce p ,es^^r ier .ne . L o s 2 ~ ~ 3 , eu i : s CE: s '~zv2cu

, - - . - . ?ev.diJ."~.z ~Ã ans, e t 3; se -1^~ou:er'.i ':cu.joi^s ; -us :e J''" , - h o m e s , *'<":-

"12s e t gf i fcn$s, :2 ;i,2rs ;es ?s.+23<2s <xre+j:1-2s ?a? L1: ' : : .~L '~ . , Je : 2n- - : d i uze qouve^te ;irc'ra;-ion de ?sles".r.ier'.s. '-.es ? z L e s ^ i . m e ~ se 3m: . , :r2zni,st-'s ¥s'^x-qê,~e L'3L2 :as ?esrése?te st 2 s re^r$seme ?t'us :r,',":5-

: r z : < ~ ~ e , ~ m z +d :,J ?Lqa-: i e s ~ c ~ ~ z , m e n e z z s z a b e s fie ~ m ~ i s a ~ e e ~ . - - . . . .

:zk:zs ; e u ~ L e s . u,x ~ s - e s ; : ~ 2 : e s s i 2'2:re drzbc?-2 : ' e n , j z ~ 22s z w : : : x s . . . , - < . .,..- , > . e t <as ra,>sw:;ds :'2>zr>es Z t s z s ~ - 2 k e s . ~ ~ - 2 z z i s ~ e 52~221~s - *&. , .

, . . :pa'Jsrs s e s r.'~sr4sevi~s.r!zs +,us - '.es "acres - m s ,es .ierriz>-;?es 3222-

. . . . . . 263, d m s s c ,mzz2rA-z< ? c L i z i p e ccu;eL2 .pi ;~ : su : ; .z 2ev.;x~.2e m SC-;.

Cartes, somme t e d i s a i t déj La grand-dre de Cervantès il. y J t2ujcur.s eu., depuis l e débu de l ' h i s t o i r e , deux aor tes d'hommes, t e s possddants e t tes autres, Hais l a nouveauté r à © s u h a du progyJs techm-+e e z de L'accroissement de l a p roduc t i v i té r à © s u l t a 'aussi, de ia rareti cro i s - sar..te des ressources h . 5 un con te f i e de rcpuor ts sociaux inéga'zz ."est que l e s au t re s ne sont plus nécessaires Le planteur a v a i t besoin de L 'esc lave , l e colon de L'iruiigYne, l ' i n d u s t r i e l de L'ouvrier. -?.'.us au- jourd 'hui .

Tradui t en termes de rapports humains, s e ta veut d i r e que jusque Â¥ser las snnée 5G de se s i i d e , malgrà t e s con t rad i c t i ons e t l e s Lustes qui en à   4 s o u l a t e n la soc i i z4 humaine dans son ensemble se ?ercevai t corne passag2re du mêm bateau. A s s u r d ' k u i , Les yaLSriens s rn t d e ;reg.

' i m p l a c a b l e log'iyue s i o n i s t e a yoursuiwi ce rcisonnemn": ;usqu13:^ i o u z , d ' m t z n t @us "r'uettenent aux yeux de ceux, n i v 'uifs q i Arabes, oii.i sa- . . 2ent T, 'horreur e t de l 'holocaus te e t ce La dc'possassion, que l e s c z m s - ;es à © t a i e n mieux placé que @corque pour savr i r ce que sLj~~',;'Les t 'anéant issemen physique su po l i t i que .

h s soc i i2ds qui nous nt préséd S ta i en t "rondes", c".rcu^.aT.res: t ou t s ' 3 t e n a i t .

','sus sommes l e s Pa'.esrin'i.sns. 2 nous xc youvors pas 2=1'Ã i.- -:'e ?es -.,,y; 3

- - - & . -siences ',es ' ~ e L ; ~ . r & s , Les f ames e t l e s s n f ~ n r s i e s s q s . ~ o a s , . - . . . . -. . . . -2:; ,es xae~ 3 ' ~ ' i w e , s;:r:>.-~.ei.~ment JU po~;'::qii.e,?zz, i'abûx er. . . ziarla.~: d l s ^ x , e t s i s ^ r . " ~ a ~ : ; tant p ' G s sac'nenz zn fzn que nous i e l e s

. - 7 ~ u b t t à » n pas, e t que varta~: iec yeux e z l e s o v e t ~ b e s s r ~ u . ~ , r e n t . Z nous *,2"'- - a < -2s id el, 5 > i v x , ?r~saicuemenc, ,~az ir2<eL:eng~t {Le buc'get ce

. - :'L'.','.?Vrt est de ~ c i n s de LC1:' a l l i o n s de 2ot iu .r~ . , 2 2 ~ 5 : z s ,~<z: icn ,s v a r 346 CC'J ez;^nts dsns 64; Zcoles, ?t 43 "iiLzions ?OUT' 3.1 2 Z : r . i w s . . . ? - sr a ~ e n s a ' i x ' e s desservar-6 deux " ; ; . ~ i ; n s 2'6+2,es &•'ins

.-!ider Ie.5 r 'éfdgi i pal-est iniens 2/;:~2 uns oc2as'ion 2 tous ;s' qui, 3m "i•n-.fas e t prouuà leur s o ~ i c k r i t à m e c L'Afrique de la y-iim e r des sécheresses ces de rn i s re s m n à © e s de manifester e t de prouver ;eur x- :idar":d avec zeuz l u i sou f f r en t de ta dipossess isr . depu<s bienrzk iC 2 s .

.70ritribution 2 c e t e f f o r t 2 contre-courant. mais nécessaire nous oub- . . l t ons dans ce Sos s i e r l e s ^rvressionc d 'un voyage er. Pales t ine d ' Z a m a - "en 7mzaa. correspondante ne 1 ' 2 F C A 2 Rome. Son tenozonaae e s t m r e - " " . . ment w i p e . Jeune femme tunis ienne , c ' e s t -2 -d i r e de tangue, de cu l t u re , 'J.e s e n s i b i l i t à uabo-musuhanes , son contact avec t e s ?u. ' ieszi ,~iens - st l e s Pales t in iennes - a 2z.2 un contact d i r e c t . poli t iquement, e l l e e s t 7 r une des rares fermes jou.mv'1Listes arabes non-pdes t iwiennes 2 m i r  ¥ ~ i s i z t e s camps e t t e s ier>ritoiraes occ~ .pés Outre l ' & i d e qu'on ' , i ra dans se numér (pp.33-681, e l l e a dcr'it une s à © r i de s e t zrz i : ies transmis var I n t e r à ® r e s Serv ice , Agence de Presse du T i e r s t ' - m e , m a - d u i t s en allemand, arabe, espagnol, norvégie e t portugais, e t pu'c:iV.s n o v m e n t en Autr iche , au Brés i l en Ecuador, au Mexique, en .'/orq.'Sye, en Tun i s i e , en Uruguay e t au Venezuela.

(An E n g l i s h v e r s i o n o t c h i s E d i t o r i a l a p p e a r s on pp .51-53 b e l o w ) .

4

i f d a d o s s i e r 57/55 . j a n v i e r / M l 1987 espace local,

MEXIQUE: MANGER, UN ACTE POLITIQUE

car AndrGs Aubry iXAP.EMAC Apartadc ~ostal. 6 Sax Cnsrobal 3e la Casas, Ckiapas Mexique

L'.alimentation du paysan du Chiapas déconcert non seulement l'ex?érisnc gastronomique de i'ztranger, mais mëm les ha- brades du citadin mexicain. Pas tant par son exotisme que par se?. aust4rit6.

Pour le chercheur comme pour celui qui travaille sur le ter- rain, les gelées la sueur, la pluie ou les longues narchss ne sont que passe-temps comparée à la corvé de partaqer la nourriture du paysan. Ajoutons cependant tout de suite que son reqime ne plart pas non plus au paysan elidataire L/ lui-même

1. L'alimentation paysanne: un probl+me politique

Il n'y a que deux mets que le paysan appréci malgrà leur frugalità : la cueillette (ce qu'il ramasse en chemin) et le pozol (une soupe à base de maï et de quelques condiments). Ce dernier, réconfortan et substantiel, est devenu pour le travaileur rural une habitude aussi indispensable que la tasse de thà de l'Anglais de pure souche.

Le reste, c'est-à-dir les repas proprement dits, est avalà sans appétit par pur devoir. Le paysan a coutume de dire qu'il mange "sans goût" "uniquement pour avoir quelque for-

1 / ?V.d.T. - Dam t& :ex te qu i sui",., 'noua avons re tenu t e s vocables +do - - s j i dn : ( f u i rgLèv de L 1 e j i d à » e t s i i d a i a i r e ( e n merzzcai? e i i d a t a - pu 12st9ner Le paysan b4nC~' ic iant du s t a t u t de t'sjids. A t ' o r i g i n e , e j T . 2 0 éta-i l e p r i z o m n a l 92 l e s M a g e o i s f a i sa i en t ?&re Lems . . b8 te s e t se ro t rou '~a i enr pour ^z.ssu.tep J ' a f f a z r e s c à » m n s s Lfeji .do me- . . -" ,, ." .v,LL1-n, institu.zio'". qui date de La R6zolution (i311-1320), désign i j-l'-.ià k prûprie't J O C ~ G ~ de LG t a c e , l e s y q s c n s qui en "~-iven$, et b s ~rgani-smes paysans de ges t i on e t expL,h'i.tati.^r. ae ee t e r r z t o i r e . Les fer- 2'eo y sont d ~ n c comw.es au u i^ tage , mais leurs p m c e ' i k s de cu l t u re sûn con,%tiss 3 :k~qu: paysan qui en a 7~ d m i 5 personm; d ' x s u f ~ ~ i ~ , tra-nsmissibte par herzuaqe. Le p q s a n e j i d a t a i r e e s t = e t n i pi jouir des c h q s :le i ' eJ<do.

ce", "pour ?ouvoir supporter na sourfrance". L'huile ou la graisse, la viande, les légumes les oeufs et 2usqu'au sel sont des friandises que l'on réserv pour le "second lour de la fête" c'est-à-dir pour 5 2i 10 occasions par an. Cette dure nécessit dorine des complexes au paysan chaque fois qu'il lui arrive de partager son repas avec ces visiteurs 2e la ville.

Dans les discours officiels depuis 1977, il étai courant de dire : "la premièr urgence est de se nourrir", par iaita- tion du "food first" des Américains Or, dans les pays du Tiers Monde, 03 la faim est le revers de la médaille ou 14 conséquenc perverse de l'arme al~mentaire utilis4e par les pays riches, manqer devient un véritabl probl6me non seule- ment dans son action physique, nais plus encore comme acte politique.

Le paysan du Tiers Monde ne peut opter que pour l'une des quatre conditions suivantes :

1. Ou bien il accepte sa condition d'affamé par résiqna tion ou par fatalisme. C'est une situation qui l'in- stalle progressivement dans la faim chronique et la dénutritio quotidienne.

Au cours de ses "repas" quotidiens pris "sans goût" il avale son aliment comme une pilule. Il n'y a aucun me- nu: c'est la seule tortilla (petite galette de pât de mais) qui lui sert de rem&de pour continuer à lutter. Dans ce cas, le régim alimentaire quotidien du paysan est le fruit amer de la dépolitisation

2. Ou bien il accepte l'engrenage de la dépendance

Dans cette situation, sa nourriture lui est alloué soit par un organisme (COPLAMAR - Commission de la Pré sidence de la Républiqu pour les zones arides et les populations marginales; IN1 - Institut national indigé niste; CONASUPO - Commission nationale pour la subsis- tance populaire, les trois organismes-clé du populisme de l'actuel régim mexicain), soit par le propriétair du domaine, ou le cacique (la courroie locale de l'en- grenage politique, le roitelet de province). En d'aut- res termes, le paysan rédui à cette condition, mange comme un enfant : ce qu'on lui donne; ou comme un es- clave : ce qu'on lui octroie, parce qu'il a "troaue sa nourriture" contre des services ou des corvées

Dans ce cas, (l'acte de) manger devient une manipuia- t- on politique qui rappelle au paysan qu'il doit régle sa dette. Sa nourriture devient le symbole de sa dépen dance.

3. Ou bien il accepte d'entrer dans le résea des circuits commerciaux, c'est-à-dir d'acheter sa nourriture, la

payait comptant quand ce n'est pas 2 crédit Il vend i La 'jiile a vi; prix de bons prcduits de sa terre, Four en consommer de moins bozs qu'il paie cher, quand il n'4chanqe pas un quintal de cafS contre un sac de ma7s.

Sans cette condition, le paysan se nourrit comme ur. chier., des miettes de la table CU riche. De plus, il d o i t se defer.dre des "coups crr. vache" du transportsur ou des er.gags.'ne.".ts par iesqueis "le coyotte", ou inter- mediaire cormercial, cherche a le l ~ e r .

Dans ce cas, manger est la concession faite par la ville au monde rural dans la relat-an politique de type Nord-Sud qui les unit, relations dans lesquelles la campagne est le qrenier de son centre urbain, et le village l'arrière-cou de la vlile.

4. Ou bien, enfir., le paysan prer-d sa condition en na1r.s dans un esprit de "self-ieliance": -1 maîtris ses res- sources alimentaires, mangeant ce qu'il decide et qu'il a recolte.

Mais cela signifie se lancer dans la lutte : organiser son travail, défendr sa proprigté s'associer à d'aut- res compagnons, apprendre a parler, observer d'un oeil critique sa terre et celles de son village. Dans cette situation, sa r.ourriture est le :-cuit de la conau&te de sa libertà et de sa dignit4.

Dans ce cas, manger devient une option polit-ique.

II. Un outil interdisciplinaire

Bien entendu, notre 4auipe a optà pour la derr.-i.&re solution.

Nous disposions au savoir impressionnant de paysans d'une douzaine d'agq.Lomérat~on des Hauteurs ou de la Forêt de la panoplie des sciences sociales qu.~ se pratiquent a llINAREMAC, et du recours aux agronomes de cet institut; nous connaissions les besoins alimentaires etablis par des médecin de 1'Ecole supérieur de médecin de l'Institut polytechnique national, qui collaborent avec nous. A partir de ces divers élément notre stratégi agricole s'est &la- boré progressivement : à la table de travail, sur le ter- rain oà les discours ne sont pas de mise, au cours d'assem- blée de village oà les supercheries du langage sont vite debusquées Mais si manger est un acte politique, la stra- tégi que nous proposons ne peut pas se contenter d'êtr technologique.

En se limitant a donner une reponse technologique aux pro- biemes de l'alimentation, on sa-it qu'a la tin surviennent des nuisances 2cologiqtfes insurirontables; que la production agricole approvisionne les marches riches au d6triment des paysans pauvres; et que l'on récolt des devises au prix de la denutrition paysanne.

La faim, conséquenc pathologique de la pauvret&, est une maladie et, comme telle, nous pensons qu'elle requiert l'in- tervention du m4decin. C'est aussi le résulta d'une produc- tion insuffisante qui nécessit l'intervention de l'agrono- me. Mais ces deux spécialiste se heurtent aux causes socia- les de la faim, qui résulten des options 4conorniql~es et politiques de la sociétÃ

C'est en effet la place que lui assigne notre socigte qui enfonce Le paysan dans la famine. Si celui-ci conquiert une autre place, ou si la soci&té en s'en rapprochant, lui offre une position sociale nouvelle, alors le probleme ali- mentaire est en voie de solution.

Les campagnes sanitaires pour l'amélioratio du rbqirne ali- mentaire du paysan, ou les prouesses agricoles de la révolu tion verte ont r4solu les probl&mes de l'industrie alimen- taire dans les pays industriels; mais, dans le Tiers Monde, elle n'ont abouti qu'à moderniser la faim.

Bien au contraire, lorsque Paz Estensoro en Bolivie, Arbenz au Guatemala, Cardenâ au Mexique, malgr6 les limites de leurs exp4riences, offrirent leur chance aux paysans, la production alimentaire fit un bond en avant et la faim re- cula.

En ce qui concerne le Mexique, qu'il suffise de rappeler que les elidataires qui occupaient moins de la moitic5 des ter- res, obtinrent alors plus de la moitià de la production na- tionale de maï et de haricots.

III. Criteres pour la d6finition d'une stratégi

On comprendra que notre stratégi agricole, en ce qui ccn- cerne la production alimentaire, se déduis de nos options sociales :

1. Pour 4chapper aux diff4rentes formes de la dépendanc paysanne (bancaire, technologique, commerciale, alimentaire, etc.) et A la pratique, croissante au Chiapas, de la mono- culture (palme africaine, café cacao, canne à sucre, etc.) nous préconison l'auto-consommation et l'autonomie alimen- taire.

2. A ceux qui préconisen l'ouverture de nouvelles fron- ti&res agricoles, nous opposons notre ferme appui aux par- celles traditionnalles; du mêm coup, nous remédion au pro- bl&me des migrations paysannes et freinons le dgpeuplement et la clochardisation des campagnes.

3. A la désaffectio massive pour le minifundio (l'agri- culture des lopins) , nous opposons les acquis sociaux de la Révolutio mexicaine : l'ejido (dans sa forme traditionnelle

on dans celÈ des "nacionaleros" [paysan défricheu des do- maines nationaux, en génér de La :oret, pour y fonder un nouvel elido]) et les terres i;omunaies.

4. Loin de suivre les innovations de l'agriculture offi- cielle, nous nous appuyons sur l'expérienc ancestrale du pdysan st sur le savoir agricole indig&ne.

Ces options kminemment sociales découlen de notre choix de ia derni4re solution i "manger, un acte politique") qui sup- sase une conscience responsable, critique, évaluatric et finalement politique.

Dans sa premi&re étape cette stratégi suppose la conquêt de l'indépendanc par l'autoconsonunation, par une technolo- gie approprié et par la sécurit agraire.

Mais dans une deuxi&me étap - que nous envisageons, bien qu'elle ne soit pas encore réalisabl dans notre cas - nous devrons passer de 1'ir.dependance à m e véritabl gestion paysanne, laquelle est la forme accomplie de l'indépendance

Nous pourrons alors remonter le fil des options que nous avions rejetées par exemple :

. les excédent produits nous conduiront a entrer dans la commercialisation;

. grsce A une gestion paysanne effective, à un apprentis- sage des mécanisme économique (d'abord par le troc, puis par des opération monétaires) et à un ferme dé sir de privilégie les investissements par rapport & la consommation, la commercialisation donnera au paysan les moyens de réduir le dksgquilibre actuel entre la ville et la campagne;

. maîtrisan sa gestion, le paysan pourra planifier et mener avec perspecacità une technification ou une m6ca- nisation adaptt5es à sa situation, sans mettre en péri l'indépendanc conquise.

Ce niveau atteint, les deux premi&res conditions du paysan (celles de la nourriture-résignatio et de la nourriture- esclavage) disparaîtron d'elles-mêmes

Pour compl6ter notre stratégie nos choix de production et de technologie découleron de nos options sociales appli- quée avec constance, expérienc et creativit6. Ce n'est pas le lieu de les pr6senter ici; mais pour illustrer cet as- pect, il suffit de considkrer l'écar qui sépar les objec- tifs de ltEtat, dirigeant de l'économie de ceux de la com- munaut4 paysanne; ou celui qui existe entre les préoccupa tions de l'ingénieu agronome et les souhaits du paysan. Le prix féroc de ce d4phasage, la campagne le paie par sa

faix. Et l'analyse de ces 4carts nous fera découvri les crit&res qui régissen .la stratégi paysanne d'autcconsom- nation en ce qui concerne la production dlalim,ents.

. La stratëqi paysa.-.ne

Les stratégie de 1'alimentation cherc".e."t d'abord i a ~ - q r e n - ter le rendement ou la prcductivit4 et, Dren sGr, à obtenir des niveaux super~eurs de production.

Le rendezent ou la productivit6 ont parfois ces effeis si- condaires (secondaires pour l'agronome, mais de sremi&re importance pour le paysan) qu: ont rendu méfian 1'e;ida- taire. Ils exigent d'habitude un capitaL, uze force de tra- vaii ou un investissement en temps que ne peut pas fournir le paysan. L'agronome, centr6 sur les aspects agricoles, semble ignorer que l'agriculture n'est que l'une des mul- tiples occupations du travailleur des champs. Celui-ci, se- Ion l'usage traditionnel, ne consacre qu'un tiers de son temps (un peu plus de cent jours par an) à ses activité agricoles, parce qu'il est occupe à la coupe de son bois de chauffe, à la fabrication de ses outils, a l'entretien de ses chemins, de ses ponts, de la barque communautaire, etc., sans lesquels son lopin demeurerait inaccessible. Outre sa fonction de cultivateur, il est l'architecte de sa maison, l'ingénieu de son village, le tailleur de ses vêtements l'organisateur de ses fstes, le qestionndire ie sa procri&- té obligà A d'innombrables démarche à la capitale; il est le potier de la vaisselle de son foyer, le maço de son gre- nier, le partenaire des rëunion agraires de son elido, etc.. . La maleure partie de ces occupations sont liees A la produc- n o n d'aliments et, s'il les neglige, la faim progressera. Quant A celles qui n'ont pas d'impact direct sur la produc- tion agricole, elles ont l'avantage dlapporti"r au membre de la communautà villageoise ou de l'elido une vision globale, civique, communautaire et potentiellement politique des pro- blhes.

Par ces activites, il s'initie au labyrinthe administratif ou à la gestion ëconomiqu qui, indirectement, le conduiront à une bonne maîtris de la production et de la distribution de denrges alimentaires. Une saine politique alimentaire doit donc prendre en compte la gestion paysanne du temps.

Le souci du paysan n'est m6me pas une productio?. 6levde. A quoi lui sert. en effet une r6coltc abor.dante s'il r.e sait ci l'engranger, ou si elle est d6voree sur pied par le raton laveur, ou, une fois rentrée par les rats ? Ou si la se- mence am6liorëe "cadeau du gouvernement", a hybride par pollinisation son maï rgsistant qui le garantissait des accidents agricoles ? Ou si la SPA (Minist+re de la réform

agraire) conteste son droit de propriétà si la CFE (Commis- sion fédéra de .L'électricità engloutit son terrain par un barrage hydraulique ? Ou si PEMEX (Pétrol du Mexique) de- verse sur ses cultures les goudrons de ses raffineries ?

Le premier souci du paysan qui pratique l'autoconsommation n'est ni le rendement, ni la production. Ce qu'il recherche c'est :

1. la sécurit dans son travail ("ne pas perdre ma sueur") ;

2. avoir toujours quelque chose à manger.

S'il perd la sécurità il retombera aussitô dans la techno- logie de la faim: le brûli qui est la cause du déboisemen progressif. S'il n'a pas de quoi manger, il s'embauchera dans les plantations durant la saison 03 sa petite proprietà ne produit rien. Dans les deux cas, c'est la production ali- mentaire qui se trouve pénalisé

Autant pour protége sa production contre les fléaux les intempérie et les accidents agricoles que pour disposer toujours d'un aliment sans devoir emmagasiner de grandes quantité sujettes à risques, le paysan a optà pour un mor- cellement maximal de sa propriétà Il est prê à payer cher cette dispersion de son patrimoine agricole : heures quoti- diennes de marche sous la pluie ou le soleil, transport sur ses épaule de ses outils ou de ses récoltes perte de temps énorme Ce découpag ejidal ou communal s'éten sur des ki- lom6tres carré et les parcelles de terre y sont réduite 2 des micro-propriétà dont le paysan en compte pas la super- ficie en hectares mais en "journées (de travail) ou sillons" ou en "brasses".

Chaque fois que nous avons tentà de remembrer les parcelles, nous avons eu a le regretter car cela avait pénalis la pro- duction d'aliments. Dans l'univers ejidal, le micro-climats abondent : un terrain se trouve en bas, en terre chaude, l'autre en haut en climat frois; l'un sur un versant de la vallé est soumis aux vents dominants, l'autre sur le ver- sant oppos6 bénéfic d'une exposition de sols et de vents différents l'un est argileux, l'autre sablonneux mais le troisiGme est constitue de terre noire et riche; les fléau et accidents qui frappent l'un sont compensds par la r6colte record de l'autre; dans l'un les épi de maï commencent se former, tandis que dans un autre on fait la moisson.

Ce syst6me a ét choisi de préféren A beaucoup d'autres possibles car :

réparti les risques; ne n6cessite pas l'investissement d'un grenier; apporte chaque semaine un plat a la table du paysan.

En somme, il favorise L'approvisionnement continu en al:- ments.

Le syst6me agricole du morcellement elidal atteint finale- ment, en dépi de la rusticità ou de L'i.rréqui.arit des sai- sons, des rendements tr+s supérieur 2 ceux des grandes pro- priét6 qui disposent de capitaux . La "loi de ia micropro- priétà est la solution trouvé par le paysan pour répondr à ses angoisses devant la faim; c'est sa manisre ce gerer les terres productrices d'aliments.

Lorsqu'il- échoue c'est que les agents du developpement ont déskquilibr cette gestion paysanne de l'espace et du temps. L'Etat exige de l'ejidataire mille d€placemen à la Direc- tion agraire pour la construction d'une route, d'un silo, d'un dispensaire. On le transporte, sous peine d'amende, pour la réceptio d'un homme politique; on le convoque à 1'1x1, au PRODESCH (Programme de developpement économiqu et social du Chiapas) ou Palais des du Gouverneur. Son caiend- rier de petit exploitant étan bouleversé le paysan n'a plus d'autre solution pour se remettre de ses pertes que de s'embaucher dans les plantations : cela ach&ve de ruiner la production de ses parcelles de culture. Pour produire des aliments, le paysan doit êtr prssent sur ses lopins : c'est le bot-i sens qui l'exige.

Une autre cause des échec de la mini-proprietà provient de la pression officielle qui. recommande de semer des produits commercialisables. Comme par définitio la production de la mini-propriét n'est pas homoqene, elle n'intkresse pas tou- purs le marché Dans ces conditions, ou bien l'ejidataire doit consacrer à la commercialisation de sa récolt un temps qu'il soustrait au soin de son lopin, ou bien il tombe entre les griffes de l'intermediaire qui lui fait la "faveur" d'accourir ]usquu'A lui.

Une politique alimentaire authentique ne cherche pas A "dis- poser toujours de quelque chose A vendre" mais a "disposer toujours de quelque chose à manger". Lorsque le lopin cesse de produire de la nourriture pour rapporter de l'argent, on penalise l'alimentation paysanne puisque l'argent ne peut se dépense qu'A la ville, et l'on aggrave ainsi le déséquili re entre la ville et la campagne.

Nous avons recueilli sept contes tzotziles de Linacantan qui definissent l'argent comme un "maï vereux" ou "possédà (pukuj). L'argent est maï parce qu'il est symbole de richesse; il est véreu parce qu'il ne se mange pas; et pos- séd parce qu'il s'kchappe de la main. Ce mazs-li, disent les contes "s'en va à Mexico oCl il engraisse un roi", et ce qui reste au village, c'est la faim.

Cependant, nos programmes n'écarten pas compléternen la commercialisation; simplement, ils se refusent A produire

ce que, le paysan ne mange pas (si son village est tres éloign de la ville). Nous acceptons la commercialisation, mais à une stricte condition : qu'elle serve à écoule des excédents c'est-à-dir ce qui reste une fois satisfaits les besoins alimentaires de l'autoconsommation.

V. Recommandations

Si nous devions passer de nos "micro-laboratoires de cam- pagne" à la "macro-planification" de l'alimentation paysan- ne, c'est-à-dir si les r6sultats limites que nous avons obtenus devaient conduire a une generalisation de notre mo- deste expérience nous nous baserions sur les criteres sui- vants :

Dans l'étap actuelle que traverse la campagne mex-icai- ne, 1'autoconsommation est solution viable, éprouvà et &conornique.

La crise alimentaire aiguà de la campagne ne peut mêm pas Stre colmaté au moyende recettes agricoles de pro- duction ou de prouesses technologiques. Ces derni&res sont d'un coû trop élev en périod d'austérità et cela les écart comme solutions applicables au Tiers Monde, ou les disqualifie comme voie vers 1'indGpendan- ce nationale et paysanne.

Le paysan est le premier producteur d'aliments. S'il ne mange pas, c'est que la soci4tà - par des mécanisme occultes complexes - lui arrache les aliments, ou mar- qifialise celui qui en produit. Il n'y aura pas de solu- tion au probleme alimentaire sans le reclassement so- cial, 6conomique et politique du paysan.

Plutô que de distribuer des aliments ou de modifier le régim alimentaire des paysans, il importe de produire les aliments lA 03 ils sont consommés Par conséquent plutô que de touver des m4canismes plus fluides de commercialisation, il est préfkrabl de profiter de la vocation vivri+re du lopin de terre ejidal ou communal.

Ce lopin, pour exigu qu'il soit, offre d'abondantes ressources vivri&res, agricoles et sociales:

a) c'est une structure agro-politique qui s'appuie sur l'institution ejidale ou com.unal5 et sur les assemblée villageoises, et qui favorise i'orqani- sation des producteurs;

b) il sert habituellement de protection contre les accidents agricoles, car la dispersion des lopins cultives r6partit les risques qui menacent chaque ann4e la production alimentaire;

c) bien travaille, il atteint des rendements elev4s qui dépassen toujours ceux de la qrande propriét r'drale;

d) sauf accidents graves dus la pression de l ' h o m e sur la terre, il est '-ine protection Scologiaue efficace;

e) il ;;;cessite peu ce ressources publiqu?~, mais l'assistance aqricole rgduite qu'il requiert devra accepter de payer le coû humain voulu (accompag- nement sur le terrain, longues marches, temps passe) .

Sans la sCcurità de la propriét de la terre, toute politique alimentaire sera d6stabilisee.

Le paysan, contrairement à ce que l'on croit, est un travailleur dont le calendrier est plein. Il n'y a pas trop de bras a la campagne. Les déplacement et les corvée que l'on impose reguli6rement du paysan gr&vent la production alimentaire. Il n'est pas besoin de crée des emplois à la campagne, mais la campagne a besoin, pour produire dss aliments, de la mobilisation de tous ses producteurs naturels.

Ces th&ses auront, pour beaucoup de gens, un certain relent d'hérési car elles s'opposent aux dogmes de l'agriculture officielle, à ceux du mod&le transnational de développemen et aux intérê actuels de la puissante industrie alimentai- re. Leur seule justification, c'est le recul effectif de la faim dans La douzaine de localit6s 03 nous travaillons.

Ayant applique nos crit&res; les paysans qui avaient l'habi- tude de "manger sans goût les évalu&ren par ce diagnostic: "Maintenant, la nourriture descend savoureuse, et nous ne tombons plus malades"

En termes plus savants, les crit&res ci-dessus constituent un chemin éprouv pour passer de l'infra-subsistance alimen- taire à une autoconsommation satisfaisante.

A S A R V O D A Y A PROJECT

A S S E F A , 33, K.B. Dasan Road, Teyr.ampet, Madras 600 G 1 3 , India.

A N G G C , 47 Matrifico Building, 2178 Pasong Tamo Street, Makoti, Metro Manila, Philippines.

". - n e A^;C'CC C.ze^u^,C:e .';m,7i:zsi~, :ss'por.szbIs ' C? ;@ -s?+ thd A &%, be l idves chii^ :he mrk of ASFF.-1 bs brought zo :he f/x.enT/zon g.-' .. - . go'v ic3 17&rs, decision-muiksrs, j>ri,a 3orksrs 7.d zhsse involved ¥¥ i s - ¥~etspnen^ r imcai i 'm.

What is ASSEFA?

The Association of Sarva Seva Farms (ASSEFA) is an all India base network of small grassroot voluntary organisations working within the framework of Sarvodaya (welfare of all) movement. As a movement aiming for development, the group takes its roots to the second phase of the non-violent Shoodan-Gramdan movement of Vinoba Bhave.

Although the foremost objective of ASSEFA is to create a Sarvodaya society, its immediate goals are as follows:

to undertake reclamation and cultivation work of Bhooda, Gramdan, Ceiling Surplus land and other fallow lands for the rehabilitation and exclusive benefit of the backward, the poor and the downtrodden people in the rural areas of India;

to provide the necessary implements for these projects;

. to undertake the reclamation and cultivation of the above said Bhoodan and Gramdan and other fallow lands in such a way as to recover the agricultural capital made available by the society in each specific project

and reinves tinq 1': in financing further rec Larri~tion work on fallow lanes;

to star^ and carry on small aqro-indnstrids ;or the exclusive benefit 05 the r'~ral poor;

':o train tRe rural poor agricuituriots in sc2r.d tecikr.i- ques of cares-ii arid effective management;

to provide employment to the beneficiair~as of the Sarva Seva Farn projects, enccuragir them to work on a

7 , .'? joint ar.6 cooperative basis, inc~-.aing collictive res- ponsibility and reciprocal assistance;

to encourage independent thinking among the project's beneflcianes by exchange of knowledge, experiences and free discussion on relevant and up-to-date questions, in order to give them fair and broad inforir.ation, ban- ning party propaganda and dogmatic assertions;

to impart literacy, citizenship training and inculc-ite the concept of right and reciprocal duties and corirauri- ty living; and

to undertake community health programmes as part of Sarva Seva Farms projects, or independently, to promote the total health of the community.

The programme content includes, inter alia, proniotive, pre- ventive and curative aspects of health care inc1udir.q sani- tation, hygiene, nutrition, health, education, medical aid, etc.

To achieve the above oblectives, ASSEFA has engaged in va- rious developmental works directly or via other orqanisa- tions, raised funds within and outside India, worked closely with other agencies and carried out effectively the object- ives of the Association on a non-profit basis. Moreover, the organisation is actively involved in numerous projects, most of them in Tamil Nadu. Their major emphasis was given to agricultural production and cottage industries.

However, the main aim of ASSEFA is not only confined to re- clamation and cultivation of donated land and provision of farm implements but also to impart literacy and provide jobs in small industries to the farm womenfolk to augment family income.

The Bhoodan Movement

The Bhoodan (land gift) movement was one of the greatest socio-political movements of i:-idependczt India. Acharya Vinoba Bhave (1895-1982), one of Gandhi's foremost disci- ples, launched the Bhoodan movement as a non-violent alter- native solution to the problem of inequity in land owner- ship. The first Bhoodan was made on 18 April 1951 at Pocham- palli village near Hyderabad in Andra Pradesh, when a local

;.d?.d-Lord, Ramchandra Recdy, d o n a t e d 1 0 0 a c r e s of l a n d :o be r e d i s t r i b u t e d t o t h e l a n d l e s s L." t h e v i l l a g e - t n e f i r s t g i f t o i l a n d r e c e i v e d . The H a m a c s had r e q u e s t e d c.1ly 80 a c r e s f o r 40 f a m i l i a s and Vinoba was t h i n k i n g o f a?proach:r.q t h e qoverr .xent a u t h o r i t i e s i2 o r d e r t o have t h e l a n d a i i o t z - ed t o theirk. S i n c e t h e n , Vinoba narched from . - i i l a q e t o vi:.- l a q e c a r r y i n g h i s moral r e v o l u t i o n t o t h e p e o p i e . Coverirle; a. d i s t a n c e c'Â S C O m i l e s i n two i r o n ~ h s , he had r e c e i v e d 1 2 , 0 0 0 a c r e s v r l a n d . G r a d u a l l y , he bezap. zc a p s l y Sarvodaya i d e a l s t o Bhoodan, e n v i s i o n i n g Bhoodan a s An a l l comprehens ive moverr.er.t d i r e c t e d t o r e f o r m a l l wa lks of 11512 and i n s i s t e d that i n Bhoodan, " d i s t r i b u t i o n of l a n d i s n e t t h e o n l y ques- t i e r . , i t aims a t t h e mora l r e p d r s t i o n o f t h e whole n a t i o n " .

F o r 1 4 y e a r s , h e t r a c k e d t h e d u s t y r o a d s o f I n d i a on f a o t , a s k i n g l a n d l o r d s t o d o n a t e a F i e c e c f l a n d f o r t h e poor o f I n d i a . H i s dream was t o z o l l e c t 5 0 l a i l l i c n a c r e s o f l a n d and ne was a b l e t o c o l l e c t 4 x i l l i o r a c r e s . HJ-S g o a l was t c a c h i e v e Gram Swara i ( i n d e p e n d e n c e and s e l r s u f f i c i e n c y j f o r I n d i a n v i l l a g e s .

The Bhoodan movement i s e s s e n t i a l l y a n e x t e n s i o n o f t h e Gandhian c o n c e p t o f T r u s t e e s h i p . The movement r e s t o r e d t h e f o c u s on l a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n , when t h e s t a t e government o f I n d i a was smug a f t e r h a v i n g i n t r o d u c e d t e n a n c y b i l l s b u t c o m p l e t e l y n e g l e c t e d t h e i r p r o p e r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n . The e f f o r t i n Bhoodan was t o e n l i s t v o l u n t a r y d o n a t i o n s o f l a n d and r a i s e t h e p rob lems o f t h e l a n d l e s s i n t h e v i l l a q e i t s e l f . I t s o u g h t t o meet t h e n e e d s o f t h e s i u t a t i o n , n o t mere ly by a p p e a l i n g t o t h e Government t o o f f e r t h e i r w a s t e l a n d f o r r e s e t t l e m e n t , b u t by a p p e a l i n g t o t h e r i c h e r l a n d l o r d s and t h e v i l l a g e community t o d o n a t e a p o r t i o n of t h e i r l a n d . Not o n l y Vinoba, t h e movement's c h a r i s m a t i c l e a d e r , b u t h u n d r e d s o f w o r k e r s , walked a round I n d i a ' s v i l l a g e s and t a l k e d t o p e o p l e and l i s t e n e d t o t h e i r woes. A t t h e end o f t h e f i r s t p h a s e , i t was a n a t i o n a l movement t h r o b b i n g w i t h a c t i v i t y .

With t h i s b e g i n n i n g , Vinoba u n d e r t o o k a s e r i e s o f Padayat-ras ( w a l k i n g t o u r s ) a c r o s s t h e l e n g t h and b r e a d t h o f I n d i a . He walked f o r o v e r 6 0 , 0 0 0 k i l o m e t e r s i n 1 4 y e a r s . The t o t a l amount o f l a n d d o n a t e d r e a c h e d 4 . 2 m i l l i o n a c r e s .

The Gramdan Movement

I n 1 9 5 2 , Vinoba added t h e Gramdan ( v i l l a g e g i f t ) c o n c e p t t o h i s movement. The movement was a n e x t e n s i o n o f Bhoodan t o t h e e n t i r e v i l l a g e community. Gramdan i s a n e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e c o n c e p t o f t r u s t e e s h i p o f l a n d e d p r o p e r t y . While on h i s Pad Y a t r a i n North I n d i a , he r e q u e s t e d t h a t a v i l l a g e s h o u l d become a Gramdan v i l l a g e . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e v i l l a g e l a n d was t o be owned c o l l e c t i v e l y , n o t i n d i v i d u a l l y . The t i t l e d e e d s were t o be t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e Gramsabha ( v i l l a g e a s s e m b l y ) , composed o f v i l l a g e a d u l t s . The Assembly c o u l d g i v e one t w e n t i e t h o f t h e l a n d f o r r e d i s t r i b u t i o n . They were encou-

r a g e d t o c o n t r i b u t e o n e d a y ' s income p e r month t o a Gram Kosh ( v i l l a g e c h e s t ) .

A v i l l a g e i s d e c l a r e d a Gramdan v i l l a g e when 5 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e c u l t i v a b l e l a n d i n t h e v i l l a g e o f 6 6 p e r c e n t o f t h e r e - s i d e n t l a n d - h o l d e r s d o n a t e a l l t h e i r l a n d t o t h e G r a i n S a b h a . The l a n d o w n e r s i n Gramaan v i l l a g e s r e t a i n f u l l r i ~ h t s o f i n h e r i t a n c e b u t h a v e no powers t o a l i e n a t e t h e l a n d i n a n y mar.ner, w i t h o u t o n o r a p p r o v a l o f t h e v i l l a g e a s s e m b l y . Once a village i n d e c l a r e d Gramdan, i t i s e x p e c t e d t o a b i d e by t h e f o l l o w i n g r u l e s :

i n d i v i d u a l o w n e r s s h o u l d b e w i l l i n g t o t r a n s f e r t h e i r 2 w n e r s h i p t o t h e Gram S a c h a and s h o u l d a l l o w a m i m m u n of 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e i r l a n d t o b e d i s t r i b u t e d among t h e l a n d l e s s i n t h e v i l l a g e ;

. t h e r e s h o u l d b e a d u l y c o n s t i t u t e d Gram Sabha a n d a l l a d u l t s r e s i d i n g i n t h e v i l l a g e s h o u l d b e e l i g i b l e f o r membersh ip ;

. t h e members o f t h e v i l l a g e s h o u l d c o n t r . ~ b u t e a p o r t i o n o f t h e i r i ncome a s Gram Kosh (common f u n d ) , s a y o n e f o r t i e t h o f t h e i r a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c e  £ o t h e w e l f a r e o f t h e c o m u n i t y , w i t h f i r s t p r i o r i t y t o t h e w e a k e r s e c t i o n s o f t h e communi ty; a n d

. d i s p u t e s s h o u l d n o t b e t a k e n t o t h e p o i i c e o r t o t h e c o u r t s , b u t s e t t l e d i n t h e v i l l a g e i t s e l f by a s p e c i a l c o r n i t t e e s e t up f o r t h e p u r p o s e .

S a r v o d a y a

S a r v o d a y a , g e n e r a l l y t r a n s l a t e d a s " w e l f a r e o f a l l " was a p h i l o s o p h y made p o p u l a r by Mahatma G a n d h i . I t was G a n d h i ' s q u e s t t o l a y t h e f o u n d a t i o n o f S a r v o d a y a Sama] ( a s o c i e t y f o r t h e w e l f a r e o f a l l ) . V i n o b a j o i n e d h a n d s w i t h h im i n t h i s q u e s t . Wi th V i n o b a , S a r v o d a y a p h i l o s o p h y a n d p r a c t i c e moved beyond i n n o v a t i o n s mdde by G a n d h i .

T h r o u g h o u t h i s l i f e , v i a t a l k s a n d s p e e c h e s , V inoba expound- e d on t h e mean ing o f S a r v o d a y a w h i c h was n o t m e r e l y a p h i l o - s o p h i c a l c o n c e p t b u t a l s o a r e l i g i o u s i d e a l t o u n i t a l l man- k i n d , e x t e n d i n g t h e mean ing o f S a r v o d a y a f rom i t s n a r r o w bounds t o a u n i v e r s a l s c o p e .

One o f t h e i m p o r t a n t y o a l s o f S a r v o d a y a i s t o r a d i c a l l y c h a n g e t h e e x i s t i n g p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m . I t s e e k s f o r t h e good o f t h e m a j o r i t y , n o t o n l y f o r t h e g r e a t e s t good o f t h e g r e a t e s t number , b u t t h e g r e a t e s t good o f a l l p e o p l e .

:11 tne e c o n o m i c a p n e r e , S a r v o d a y a ~ e i i e v e s t h a t e v e r y t h i n g i n t h e w o r l d i s owned by t h e communi ty . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e r e i s n o room f o r i n d i v i d u a l p r o p e r t y o r p r i v a t e o w n e r s h i p .

A c r i t i c a l f e a t u r e o f t h e S a r v o d a y a economy is t h e c o n c e p t o f Dan ( g i f t ) . T h e p e o p l e a r e t o b e t r a i n e d i n s a c r i f i c i n g

their possessions for the sake of others. According to the precept of Dan, all individuals are capable of giving some- thing for the welfare of their fellow humans. Thus, one can give Sampathi-dan (gift of property); Shram-dan (gift of labour) ; Gupta-dan (secret gift) ; Bhoodan (qift of land) or even Jivan-dan (gift of life). One can certainly inaqine other kinds of dans, but the important thinq is that Sarvo- daya believes in the spirit of renunciation.

ASSEFA's guiding philosophy is Sarvodaya, a message which is sought to be spread through an action programme for the de- velopment of Bhoodan and Gramdan communities. The sarvodaya philosophy is based on the essence of sharing approach as expounded by Gandhi. ASSEFA continues to be inspired by the Gandhi message : "all persons are equal, sharing the produce of their labour, the strong protectinq the weak with each promoting the welfare of all". The Gandhian way to end op- pression is to appeal to the conscience and reason of the oppressor by self-suffering and striving for nobility of character in order to convert the oppressor as a willing ally of the new social order, i.e. Sarvodaya.

Origin of Sarva Seva Farms - The Birth of ASSEFA

After the Bhoodan lands were received and some distributed to the landless, it was found that in most cases, the Bhoodan beneficiaries could not benefit from the given land. Ccmmon reasons for these were : the land was not irrigated and usually required some reclamation and levelling. More- over, to start cultivation required inputs such as bullocks, implements, seeds and fertilizers. The beneficiaries were landless or owners of very small holdings before receiving the Bhoodan land. They were too weak and poor even to con- tribute their labour to their own farms. Thus, Bhoodan lands remained unproductive. By the late fifties, attempts were made by Sarvodaya organisations to provide inputs to Bhoodan beneficiaries so they could undertake cultivation. In some places, Bhoodan cooperatives were formed and loans were ob- tained from the Government for reclamation and irrigation purposes. Other Sarvodaya groups asked some donor agencies to fund specific projects. However, these efforts, which continued into the sixties, were unsuccessful. Among the reasons were the lack of expertise and technical support and inadequate finance. The Sarvodaya groups were heavily de- pendent on the implementing agency's presence and crumbled as soon as they were left to stand alone. This showed the importance not only of bringing resources physically, but also improving the skills, confidence, cohesion and self- managing abilities of the Bhoodan farmers.

The Sarva Seva Farms started in 1968-1969 in Tamil Nadu. It was a cooperative venture to develop the Bhoodan land under Sarvodaya ideals.

The operative agency was the Tamil Nadu Sarvodaya Mandal and the legal administrative support was given by the Tamil Nadu Bhoodan Board. Giovanni Ermiqiia, a retired professor of philosophy from Ita:.y, who is devoted to Gandhian ideas, served as the group catalyzer, with him were Shri S. Jaqannathan, a Senior Sarvcdaya leader who worked with the landless in Tamil Nadu and Shri S. Loqnathan, an activist involved in development work.. By 1969, with financial 3s- sistance from Movimento Sviluppo e Pace (MSP), Giovanni's Italian parent organisation, the first Sarva Seva Farm pro- 2ect was started at Sevalur and Pudukottai in the Rair..?an district of Tami'; Nadu.

The primary goal of the organisation was to distribute land obtained under Bhoodan among the poor and the Harijans.

Well digging, land reclamation, education and recreation through a variety of local cultural artifacts were the first major activities of the Sarva Seva Farms. With group cooper- a .' i-Lon, the land was soon reclaimed, levelled and cleared of rocks and scrub. A whole tract of 70 acres were made pro- ductive, and as a result of the digging of seven wells, 35 families benefitted from Bhoodan.

The success of the first project was soon replicated in other areas. By 1976, 10 Sarva Seva Farms were in operation, funds for all of them came from MSP. In 1977, the European Economic Community (EEC) entered into partnership wi th MSP and other donor agencies to support the movement. By 1978, :here were 16 Sarva Seva Farms operating in 5 districts of Tamil Nadu covering 79 000 acres (31,000 ha), benefitting 364 Bhoodan families. By 1980, it was extended to 55 farms, 412 000 acres (165,000 ha) and 1,840 family beneficiaries. And from Tamil Nadu, their area coverage extended to Bihar, Maharashtra asid Rajasthan. By 1983, similar programmes were undertaker, in Karnataka, Andhra, Madhya and Uttar Pradesh. A goal was set to reach every state of India were Bhoodan lands need development.

ASSEFA was born because of the need for an umbrella orqani- sation to spread the approach to other states. For about a decade, Sarva Seva Farms have worked under the umbrella of Sarva Seva Sanqh, a national body responsible for carrying out the work of Sarvodaya. In 1978, it achieved its own le- qal status and was registered as the Association of Sarva Seva Farms (ASSEFA) . It was formed in keeping with the spi- rit of decentralisation and yet retained a sense of direc- tion in what was a growing movement. ASSEFA's head office is located in Madurai, Tamil Nadu.

ASSEFA Programme

The actual field work of ASSEFA begins by allotinq the Bhoodan land to families either belonging to tribal groups,

poor f a r m e r s a n a H a r i 3 n s . The A s s o c i a t i o n a l s o a d v a n c e s them money and a g r i c u l t u r a l implements t o d e v e l o p a Bnoodan l a n d t o b e p a i d back d u r i n g t h e h a r v e s t s e a s o n . I n some i n - s t a n c e s , government and c o o p e r a t i v e banks e x t e n d l o a n s t o :he f a r m e r s . U s u a l l y , Gram Sabhas a r e o r g a n i s e d i n e a c h S a r v a Seva Farm and i n t h e Gramdan v i l l a g e s , a p r e - c o n d i t i o n f o r s l a r t i r . 9 a p r o j e c t i?. any l o c a t i o r . .

An i 2 p o r t a r . t a s p e c t o f ASSEFA's work i s t h a t p r o j e c t s a r e p l a n n e d , d e s i g n e d and implemented by t h e b e n e f i c i a r i e s them- s e l v e s 3r.d ASSEFA mere ly s e r v e s a s a c a t a l y s t . S i n c e ASSEFA's i n c e p t i o n , t h e r e h a s been d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n from i s o - l a tec i deveLopment of a few Bhocdan f a m i l i e s t o i n t e g r a t e d deve lopment o f t h e e n t i r e community i n Gramdan v i l l a g e s ; from p u r e l y l a n d deve lopment f o r c u l t i v a t i o n t o i n t e g r a t i o n o f o t h e r procjrami~~es such a s f o r e s t r y , ar.imal h u s b a n d r y and r u r a l i n d u s t r i e s t o supplement t h e Bhocdan f a m i l i e s ' income: from p u r e i y produc t ion-3"- Lanted a c t i v i t i e s t o w e l f a r e s e r - r i c e s i n c l u d i n q >.ea:th, edu,:'~:ion and h o u s i n g .

ASSEFA a c t i v i t i e s now s p r e a d t o f i v e s t a t e s and p r o j e c t s a r e b e i n g e n v i s i o n e d i i ; t h r e e x o r e . T h e t o t a l a r e a under S a r v a eEva Farm p r o j e c t s a s o f mid-1983 was 8,000 a c r e s . ASSEFA i s work ing w i t h coniir.unities i n 7 0 d i f f e r e n t l o c a - t i o n s , b e n e f i t t i n g 3 , 2 9 3 f a m i l i e s , b u t p r i n c i p a l l y i n Tami l Nadu ( 3 8 ) , B i h a r ( 1 5 ) and M a h a r a s h t r a ( 1 5 ) . A f t e r a d e c a d e o f o p e r a t i n g S a r v a Seva Farms, ASSEFA's work was n o t l i m i t e d t o a g r i c u l t u r a l p z o d u c t i v i t y , a c o n s i d e r a b l e d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n o f ASSEFA p r o q r a m e s h a s been s e e n . S i n c e 1 9 8 G , ASSEFA has i n c l u d e d a n i x a i h u s b a n d r y , f o r e s t r y and r u r a l i : ~ d u s t r i e ' s i n t o i t s p r o q r m e . V a r i o u s w e l f a r e s e r v i c e s such d 5 h e a l t h , n u t r i t i o n , e d u c a t i o n and h o u s i n g have a l s o been s t a r r e d .

ASSEFA's S t a n d on Development

The e x p e r i e n c e o f numerous deve lopment programmes and aqen- c i a s i n I n d i a and t h e r e s t o f t h e T h i r d World h a s b r o u g h t o u t one overwhelming p o i n t : development h a s t o be viewed i n human t e r m s and n o t i n t e r m s o f a c h i e v i n g p h y s i c a l t a r g e t s o r d e l i v e r y of s p e c i f i c s e r v i c e s . I n o l d e r t o be m e a n i n g f u l , any deve lopment must enhance t h e s k i l l s , a w a r e n e s s , s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e and self-management a b i l i t y o f t h e p e o p l e i t a ims t o r e a c h . I n t h e a b s e n c e of such e m p h a s i s , t h e deve lopment" e f f o r t w i l l e i t h e r n o t t a k e o f f a t a l l , o r c rumble a s soon a s t h e o u t s i d e agency wi thdraws .

ASSEFA h a s t h e b e n e f i t of b e i n g t h e c h i l d o f one o f I n d i a ' s g r e a t e s t s o c i o - p o l i t i c a l movements - Bhoodan. I t h d s t h e b e n e f i t o t h a v i n g a network o f e s t a b l i s h e d a l l i e s a l l over t h e c o u n t r y who have spend t h e b e t t e r p a r t s o t t h e i r l i v e s s p r e a d i n g t h e message o f Sarvodaya . F i n a l l y , ASSEFA h a s t h e b e n e f i t o f hav inq a m e t h o d i c a l a p p r o a c h - it h a s been a b l e t o b l e n d t h e message and t h e movement o f Sarvodaya w i t h a s p e c i f i c , w e l l - t r i e d , i n n o v a t i v e method. U n d e r l y i n g e a c h o f

these is a deep understanding at all Levels of ASSEFA that they are working for fellow human beings who have as much of a moral right to share the bounty of the Good Earth as the rich. From this concern for human development follows a con- stant effort on the part of ASSEFA to involve the people at all stages - planning, formulation, implementation and eval- uation. The major instruments for people's participation are group meeti2gs. Bhoodan farmers are grouped together, usual- ly around a common water source, and the day-to-day deci- sions for the farms are made by these groups. In many Sarva Seva Farms, allotees undertake community farming ar.2 share the produce. In other farms they cultivate on an individual basis, but share the productive resources such as tubewells and diesel pumpsets. The mutual inter-dependence and commun- ity spirit which is thus generated is the first step towards group action.

Gram Sabhas are organised in each Sarva Seva Farm and in the Gramdan villages. This is, in fact, the first act and almost a pre-condition for starting a project in an"ocation. All major decisions, which go beyond the realm of a common water source group, are taken by the Grain Sabha. In many loca- tions, these Gram Sabhas have taken action against erring members of the community to enforce justice in sharing of common resources; while others have taken action to rorce public systmes to perform and deliver services that they are supposed to.

Some of the ways in which the ASSEFA tries to operationalise its concept of human development are as follows :

Social encounter Eoqramnes: In 1982 ASSEFA started a social encounter programme between different prolects. This pro- gramme is under the supervision of itinerant social workers who go to stay at a project for two days. Bhoodan farmers from other projects are invited in small groups. On the first day they share a common prayer, song, work and food and begin discussing a theme, which is discussed in all the other farms as well. Everyone is invited to give his opinion and no one's view is derided. On the second day, after get- ting to know one another, the people attempt to reach a com- mon understanding of the theme and its applicability to the farm itself. The theme itself is vital to the running of the community. T h a first theme chosen was "group farming - ad- vantages and disadvantages". Other themes discussed included the agricultural production of different crops, as well as health.

Field visits and tours by Bhoodan farmers: Where a new mode of development or the use of a new technique has been adopt- ed, visits to see the development in action are encouraged. Visits are made by both the ASSEFA staff and the farmers to see, for example, new agricultural fodder cropping or build-

ing tachr.iaues. The farmers ar.6 staff are then able to dis- cuss the practicalities of adoptinq such techniques before launchinc; a pr0gram.s.

Organisation of Festivals: When there is an appropriate op- zorz'~ni":y, the Bhoodan farrrers orsan-.ze festivals and invite - . tr.e v~--aqers from around to attsr.2 the d:.r.c.-- ...g, S ing:r.q, Jrm.a, sports ar.2 :edsti.".g. It is common for tile o~i~m.'~l.nities zhemsei'zes to do r h ~ o .and t.?e G r d z 5abr.a cr' 3"ocdan Soc~eÇ- - I

allots respons:bilit:r for c:-.? orcanisat-:c?. and :ur.d-ra:s:ng :or the festivals to persons w i t h ~ n the ,-Â¥o~'mur.it:? The feed for the festival is usually collected in kind from each household and mixed in a common cooking pot. Thus, a com- muniff spirit is fostered, which gives a cor-mon perspecti'~:? to the ruture problems which the farms have ta face.

Training: Especially where people have a special learning or traditional talent, ASSEFA backs them so that they are trained 10 adapt those skills to the use of more modern xa- chinery where necessary, and helps then to xanaqe their pro- duction and marketing problems. Examples are in occupations such as blacksmithery, weaving, leatherwork, sericulture, lime kiln operation, etc. Training is also received in cer- tain agricultural developments, e . g . poultry breeding and piq-rearinq on a small scale. Training of the Bhoodan farm- 2rs as salwadi teachers or health workers for social devei- ,- ,k-l".ent F is encouraged.

Women are the subject of a special camparj:". for development and conscientisation. They have many responsibilities in. the family and do contribute most of the agricultural labour in the fields. Hence, tney have little Lime or energy left for taking part in discussions or decision-making at community level. Also, they are discouraged from doing so by the men. However, by organising the women into groups, A S S E F A is trying to encourage the women to view their problems Ln a wider perspective as well as to give them some economic in- dependence through chit fund (savings) schemes and some small econom.ic schemes such as sewing, heifer/goat rearing, poultry breeding, etc. The women's meetings are fora for discussing the problems of women and creating a wider social awareness.

Youth Groups have been taken up for special attention in various projects. The youth are ready to absorb new ideas and to take on responsibility. rthen they are engaged in practical action, e.g. road formation or tree planting acti- "ities and when they see the results of such work, they are ccv i r ' : c ed of t h ~ practicalitv of wording togetner for the common good. Adult education classes started by tne youth groups also help to strengthen the group.

Communication: is all important in this process. ASSEFA is trying to spread the message of cooperation and sharing for

q r o w t n 5-1 .~.a;iy m e a n s . T h r e e f a r m s h a v e n a d com?:ece r a d ~ o programmes o n A l l I n d i a R a d i o , d e v o t e d solel., ' t o them. Two m c n t h l y n e w s l e t t e r ? o p e r a t e i n T a n 3 3.2a r l i n d i , i n w h i c h news o f Jevelop!r.er. ts i-". he p r > > e c t s a ? $0:: a s ?:e c p i m o n s and t e c h n i c . ; t l a d v i c e of e x p e r t s cr. s ' - ^ b ~ e c t s vi':a-L t c t h e f d r m s a r e d i s s e m i n a t e d .

THE F U T U R E

Having s!!oh.n t h a t it h a s t h e c a p a b i i i t - 7 and t h e : s m i t m e n t - t o work in a d i v e r s i t y o f c o n d i t i o n s , A S S i F ' A i s row r e a d y f o r e v e n b i g g e r s t r i d e s . I t s s i g h t ? a r e s e c on d e ~ ~ l o p i : i q a l l Snoodan l a n d s w h i c h a r e i n c o n t i n u o u s b l o c k s o f ' 5 ' ) a c r e s o r T.ore. A s many a s :219 s u c h b l o c k s h a v e b e e n i d e n t i f i e d , z o v e r ~ n g 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 a c r e s ( 4 1 , 0 0 0 h a \ , i n e i g h t s t a t e s , p n z - c - p a l l y O r i s s a , M a h a r a s h t r a , !,!a.Jhya 2'-ddec - - h and B i h a r .

ASSEFA d o e s n o t t h i n k o f t n e f u t u r e m e r e l y i n t e r m s of s d d ~ . - t ~ o n a 1 a c r e a g e t o be b r o u g h t u n d e r deve1opmep.t prograuriir.?~. r - - programmes a r e becominq m u l t i - d i r n e n s i o n a i . I n a d d i t i o n

t o a q r i c u l t u r e , procjr:mnes i n ani.mai h u s b a n d r y , f o r e s t r y a n d r u r a l i n d u s t r i e s a r e heir-q t a k e n u p . W e l f a r e s e r v i c e s i n t h e f i e l d s of h e a l t h , h o u s i n g , n u t r i t i o n a n d e d u c a t i o n a r e b e i n q i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e newer p rogrammes .

i q d c dossier enero/abril 1987 e s p a c i o nacional

V E N E Z U E L A ; S E M I N A R I O MANUEL PEREZ GUERRERO

EL CAMBIO DEL ESTILO D E VIDA DEL VENEZOLANO ANTE LA CRISIS

P o r Frank Bracho C Ã ¡ t e d r Manuel Pg rez C u e r r e r o I p i s t i t u t o in ternacion. i -L de e s t d i o s avanzados Apar t ado 1 7 606 Pa rque C e n t r a l C a r a c a s 1015 A , Venezue la

H o m a g e a l a nemoi re d e n o t r e ami f c t . IFPA D ~ s s i e r 5 1 , p lo:,), une c h a i r e Manuel Pére G u e r r e r o a &tà g t a b i i e i 1 ' I n s c i t u t à ­ n t e r n a t i o n a d e s h a u t e s à © t u d e du Venezue la . Sa p r e a l g r e m a n i f e s t a t i o n p u b l i q u e a à © t à e n novembre d e r n i e r , un s à © m i n a i r s u r l e changement du s t y l e 3 2 % du V à © n à © z u e l i f a c e 2 l a c r i s e , thGme c o n s c a n t - e t peu connu - de l a -- p e n s à © d e Manuel Pg rez G u e r r e r o . Ce s e m i n a i r e a r à © u n q u e l q u e 80 p e r s o n - . .

n e s , f o n c t i o n n a i r e s e t a i i l i t a n t s de b a s e , m6dec ins e t a n i n a t e u r s so- c i a ' ~ ~ , r e p r e s e n t a n t s d ' a s s o c i a t i o n s d e v o i s i n s e l n u t r i t i ~ r ~ i s t e s , u r b a - n i s t e s e t à © d u c a t e u r s Une l i s t e d e s documer.:~ p r e p a r e s pour l e s t ' m i n a i i e r i g u r e c i - d e s s o u s . L ' a r t i c i e que nous r e p r u d u i s o n s i c i c - i n s t i t u e l ' i n - t r o d " ~ c t i o n g à © n e r a l i l a p r o b l à © m a t i q u du s à © m i n a i r due aii S e c r Å ¸ c a i i e x k c u t i f de l a c h a i r e e t c o l l a b o r a c e u r p e n d a n t d e s a n c e e s d e Manuel P à © r e G u e r r e r o , F rank Bracho .

TII t r i b u t e t c O U T f r i e n d Manuel. P à © r e G u e r r e r o , ( c f . IFDh D o s s i e r 5 1 , p . ICiÀ* a C h a i r h a s been named a f t e r him and e s t a b l i s h e d a t t h e à ª n c e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e o f G r a d u a t e S t u d i e s i n Venezue la . I t s f i r s t p u b l i c e v e n t was a s e m i n a r l a s t November 011 che theme o i The changin& J . i f e s t y l e o f t h e Venezuelan f a c i n g t h e cric, one c f Mame1 P à © r e G u e r r e r o ' s u e r - i sanent a l b e i t l i t t l e known p r e o c c u p a t i o n s . About 30 p e o p l e t o o k p a r t , i n c l u d i n g c i v i l s e r v a n t s and g r a s s r o o t a c t i v i s t s , d o c t o r s and community l e a d e r s , r e p r e s e n t a t i v a s o f communit.y a s s o c i a t i o n s and n u t r i t i o n i s t s , town p l a n n e r s and e d u c a t o r s . A lis!: Å“ t h e documents p r e p a r a d f o r t h e s e m i n a r a p p e a r s be low. The a r t i c l e p u b l i s h e d h e r e i s a g e n e r a l i n c r o d u c - [ i o n t o t h e t o p i c o f t h e s e m i n a r by F rank Bracho , E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y o f ¡h C h a i r and 5anue.l PGrez G u e r r e r o ' s a s s o c i a t e f o r many y e a r s .

Frank Brecno

V E N E Z U E L A : S E M I N A R I O MANUEL PEREZ GUERRERO

EL C A M B I O DEL E S T I L O DE V I D A DEL VENEZOLANO ANTE L A C R I S I S

El cresente traca:c ccnsti':u:.e u?, apcrve 21 seminario sobre el cambio del est-lo de '.'ida del ';enezoia.?o ~ n r e la c r à ˆ s i que se realizo en Caracas 6el 14 al 16 de noviembre À 1936. El evento congrego a investigadores, académicos rr.Gciccs, sociólogos ?rofes:ar.aies de los medios de comunicación obreros, campesinos, empresarios privadcs, activistas de r.ovimient-os cccseratr:cs y ',rec::?a:es, funcionarios guber- nan-.er.tales, y, en surca, ur.5 cmpi-d muestra del quehacer na- clonal. Solo un tema tan vital como el planteado podr1S dar- le organicicad :? sentido a u", encuentro de tan ':ariados par- ticipantes.

Se trataba de propiciar una .iir.slia 2iscusiÓr en temas claves de interes general, tales como Id protecci-n del consumidor, la salud, el medio ambiente, y la acciór comunitaria; con el fin de contribuir a la concientizació de la població sobre la importancia y posibilidades práctica del cambio en el estilo de vida como imperativo para enfrentar la crisis na- cional y contribuir tambié a la filació de política y programas en la materia.

Este documento pretende formular una apro:<inaciÓ global al tema, buscando resaltar los aspectos esenciales que le dan vigencia. En tal propósit perseguirà arrobar luces sobre aspectos cales como el alcance del concepto del cambio del estilo de vida, su significado przctico en la actual proble- mátic y en el nuevo paí que requerimos, y la indispensable interrelació entre tenas funddmentales tales como los que figuran en I d agenda del seminario.

Una introducció co~ceptual

El concepto del cambio del estilo de vida viene a significar algo má que el de desarrollo, en lo referente a las metas de un pa's o pueblo. Probablemente sea acertado incluso ca- talogar al primero como una superació históric del sequn- da, impuesta por la creciente complejidad de la problemátic económic y social que vive el mundo ante la cual el concep- to de desarrollo se hace inadecuado. Este Gltimo termino ha tendio a significar - bien por razones ideológica o bien por lo que sugiere la propia palabra - un proceso unilineal -: homc)gt!neo t?n pos de alaú ideal patró ae evolució ni- versa1 que muchos suelen asociar con el de los paíse in- dustrializados o "desarroli.ados", con la consiquiente carqa de frustraciones o distorsiones que 4sto ha traíd para los paíse "en desarrollo" con realidades propias que discernir o atender, De esta inadecuació del términ desarrollo sur-

già el concepto "modelo de desarrollo", que en forma má acertada, reconocí la necesidad de respetar las especifici- dades de los paíse a la hora de formular sus estrategias o planes de desarrollo. Sin embargo, el concepto de modelo de desarrollo, que al igual que el del desarrollo tiende a co- locar el énfasi del cambio en el nivel global o sistSmico, parece tambié haber sido rebasado por la intensificació de la complelidad de la problemátic actual y la profundizació de la crisis de metas y valores en todos los países En esto puede radicar la llamada crisis de las ideologías Es que cuando todo el paradigma de la civilizació dominante en el mundo, la civilizació consumista-occidental, se encuentra en crisis, las disquisiciones ideológica se ven rebasadas. La aguda y perniciosa crisis que vivimos concierne en defi- nitiva a la forma de vivir del honibre y sól puede resolver- se a partir del cambio mismo de esa forma de vida.

Son todas estas consideraciones las que le dan al concepto del cambio del estilo de vida la vigencia que tiene a trav4s de las fronteras nacionales y el espectro ideológico como un concepto crucial e ineludible en el reto de los pueblos ante la creciente desarticulació del paradigma de la civi- lizaci6n consumista-occidental.

aswaldo Sunkel de la Comisió Económic para Améric Latina (CEPAL), ha caracterizado la identificació económic del paradigma dominante de la siguiente manera:

... u t i l i z a c i à ³ masiva del petróle como fuente energdzica, despl - .1~cnd.~ o t r a s opciones; crecimiento relativamente nds rápid de las indu.sti-.ns rné estrechamente asosiadas con e s t a fuente de energiá ia petroquC~ica , l a automotriz , l a de l a s redios de cor"umcacih, l a de a r t e f a c t o s electro-domésticos e l atunentd en l a densidad de capital- por nombre em- pleado, en e l romano y en l a concentració geográfic de la. ac t ic idad económica en general, e  desarrol lo de tecnologié de uso m y i n t e n s i v o de energ'a f p e t r - l e o ~ y cap i ta l en l a sonstm.cció y l o s s e rv i c io s , as< como en 'La agricuLcura, ca~acter- i zada e s t a ú l t im ademá por fuerces inswnos quZTiicos. L/ La concepció de este paradigma estuvo fuertemente influen- ciada por los Estados Unidos a trav6s de su posició prepon- derante en la economí mundial a partir de 1945, paí que proyectà en forma incontenible al resto del mondu su estilo de desarrollo nacional - inicialmente impulsado por una for- midable y extensa dotació de recursos naturales propios.

La naturaleza del paradigma dominante ha traíd aparejadas tendencias hacia la centralizació administrativa, la con- centració económic y la centralizació urbana; asà como la exaltació de una cultura materialista con una dinámic transnac ional . Como se ha suqerldo anteriormente, el petr-leo ha sido un factor decisivo en la formulaci6n del actual paradigma. Al-

7Gr-i a n a l i s t a i n c l u s o ha su.-~z ' . ,?o La denor.:naciÓr ' c r ~ i l i z a - c ~ 5 : ; 5 e l p e t r à © l e o " Dur.-i.-ite l o s veirsce a-os p r e v i o s a l a - u s - L bc . d e p r e c i o s p e t r o l e r o s de 1973 , e l c o r . s l ~ ~ ' c de p e t r à ³ l e

hab'a v e n i d o c r e c i e n d o a i^na t a s a c e r c a n a a i 7% a n u a l , v a i s d e c i r d u r a n t e e s o s v e i n t e afios e l consuno d e p e t r à ³ l e s e h a b i à c a s i c u a d r i p l i c a c o . La v o r a c i d a d d e l a darr.anda de e n e r q à ­ b a r a t a amenazaba con a g o t s r un v i t a l r e c u r s o ; de a l l à que e l a';ust.e de p r e c i e s a e 1973 que f r e n o t a n i r r e s - a c u s a b l e t e r i d e n s i a , f u e una b e r i d i = i 5 n p a r a Les i n t 2 r e s e s de La econem1a mundia l como un codo .

V e n e z u e l a , que hoy s e encue.1tra si.uriida en t a n s e n a c r i s i s come c o n s e c u e n c i a d e s u i n t e n s a i n t e g r a c i - n a l p a r a d - ~ q n a cor . s :mis ta , f u e p o r c o n s i q u i a n t e u". p a à ­ c l a v e p i r a s e n t a r Las b a s e s de t a l ? a r a d i p a , ya que d u r a n t e muchos anos - y h a s t a P O h a c e mucho t i e n p o - f u e e l p r i n c i p a l e x p o r t a d o r d e l Â¥;ec:5le b a r a t o s o b r e e l c u a l s e e d i f i c a b a i a i r i s a c i a b l e m a q u i n a r i a i n d u s t r i a . : o c c i c i e n t d i . Por o t r a p a r t e , en l a a';-

, . t u a i l d a d n u e s t r o paZs s e ha c o n v e r t i d o , s o r un i r a n i c o "boon:eranq", e n uno de l o s p a à ­ s e má g o l p e a d o s p o r l a :ri- s i a d e l parad igma, a t r a v g s d e l a b r u p t o d e s c e n s o d e l p r e c i o Àe p e t r à © l e en l o s Gl t imos t i e m p o s , que s e ha p r e c i p i t a d o en l o que va de 1986 e n má de l a m i t a d d e l v a l o r a p r i n c i - p i o s d e a n o .

 ¥ emulac ió de e s t e modelo p r o c e d e n t e d e l Nor te hd s i d o denominada " e l e f e c t o d e r n o s t r a c i à © n " p a r a a c u n a r a s à un con- c e p t o que .?nc:erra una c?r.i_le;s y Â¥ ' ie te rminant p r o ~ l s m z ~ i c a . 2 ! T a l p r o c e s o e n c i e r r a i n t r ~ n s e c a m e n t e una i n e q u i d a d y - di . s to rs . i6n , l o que f u e c a r a c t e r i z a d o uor Manuel P e r e z Guar ro i n c i s i v a m e n t e e n l o s s i q u i e n t e s t s r m i n o s :

La c a r a c t e r i z a c i à ³ d e l a crisis en e l e s t i l o d e v i d a

La Venezue la p e t r o l e r ? . y democrFitica s s e n c u e n t r a hoy sorne- t i d a a s-i~ mSs q r a v e c r i s i s . E l p r o c e s o d e " d e s a r r o l l o " i r - r e s p o n s a b l e que d i o o r i g e n a id a c t u a l s a c u d i d a q u e e x p e r i - menta e l p a à ­ ha s i d o c a r a c t e r i z a d o e l o c u e n t e m e n t e p o r un a n a l i s t a d e l medio s o c i o - g e o q r 5 f i c o n a c i o n a l :

El referido proceso distorsionante no ha sido d pesar del petróle y de su riqueza abundante - como muchos tienden a lamentarse en frustració y desconcierto - sino debido al petr-leo. La petróleo-asiccià due precisamente el condi- donante de los desaciertos de la sociedad venezolana. A eso se referià Juan Pablo Pére Alfonzo, cuando en las postri- meriSs de su vida el otrora orgulloso impulsor de la políti ca petrolera nacional e internacional del país llegase a calificar al petróle como "excremento del À~abio y sugerir que si el paí no estaba seguro de que uso dar a las divisas qua kste producià lo rnelor era dejarlo bajo tierra.

Pére Alfonzo acunà un términ para explicar los infortunios de la Venezuela de ilimitado ingreso petrolero a los descon- certados analistas extranjeros : "El efecto Venezuela", :? en tal t6rmino iba tambié una advertencia para otros pa'ses que pudiesen caer en un an8logo síndrom de renta abundante. El petróle y la velocidad de cambios que tralo al paí 11- teralmente aturdieron la capacidad de análisi y gesti6n de població en forma perniciosa.

Mois6s Naí y Ramó Pinango en su amplia compilació El Caso Venezuela han descrito la situació de la siguiente manera:

. . . Los venezolanos hemos tenido tantas cosas urgentes p e a.ten.is'" q'us rio

hemos tenido tiempo para pensar ~ u i d a d o s m e n z e sn ceno s.temerlis. rri hecho, tina de l a s a r a ~ t e r - ~ s f i c a s ¥-& r e sa l t an t e s de Venezuela e s l a V A - ,

locidad con que se ha transformado. Reconocer e s t o e s impor:ccn+-e pues% que, corno sabemos, 1.a vetod'iccid y e1. a?uro 'no coerLsten fkc'iimente 20-

-a re;%xidn y e l autoezcanen. .. 'f^.t^ra.tme-nte, La -r^uxdar.z-i.: de d i~ ' . e rc tambzdn s i r v i d para m o r t i p a r e l a fec to de l o s errores 2 mentar el. ~ iwlero 5.e c-ps'ioves pos ib les , l o que c ' i e r t m e ~ z e conzribuyd a sus no fuese importar.-ce d i s c u t i r a fondo ii Los srrores cometi2os ni LIS opsia- nes d i spon ib l e s . .- S/'

Esta es la crisis de fondo que vive el pafs. Una crisis que va má allà de la dramátic crisis econ-mica; a pesar ae sera esta últim la mSs seria de la Venezuela contemporánea reflejandcse, entre otras cosas, en una agobiante deuda ex- terna, en un 14% de desempleo, y en un índic inilacionzrio que ha producido un deterioro del ceder adquisitivo de la poblaciór de un 502 en los último 5 anos. Y va má allà porque la crisis econfiica se deriva de la forma en que hemos enpleado los recursos nacionales, de una forma de produc- ción de una forma de consumo, de una forma de gestión en suma, de una forma de vida que explica el aparentemente pa- radÓ;ic "efecto Venezuela" de que hablara Pére Alfonzo.

En medio de todo el panorama anterior, reviste especial sig- nificació la evolució del papel del Estado, que de haberse constituido hace algunas década en una especie de panacea para solucionar los grandes problemas nacionales tia ?asado a ser un ente vilipendiado, rechazado, sobrecargado de atribu- ciones que no es capaz de desempenar bien, incomprendido. Y en verdad, el Estado ha sida ineficiente para atender las necesidades de la poblaci6n, a pesar de la abundancia de recursos fiscales con que ha contado (o, como hemos sugerido antes, debido a tal abundancia) . En salud, Venezuela tiene el gasto per capita má alto de Améric Latina; sin embargo, nos mantenemos a la zaqa de varios paíse en índice consi- derados básico tales como la mortalidad infantil. Por otro lado, los costosos gastos en salud curativa se encuentran en cna proporció aproximada de cuatro a uno en contra de los gastos en salud preventiva. En materia de educación los recursos asignados constituyen el 14% del presupuesto nacio- nal, y nos colocan en segundo lugar en Améric Latina en relació a qasto per capita; un 40% de tales recursos va a la educació superior, sin embargo sól el 10% de los estu- diantes que entra a las universidades termina sus estudios. Por supuesto que tal desempeno en las pol'ticas de salud y educació no puede verse aislado del desempeno en otros sec- tores (a t'tulo de ejemplo, la deserció escolar no sól estS vinculada a las ineficiencias del sistema educativo sino tambié a las necesidades econfiicas de los estudiantes y sus familias, que pueden hacer del estudio una actividad competitiva de un empleo necesario para ganarse un ingreso). El balance en las política sociales tambié es, desde luego, el resultado de todo un proceso históric de acumula- ció de distorsiones.

De análog forma, seria erróne aislar el desempeno del Estado de la sociedad como un todo; lo que hace que algunos de los calificativos que a 41 se le atribuyen tales como el de "omnipotente" o "interventor" resulten inadecuados para caracterizar une realidad que es mucho má compleja que lo que tales calificativos sugieren. En este sentido, es inte- resante citar lo que ha dicho un conocido analista de la realidad nacional:

- . - - . . .resu':c :nezacza l2 2 ; ~ ~ i ~ ' n a: 5 ~ ~ ~ 2 s i ~ $ d : , s e ~ t z r . L * es ta& 2 e ~ e z o - . - :m: +r6 ser C K Z I ~ S ~ Z L X . - - ? ; e?ve~x : - E S .zuA s ~ r ; ~ x r m e ~3 2 s t i . . , . . . aa?a:$zaco 3 rgm:cmsnze . Zs & ~ Ã ¼ s x d blLl.zk sii. s s z ~ - ~ c $ x r a , ssaes """ . . , . . . - w u u -

~ e > : ? e 22'sC o;, 3.r'gU7iZZacLJn .y m& .iLb<L a'in l a - ~ s r ^ z e r . x ~ +e i e ~ estcel2 se tzer.e. - 6,

El estado en Venezuela ha sido lo que la sociedad, y en par- ticular sus diversos grupos de presi5n o poder - desde los partidos polfticos hasta los empresarios - han querldo que sea. Los mismos empresarios privados, fuente principal h o y en dí de la crítica hacia el estaco, no pueden olvidar que con demasiada frecuencia 10s empresarios en relació al es- tado se han comportado como "capitalistas en las epocas de ganancia y socialistas en las epocas de perdida". 11

Tambien seria injusto y equivocado presumir que del anterior anSlisis se desconozcan los importantes logros que hemos obtenido en el desenvolvimiento de la Venezuela corntempor2- nea. Entre ellos se destaca el que la democracia representa- tiva haya cobrado un firme arraiao en el país sistema que, a pesar de sus imperfecciones, constituye un revolucionario progreso en relaci-n a la anterior tradició militarista y caudillesca. Y hemos logrado sin duda avances en materia de servicios pGblicos, agricultura (en este campo hemos tenido en particular un dramátic avance en materia de producci6n recientemente), industrialización particularmente en infra- estructura. Tambien es cierto que, en buena parte, la crisis ha sida tambié une "crisis de éxito" tal como se ha send- lado agudamente en una obra anteriormente citada:

. . . todos l o s venezolanos proninen.tes afi-man que ":a educació e s t à en c r i s i s " (31 verdad, de& que no l o escd e s v i s t o por muchos c o m una l i ge re za , una estravaganci.i o una locura). Pero 1,0 sorprendente e s que se esperara o t ra cosa. Es d e c i r , que, s i n mayores transformaciones so- d a l e s y cuZturales y s i n modif icaciones inpor tantes en la t e cn~ log 'a educa.ci.3nal - en c h o ensecar y organizar l a educació - en ve in t e .znos se pudiese incrementar violentamente ¿ poblaci6n e s t u c b n t i t y e l n h e r o de d o m t e s e i n s t i t u c i o n e s , y que, al wismo tiempo, se pudiesen vanve- ner o e levar l o s n i ve l e s de rendzmimto de l sistema educativo. Ssperar e s t o contradice toda l a ev idencia d isponible sobre c h o c a n b i m la s so- ciedades. $/

Pero obviamente que el saldo es insuficiente o insatisfacto- rio para configurar un paí con capacidad de identidad pro- pia y auto-sostenimiento can base en el efectivo empleo de sus recursos propios. Quizss todo el proceso de distorsió anterior era necesario para que llegáramo a la conciencia de cambio que ahora tenemos. Ramó J. Velásque ha puesto el reto en 10s siguientes términos "Si el signo de la convoca- toria y de la lucha de los grandes cambios de 1936 y 1958 fue fundamentalmente político el de ahora es económic y social." 9/ Tarea de cambio medular, que concierne fundamen- talmente al cambio de la forma de vida del venezolano.

El actual gooi~rrià de Venezuela se h3 hecho eco del rete cue 2onfrcr.ta el paí en S'J discursiva de :?SS alco :~ivei. El - - -e:,: de- Estado afirmo en mensaje del 2' À febrero de 1986 ^.o siquiente : "La cuesti6n cor.s:ste er. que ahora es- ramos obl:daaos a formular une manera de trabajar, de produ- cir, de cor.sunir,. de invertir, ce imaginar; en s>--.a, de vi- vir, que establezca una sistemátic de acción"

El concepto de lo sistem2tico es Farticüiarment importante. E cambio tiene que ser inte~ral e integrado para que sea afectivo. Muchc dano na hecho el culto a la superespeciali- zscien aue ha caracterizado la civilizació dominante. Como se na dicho, la obsesi'j:~ de la cultura cient'fica por saber r . 2 ~ y mds sobre menos y ner.os puede conducirnos a termina.: sabiendo todo sobre nada. La interreiació entre los prokit- mas requiere la interrelació de las soluciones.

El acudo pronlema del tránsit en Caracas no puede solucio- narse solamente - como en efecto no se ha solucionado - con el establecimiento del "dí de parada"; es necesario mejorar sustancialmente el transporte público afectar el exces r:o patró de transporte individual del caraqueno (nuestro pd's ostenta el má alto índic de automóvile per czpita de Amé rica Latiza) y mejcrar la conducta vial de los habitantes de esta urbe.

El problema de la salud no puede solucionarse solamente con una mejsr operació de los hospitales, es necesario diriqir má recursos a la promoció de la salud preventiva. Esto ultimo significarà el que el paciente asuma una mayor res- ponsabilidad en el mantenimiento de su propia salud, enten- dida ampliamente segú la definició de la propia Orqaniza- ció Mundial de la Salud como "el bienestar físico psicol6- qico y social y no sól la ausencia de enfermedad e invali- dez". Lo anterior supondrà dedicar mucho má atenció a as- pectos tales como la alimentació o nutrición lo que a su vez implicarà una mucho mejor educació del consumidor en materia alimentaria y permitir la disponibilidad en el mer- cado a precios o formas accesibles de los alimentos necesa- rios para el mantenimiento de su salud, lo que a la vez nos vir.cula con la cadena de produccic3n en relaci6n a la oferta y calidad de los alimentos expedidos. El tema de la contami- nación no por su complejidad !ya que abarca no solo aspec- tos bien denunciados como e1 atmosféric sino otros menos senalados como es el de los ruidos molestos) deja de tener una severa incidencia sobre la salud de los ciudadanos, que no puede ser soslayada si se ~ ' ~ i e r e realmente atender en forma electiva la salud pœblica La contaminaci611, cierta- mente, es parte de una nueva y vital problemátic que no puede seguir siendo menospreciada, como ha sido inexplica- blemente en la agenda de acció de nuestros partidos políti cos y otros grupos de liderazqo social, supuestamente pre-

ocupados por los acuciantes probiti-(as de la ciudadanIa, par- t:cularmente en el medio urbano.

Podrion citarse muchcs otros cancos donde se requiere apll- caz un análisi análog de interrelaci6n inescapable.

El llamado del Presidente en el referido discurso a un an- al13 esfuerzo nacional proviene del ineludible reccr.ocimien- to de que es iluso pretender que la sola acci5n del gobierno puede ser suficiente para la magnitud À :a tarea. Este re- conocimiento requiere para s ' ~ electiva concreció de la re- educació de la clase polític para entender la importancia para el paí de la aesconcentraci6n del proceso decisorio y la participaci6n social como instrumentos indispensables para enfentar la crisis, asà como de la reeducació de la poblaci-n para conocer mejor sus recursos y confiar má en su capacidad de autosustentació y organización En este ultimo sentido, el movimiento cooperativo venezolano, que agrupa una 450 cooperativas activas en diversos sectores productivos y 150.000 miembros, y el incipiente pero vigo- roso movimiento vecinal, que comprende centenares de grupos esparcidos por todo el país constituyen pautas dignas de estudio y estímulo En la consecució de estos ob~ectivos, adquiere vital importancia la utilizació del qran alcance de los medios de comunicaci6n, tambi6n otro vasto campo de acció de insospechadas posibilidades.

En lo relativo a la promoció del cambio del estilo de vida, en la distribuci-n de los ajustes y estímulo el estado no puede dejar de tener en cuenta el aspecto de la equidad so- cial. A pesar de que las categorizaciones estadisticas ado- lecen con demasiada frecuencia de deficiencias cualitativas, se estima que cerca de un 3 0 % de la població del paí se encuentra en situació de probreza crític o pobreza gene- ral. Y la mayor parte de estos pobres viven en los llamados barrios marginales de las grandes ciudades del país Se es- tima que en Caracas tal sector de ia poblaci6n constituye ya mayoría por lo cual en verdad parecerià má apropriado hab- lar de los marginales del "Country Club" y no de los margi- nales de los cerros de Caracas.

A este sector pobre y urbano de la población afectado por apremiantes problemas económicos de salud, de educación de servicios público debe ir la atenció prioritaria en el esfuerzo del cambio en la calidad de vida. En este campo, mucho podrià hacerse a travé de programas de integració escuela-comunidad, mediante los cuales el estado y la pobla- ció en término de verdadera asociació creativa puedan contribuir a mejorar la capacitació de la comunidades para enfrentar sus problemas específico y concebir nuevas formas de organizació económica tales como programas para el au- toabastecimiento (huertos vecinales, etc.) y programas de autoconstrucci6n de viviendas.

Por otro lado, la atenció preferericial a prestar al sector pobre y urbano de la població 1-10 puede de nir.quna manera significar un desconocimiento de la atenció requerida por los otros estratos de la población

En definitiva, todos estamos inmersos en la raisna alienació q distorsiones de la comú sociedad de consumo que ?.os rige. As', no por ser má ricos los privilegiados en ese sentido escapan a los patético problemas de salud de la civiliza- ció dominante; por el contrario, su misma riqueza desmedida ha sido mas bien causa de males en tal sentido. De hecho, las manifestaciones má visibles en pro del cambio del esti- lo de vida provienen usualmente de los llamados estratos má favorecidos de la población

En resumen, mucho podemos lograr simplemente de una utiliza- ció má efectiva y racional de los recursos que ya poseemos : recursos naturales vegetales y animales, reciclamiento de desperdicios, recursos hidrológico y enerqeticos. En ello serà de grand importancia una mucho mayor utilizació de los criterios de gerencia ecológic y de adecuado mantenimiento.

Son insospechadas las posibilidades de acció que nos depara el má pleno empleo de nuestros recursos autóctonos lo que en buena parte significa la revalorizació de lo nuestro. El abastecimiento de medicinas y alimentos donde nuestro paí se habià habituado a una alta dependencia de importaciones en sectores tan vitales, es un campo ilustrativo. En lo re- ferente a medicinas, por ejemplo, ademá de una mayor racio- nalizació de la producció propia de farmoquímicos es mucho lo que se puede hacer a trav&s de la etriobot5nica para redescubrir" las propiedades curativas de plantas medicina- les utilizadas por nuestro pueblo desde tiempos remotos, y a trav&s de la fito-farmacologí para producir industrialmente medicinas provenientes de insumos naturales autóctonos Es irónic que en otras partes del mundo la comunidad científi ca conozca mSs de la propiedades medicinales de nuestro va- lioso acervo de plantas tropicales que lo que nosotros mis- mos conocemos por no haber sabido valorarlas justamente. Sin embargo, paíse como Méxic y Brasil han hecho muy importan- tes avances en el áre de la fitoterapia y La producci6n de medicinas en general de insumos autóctonos

En materia de alimentos tambié mucho puede hacerse recur- riendo a la cultura popular tradicional, detrá de la cual se encuentran hSbitos de consumo, formas de producción que pueden contribuir mucho a la solució del problema alimenta- rio. Por otro lado, no podemos soslayar el hecho de que so- mos un pueblo de vigorosos aportes extranleros que han sig- nificado la importació de patrones de consumo for5neos no siempre acordes con los recursos disponsibles en nuestro medio a los condicionamientos ambientales locales, tal como fue el caso de la generalizació del consumo de trigo en el paí a ralz de la masiva inmigració europea de los anos

cincuenta. Sin embargo, en relació al caso citado, por nuestras caracterZsticas agrícola-qecqráfic y por vocació de consumo hemos sido tradici~naime~te una cultura del maí De all' el acierto de la revalorizacicn que le hemos dado a este producto. Pero hay otros aline~tos autéctono soslaya- dos de particular interés tales como el amaranto, un grano que contiene má proteín que cualquier cereal, à € extenso consumo por pueblos antiguos latir.oamer.~car.os tales cor.0 los aztecas y los Lncas, y que se consique en forma natural er, lenezuela con el norr.bre de "pira".

E l amaranto habià caíd en desuso ante la avalancha de los nuevos alimentos procesados y su consuno tiende d ser hoy reivindicado, irónicamente una vez más a partir de "des- cubrimientos" de nutncionistas nor-i-e-americanos. La efec- tiva revalorizació de lo nuestro exiqirà superar la perni- ciosa actitud de pensar que todo lo importado es bueno y que la nacional es malo.

Sól la definició de lo que queremos ser a partir de lo nuestro, teniendo al hombre venezolano como suleto de su propio destino, nos permitirà asimilar adecuadamente lo que nos viene de afuera. Y es mucho lo que podemos hacer con el apoyo de revolucionarias tecnoloqía importadas tales como la informática microelectrónica telecomunicaciones, y bio- tecnología pero ello tiene que hacerse a partir de la iden- tificación primero que todo, de nuestros propios recursos tecnológico y no en forma inversa. La telefoní rural para regiones remotas, a travé de la capacidad de comunicaci6n de centrales autónoma hechas posibles por los nuevos ade- lantos tecnológicos puede hacer mucho para la mayor des- centralizació que significa el nuevo estilo de vida plan- teado, pero ello tiene que estar acompanado de otros tipos de incentivos e infraestructura propios para justificar y hacer productiva la inversió en tales sistemas de telefoní rural, en pro de la revalorizació de la vida en el campo.

Otros ejemplos por supuesto tambien pueden identificarse en pequenas ciudades y en el campo, donde hay una problemátic propia que atender y de cuyo enfrentamiento podría derivar- se tambié ensenanzas para la vida en las grandes ciudades. De hecho, la crisis ya està generando espontáneament signi- ficativas - aunque en su mayoria incipientes - experiencias de cambio a lo largo del país De lo que se trata en buena parte es de percibirlas y aprender de ellas.

En suma, podemos definir un estilo de vida propio basado en nuestros propios recursos, con una gerencia ambiental y ra- cional de los mismos, y basado incluso - sin ánimo rcmZnti- cos de vuelta a pasadas glorias en los adelantos de culturas autóctona como los aztecas e incas - en antiguas tradicio- nes de un empleo sabio de ellos; pudiendo en este proceso hasta impartirle ensenanzas a los paíse del Norte - tal como llegà a sugerir Manuel Pgrez Guerrero.

Tal como ha senalado un autor: "en término ambientales, los llamados paíse desarrollados son tanto o má subdesarrolla- dos que los paíse del Tercer Mundo". 101 Y, en verdad, cuando uno observa el saldo de desarrollo en el mundo indus- trlal en casos tales como el de Alemania Occidental, pais en que el 30% de sus bosques ha sido destruido por la contami- nación la pregunta inevitable es si lo logrado en "bienes- tar material" valla ese sacrificio de repercusiones ambien- tales de largo alcance, capaces incluso de comprometer el referido bienestar material. Análoga consideraciones pod- rlan hacerse en lo relativo al fren6tico "desarrollo" urbano de Caracas, donde todo el avance material que pueda haberse logrado no compensa el grado de angustia que caracteriza a los caraquenos. Es imperativo vivir de otra manera y podemos vivir de otra manera. A títul de ejemplo, el establecimien- to de EL METRO y su esfuerzo de renovació urbana es una pauta importante que muestra un camino distinto.

En definitiva, a pesar de todos nuestros problemas, no sól podemos utilizar mucho melor muestres valiosos recursos na- turales, sino tambié aprender de los errores de los llama- dos paíse desarrollados, obtiendo asà une nueva dignidad y una nueva confianza en nuestras propias posibilidades. La actual crisis puede significar oportunidades sin precedentes para ese cambio.

. Gerver Torres, Consumo y e s t i l o de vida, l o o p . , c m comentarios &e Var i s e La Ruiz Pereira (S??) y Teresa Correa f i i p p i ,

. Obdulio G 1 4 e r Matos, La medicina z n t e p a l y l a meaicina a l t e r n a t i v a , lb'pp., con comentarios de Sd'ita Vemúnae à ­ + à ? w e n Jain y Americo Albornoz Ovpi;

. Hlviberto Diaz, Consientizació y educació .vnbiental: una vio. posib le , 2 3 p p , con comentarios de Khesava Bhat ( i p p ) y Ornar h a l l e s ( O p p j ;

. : < a s S a n t a . La ~oL'êt"C ae Los v e c e o s . Rasaos de Las e m e ~ G r . a i z s

. Informe p:naL, 4 5 p p .

i f d a d o s s i e r 57/58 . j a n u a r y / a ~ r i l 1967 r e g i o n a l space

TOMORROW BEGINS TODAY

ELEMENTS FOR A FEMININE ALTERNATIVE IN THE NORTH

by H i l k k a P i e t i l i The F i n n i s h UN A s s o c i a t i o n - J u s s a a r d n k u j a 5 N 3G OOSqO X e l s i n k i , F i n l a n d

A b s t r a c t : I n t h i s a r t i c l e , wh ich i s a n a b r i d g e d v e r s i o n of a t e x t p r e - p a r e d f o r Forum 5 i n N a i r o b i , H i l k k a P i e t i i a s t a r t s b:; p o i n t i n g o u t some o f t h e n e g a t i v e i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r women o f deve lopmen t i n i n d u s t r i a l i s e d c o u n t r i e s . She g o e s on t o examine a number of e l e m e n t s f o r a n o t h e r deve lopmen t t h a t a r e somewhat "h idden" i n f e m i n i n e c u l t u r e i n c l u d i n g f o r m a l a n d a c t u a l economy, a new c o n c e p t o f h a b i t a t , des .ocracy and power , p e a c e and s e c u r i t y . She p o i n t s o u t t h a t f e m i n i s m i s no l o n g e r d e a l i n g w i t h t h e e m a n c i p a t i o n o f women b u t t h a t o f a i l human b e i n g s .

DEMAIN AUJOURD'HUI

ELEMENTS POUR UNE ALTERNATIVE FEMININE AU NORD

Resum&: Dans c e t a r t i c l e - v e r s i o n cabregee d ' u n t e x t e p r e p a r e p o u r l e Forum 85 i N a i r o b i - Hilicka P i e t i i a p a r t d e q u e l q u e s i m p l i c a t i o n s nega - t i v e s , p o u r l e s femmes, du deve loppemen t d a n s l e s p a y s i n d u s t r i a l i s e s . Examinant e n s u i t e un c e r t a i n n o n b r e d ' e l e m e n t s p o u r un a u t r e d g v e l o p p e - ment q u i s o n t comma ' c a c h e s ' d a n s l a c u l t u r e f e m i n i n e , e l l e a b o r d e no- tamment l e a q u e s t i o n s d e 1 ' 6conomie f o r m e l l e e t r 6 e l l e . u n e n o u v e l i e c o n c e p t i o n d a I ' h a b i t a t , La d g m o c r a t i e e t I e p o u v o i r , l a p a i x e t La s6- c u r i t 6 . Le f e rn in i sme , m o n t r e - t - e l l e , ne c o n c e r n e p l u s s e u l e m e n t l a l i b 6 - r a t i o n d e s  £ e r n e s m a i s c e l l s d e C O L A S l e s S t r e s humains .

de j'erences

- ial Counc-È (Oxford: Ferqancn Press, '.'.sea.

tiilkka Pietila

TOMORROW BEG INS TODAY

ELEMENTS FOR A FEMININE ALTERNATIVE IN THE NORTH

Development on the wrong track

What adverse implications does development in the indus- tnalised countries have from women's point of view? The following at least may be listed:

. t h e microcosm of t h e fami ly a s a s o c i a l u n i t has d i s p e r s e d , many o r i ts o r i g i n a l f u n c t i o n s having been t r a n s f e r r e d t o p u b l i c i n s t i t u - t i o n s , i n d u s t r y and b u s i n e s s ;

. t h e work l o a d of women has i n c r e a s e d c o n t i n u o u s l y d e s p i t e t h e mul- t i t u d e of p u b l i c s e r v i c e s and che mechan isa t ion of housework. I n e a r l i e r d a y s , women worked on ly - a l b e i t long - s h i f t ; now most of them do a double s h i f t ;

a s p a r r of t h i s , b i g , c e n t r a l i s e d s t r u c t u r e s have emerged i n so- c i e t i e s . The economic, m i l i t a r y , p o l i t i c a l and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t r u c t u r e s have become more and more h i e r a r c h i c a l , a l l of them w i e l d i n g 1 l o t of power. At t h e head of a l l t h e s e sys tems t h e r e a r e men, i . e . p a t r i a r c h a l power. Women have l o s t most of t h e i r r e a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o i n f l u e n c e e v e n t s through t h e i r own work and a b i l i - t i e s ;

. i m m a t e r i a l human needs (mutual r e s p e c t , d i g n i t y , mean ingfu l work and L i f e , t e n d e r n e s s , c a r i n g , n u r t u r a n c e , human r e l a t i o n s ) have been ignored a s s o c i e t y has evo lved , and t h u s s a t i s f a c t i o n of t h e s e needs has been l e f t t o women, i n a d d i t i o n t o a l l t h e i r o t h e r du- t i e s ;

. b o t h c e n t r a l l y p lanned and market economie s e e n a t u r e a s w e l l a s human b e i n g s a s r e s o u r c e s t o be e x p l o i t e d , t h e r e b y d e s t r o y i n g eco- l o g i c a l sys tems and t h e environment and degrad ing human b e i n g s t o be mere i n s t r u m e n t s of p r o d u c t i o n and consumption. Both women and n a t u r e a r e e v e n t u a l l y raped ;

. t h e m i l i t a r y sys tems and t h e arms r a c e mark t h e cl imax of t h e h i e r - a r c h i e s . They a r e n o t h i n g b u t a t h r e a t t o e v e r y t h i n g t h a t i s d e a r t o women, c h i l d r e n , n a t u r e , home and s a f e t y , even t o men them- s e l v e s . They imply t o t a l abuse of t h e s c a r c e r e s o u r c e s a v a i l a b l e t o humanity.

AIL this has taken place within the process of economic growth, progress in technology, a rising public education and intensification of production and consumption. The ad- verse implications of this, many of which remain unseen due to a lack of awareness among women and to their self-imposed

adjustment to male terms in society, have been partly excus- ed by the favourable effects. The questions to be asked are whether it would be possible to achieve the favourable re- sults without pay1r.g such a high price; whether the negative inp:ications are so marked that this kind of development should be rejected altogether. At least the pros and cons of the outcome should have been carefully weighed. And whatever the fair price, how could it be eq- ita ably shared between men and women instead of being loaded ?rincipally onto wonen ?

Primary and secondary economy

Even though industrial production and public services have taken over some of the production of qoods and ser-;ices that earlier took place in households, a lot of work is still done in homes and families. Calculation in time and money of the worth of this work done in Finland in 1980 showed that the spent in unpald labour in average famllies was 7.2 hours/day seven days a week or 50 .-1 hours a weex. The wo- men's share of this work was about 73%. Daily hours of women were more than five and of men less than two; 1.2 hours tor girls and 0.7 hours for boys.

The total monetary value of unpaid labour in Finland in 1980 was about FIM 80 billion, which is equal to 42% of the GNP. (In the same year the sum total of the Finnish national bud- get was FIM 50 billion.) The monetary value was assessed according to the current salary of municipal home-helps. If the yardstick had been the price of corresponding goods and services in the market the sum total would have been much bigger.

This economy remains invisible in national statistics and bookkeeping. Economists have traditionally shown very little interest in it. They consider it the secondary economy,

~ -

which is needed as an auxiliary to the primary economy to reproduce labour and consume oroduction. This shows that for an economist human beings are just labour and means of con- sumption. The idea of human dignity does not exist in their thinking.

The comolete national economv includes three sectors which could be called the free economy, the protected sector and the fettered economy.

The free economy is the non-monetary portion of the national economy. It consists of the work and production that people do voluntarily for the well-being of their families and for pleasure, without requesting or receiving pay.

The protected sector consists of production and work for the home market as well as public services (such as food produc- tion, construction of houses and infrastructure, administra- tion, schools, health, transport and communication, etc.).

This sector is protected and guided by legislation and offi- cial means in most countries, thus the prices and other terms car. be determined independently, without too much pressure from the world economy.

Hard, large-scale production for export is usually called the open economy. We call it the "fettered economy", since it is fettered to the world market. The terms of this sec- tor, the prices, competitiveness, demand, etc. are deter- mined by the international market. The broader the fettered economy, the more the national economy becomes dependent on outside factors and limits the scope of national self-deter- mination. At present this sector is considered the most im- portant one by economists and politicians. Since competiti- veness is the key factor in this part of the economy, socie- ty is geared to work for increased competitiveness. (For elaboration, cf. IFDA Dossier 35, pp.68/73) _!_/

However, this economy in Finland accounted for only 10% of the total working hours and 19% of the value of total pro- duction in 1980. (The respective figures for the protected sector are 36% and 46% and for the free economy 54% and 3 5 8 . 1 The question arises, why should the whole life of so- ciety be geared to support this sector, since it in fact accounts for a rather modest proportion?

Another question the dynamism between the "visible" and the invisible" economies. A major part of economic growth in recent decades has consisted only of the functions that have been transferred from the non-monetary sector to the moneta- ry ones and thus become visible. The fact is, however, that when certain basic functions of human society (such as child and health care, cooking and cleaning, education and train- ing, etc.) are performed within families they cost time and work, and when produced outside families, they cost money.

From women's point of view this discussion is very impor- tant. The non-monetary economy in industrialised countries is by and large a female economy. Its invisibility is an important manifestation of women's invisibility in society at large. The family economy is in the hands of women even in its monetarized form, consumption of marketed goods and services, because purchasing decisions are made mainly by women.

From the human point of view, the family econom (both mone- tary and non-monetary) is the ,It works di- rectlv for the satisfaction of essential human needs - ma- terial, social and immaterial. It also produces things that are not available on the market and cannot be purchased for money, such as the feeling of being somebody, closeness, encouragement, recognition and meaning of life. All this is realised in connection with cooking, eating, cleaning, play- ing, watching TV, sleeping, sharing joy and sorrow and

transferring human traditions. In this economy man, woman and child are subjects and recognised as people. And in this economy women are the managing directors, heads of depart- ments and diplomats.

The family economy is also basic from the ooint of view of the national economy. If human maintenance, mental and ?fly- sical, and the nurturance of human beinqs are not taken c a r e of, r.o other economy is possible. It is basic not only for the economy, but for the whole society, for the survival of the human race. Families may have varying forms, from clans and extended families and different forms of cohabitation to Western nuclear families, but they are the core of human Life and society.

As a matter of fact, the entire industrial and commercial economy should be merely auxiliary, and serve the needs of families and individuals instead of using them as means of sroduction and consumption. All trade and production is otherwise insane.

I mentioned above that services at home require time and &. One more necessity is know-how, skills to make many things at home. All these resources are very scarce in con- temporary families. The prevailing pattern of development in the industrial world has squeezed the family's space very greatly. Family members have neither time, space nor skills to manage their own life. They have become helpless and po- werless victims of the so-called welfare societies - some- times compared to modern hens in their well-furnished cages.

Revival of habitat

It is obvious that the Western industrial countries have already passed the optimum as far as the material standard of living is concerned. The transition from ~ustified need satisfaction to conspicuous consumption took place in dif- ferent countries at somewhat different times; in Finland it happened in the 1960s. There is still scope, however, to make the distribution of material wealth m.ore equitable bet- ween the various social groups. But this will not happen through mere material and economic growth.

For that matter, the quality of life in these countries will no longer improve through mere economic growth and better distribution. On the contrary, obsession with economic growth will only squeeze people and families more under the pressure of overall competition and the dissolution of fami- lies and basic communities. The way Life has been shaped in these countries is apt to split human beings, so that they can no longer master their own lives and are powerless to make changes in society. The centralization ot production (big companies), administration (hierarchical bureaucracies) and political power (political parties directed from above)

has broken Èh individual life of people and denied then their n q h t and the capacity 10 control their own lives.

Industrialization has also divorced habitat from work. liv- ing from production. There are :'do separate worlds; workins life with its requirements on the one hand, habitat and homelife with their demands on the other. Men are oriented primarily towards working life arid adjust themselves to its demands. Women qet more pressure from managing the home and family, in addition to their fuli-time Farticipation in paid labour.

A lot could be said about the commercialization and iirbani- zation of housing. It is very obvious that the multitude of people's needs have not been the master plan for housing and city planning. Apartment houses and suburbs have been con- structed as if human beings had no other needs outside work but eating and sleeping. Here human beings are also seen primarily as labour, which needs to be "reproduced" between working days. As a result, mental and social problems are on the rise.

A group of Nordic women city planners, architects and re- searchers have been working for a couple of years to plan how to reinteqrate three basic functions of life, haoAtat, work and nurturance. It began with the conference "Housing, building and planning on women's terms" in 1979. In 1984 they published a preliminary study "The new everyddy life" 2/. Their aim is to develop new models for the basic tune- - tions of everyday life so that they integrate in time and space.

This project is multidimensional and quite comprehensive, which is apparent in its structure and the themes it deals with:

. formal and informal work and economy

. the new rationality of nurturance

. the importance and symbolic value of habitat

. analyzing habitat in time and space

. improvement of existing housing communities

. planning on female terms.

They propose the following as overall rules for participa- tion in labour and the family:

all able-bodied adults (men and women) should work i n both die for- mal and informal economy;

wonen and men should be given the same terms in both sectors;

the social basis for the informal economy is not the single, small houshold, but cooperation between several homes and families.

The authors believe that a kind of intermediate level, an economic and organizational buffer zone is needed between households and the city/state, and also physically between residence and city.

The authors state their goal very explicitly:

The report sees commonality both as a prerequisite and an ob]ective. Commonality does not emerge by itself, it re- quires common functions as a base for growth. Therefore, the whole habitat should provide the physical framework for the values and functions nurtured by women. Women should be able to participate in the planning and administration of the habitat.

As a matter of fact, "The new everyday life" calls for re- vival of the free economy. Planning, as the women of "The new everyday life" project propose, aims at making our frag- mented daily life whole again, at bringing the essential functions of life together again. The integration of work, nurturance and habitat is the prerequisite for preventing life from further going to pieces, for being able to live one's life as an integral person. The decentralization of the centralized structures (production, administration and power) provides for the integration of individual life.

Unfinished Democracy

Another qroup of Nordic women researchers have made a joint - - research project on the role of women in politics in the Nordic countries. 3 / It is the first qualitative survey so far that assesses t h e substance of women's initiativesand participation and not merely their numbers in various poli- tical organs. It was time, indeed, to produce such a study, since women have had political rights in these countries longer than in most parts of the world. In 1907, Finland became the first country in the world to elect women to Par- liament; already then 19 of the 200 members were women.

In any case, political rights have not meant equal power for women and for men. The terms of politics and power wielding had already been set by men, and women were given the rights to participate in politics on these terms. When women have presented deviating views or approaches, they have always had to defent them against the male majority in the parties, the parliamentary groups and in entire parliaments. (So far there is no female majority in major political organs any-

where.) Atternpts by w0-T.e". to cooperate across part,' tines nave most often been condemned by men as traitorous beha';- iour. Women make their voices heard in politics if they speak like men on male ~ssues - but what benefit do women derive from it.

In recent decades the centre of power in the Nordic coun- tries has shifted from elected parliamentary organs towards corporations like laoour market organisations. These are strictly hierarchical structures with hardly any women at the top. The preparatory process for legislation takes place in state planning organs and in parliamentary committees, where women are even fewer than in Parliament itself. Thus, the fairly hiqh proportions of women in Nordic parliaments may give a misleading picture of women's power. In fact, "women are where there 1s no power; power is where there are no women", as was stated in the 1981 report of the Norwegian Equality Council.

In the contemporary power structure and under prevailing concepts of cower, the opportunities of women to wield power on their own terms are rare. Therefore, the growing numbers of women in political organs will not have the anticipated effect unless the feminist awareness of women politicians becomes substantially wider.

The book Unfinished Democracy asks good questions:

i o e s a n y t h i n g r e a l t y n w some i n t o p o l i t i c s uhen the w n b c and vroporvion o f uomen increases ? Lo uornen en t e r p o k i c s J ~ I ' J ¥y.fte $hs.y have adopted -01 c ' ^ / t i s t poZit iaa1 'u-Lfes^yle and its methods ? 2nd uhat -if the propornon of wcmen reaches me nag'ic number of and nothing happens ?

They also ask where power originates in the political sys- tem. How can women change the premises of the system?

In order t o be able to infLuence the premises of the s w e m uomen should r e e o q ~ ~ i z e t h e i r au then t i c pouer lnd be prepared t o w e l d i t . This seems to be extreme$ d i f f i c u l t for uomen, since i t i s so con- t rad i c to ry t o the t r a d i t i o ~ a ' i , female, r o t e .

The survey showed that women feel the need to change the essence of political power. In the female world there are also other sources of power than the classical ones: person- ality, property and organisations (Galbraith). On the basis of existing practice, however, there is reason to ask, whe- ther women in contemporary politics have let male concepts and methods lead them in the wrong direction here, too, away from their own sources of power. Should women rather take power back into their own hands, rather than climb up the ladders to positions of power? Isn't it so that power from above is always fettering and suppressing? Is it possible to combine power from above and the desire for freedom and li-

berate? And finally, how can we eliminate the grip of power, the hold power has on our own life?

The essence of power

hhat is then the real essence of power? Is the prevailing concept of power only the male interpretation of it? Tne everyday interpretation - the power from above, the possi- bility of imposing one's will upon the benaviour of others - seems to be so overriding that one can hardly conceive of any other interpretation of the concept.

Perception of power and attitude towards power are issues where men and women are really far apart. The male percep- tion and attitude towards power is well known and frequently demonstrated. What then is the feminine approach?

I proposed earlier that the most authentic feminine way of exerting an influence is through one's own work and ability. Our foremothers influenced society greatly by virtue of their skiliful hands alone. They actually made most of the objects that gave shape to our surroundings with their own hands. They gave shape to the material culture of their time. Fantastic collections testify to this power in any national museum. Not much of this power remains in the hands of women today.

The women in the UN workshop which met in Bangkok in 1979 wanted to make it clear what they meant by the concept power" :

Hhen ue speak of the power to sontrot our f i v e s , the term ' p o w e ~ ' i 3 used not as a mcde o f domination over c the r s , but a s fa) a sense of i n t e rna l s t rength and confzzdence t o face l i f e ; fbi the r i g h t t o determine our choices i n l i f e ; ( 3 ) the ability t o i n f l uence the so- c ia1 processes t h a t a f f e c t our f i v e s ; !di an in f l uence on the di- r e c t i o n o f soc ia l change.

An American feminist at large, Wilma Scott Heide, writes about power:

Patriarchy d e f i n e s pouer as power over o thers , the capaci ty for g e t t i n g o ther s t o do uhat one uants . 30 long as t ha t kind o f pouer e x i s t s , there wit continue t o be p o u r s t ruggles as the r e l a t i v e l y l e s s powerfuL seek more pouer t o protean themselves and t o control, o the r s and as the r e l a t i v e l y more p o w f u l seek t o maintain and even increase t h e i r pomp.

As ue th ink about that understanding o f power, houever, we can be- g in t o see i t s inherent weakness. "?ouerl' t ha t must cons tant ly be struggled far and backed u p w i th force, inc luding v io lence , i s not pouer. That i s a contradic t ion i n terms. Power i s potency - the capaci ty t o a c t , t o implement. I n so far as one 's capaci ty t o act must be supported by force, one i s , t o t h a t degree, powerless, no t pouerful . One i s r e l y ing on something o ther than pouer.

In the light of this definition, politics based on the use or threat of force is rather an indication of impotence, of a lack of power rather tna:i power. This view is also stressed by the philosopher Hannah Arendt:

When "power" is understood in this way, it does not imply suppression and it cannot be fought over. As a matter of fact, this is the concept of power, from which the whole idea of democracy originates. But since it has been diffi- cult to implement democracy without delegating power to elected representatives, the organisations or structures of power have emerged. So-called representative democracy has led to the situation today, in which elected representatives have taken power into their own hands, i.e. they wield power for enhancing their own positions, to stay in power, to per- suade the people re-elect them forever. The bigger and more centralized the structure of power the less democracy there is. The decentralization of power is the prerequiste for real democracy.

People can also control power by withdrawing their support, by not doing or behaving as those in power want, by exercis- ing civil disobedience:

2 i s con t ro l , not by i n f l i c t i o n of superior v io lence frcn on top or ou t s ide , not by persuasion, n o t by hopes o f a change o f heart i n the ru l e r , bu t ra ther , by the sub j ec t s ' dec l i n ing T O s u ~ u l y t o pouer-holder w i th T:he sources o f h i s power, by c u t t i n g o f f h i s po- wer a t the roo t s . (Gene Sharp).

Influence exerted through one's work and ability proves to be power in exactly this way. When those who know how refuse to perform their tasks - even essential and vital tasks - when they withdraw their services from those who need them but don't know how, they wield very real power.

This kind of interpretation of power originates from the above definitions by Hannah Arend and Wilma Scott Heide. Taking power into one's own hands begins when one refuses to receive and believe the information coming from those in power. As a woman, one can begin by rejecting the definition of woman by men, by refusing to be such a woman and by per- mitting one's own personality as a female human being to develop, taking the liberty to be oneself as a woman.

It is crucial to refuse to believe, to obey, to go along, to decide on one's own success, not to follow the carrot not be

afraid of the stick. This is the power of the powerless. The more power we take into our own hands, the less there is above u s . Even refusing to strive for positions of power is ;ewer - and that is freedom.

Power is t.0 build new horizontal connections among women, people, families, neighbours and to create other types of community, forms of living, to build new societies from be- Low. The power from above divides ar.d separates people from each other, "to divide and rule". The power structures built

from below unite and collect people around common aims.

Peace and security

Male foreign policy always follows the same pattern as male behaviour in general; spacial expansionism, exploration, conquering and possessing, ruling. Once a region has been conquered it is considered justified to keep it, to "defend" it against other men who are also fulfilling themselves in the same way.

Male foreign policy is implementation of these attempts in different forms. It varies from political and economic domi- nation to different forms of force, violence and war. Ideo- logically, it appears in forms like defence of home (proper- ty), religion (ideology), the fatherland (territory conquer- ed and held), expansion of living space (Lebensraum) and protection of "security interests" both near and far (i.e. protection of capital investments). Using slightly more di- plomatic language, we speak about protection of national prestige and sovereignty.

In the course of history women are part of the property that is protected by men against other men. The spoils of victory have always been to rape the women of the enemy, to humili- ate the adversary as much as possible by debasing their wives, sisters and daughters. The possession of women is also a way to control the inheritance of property. In mili- taristic thinking women are mere instruments to produce off- spring and warriors.

From the point of view of women, the problems of interstate relations take on a very different shape. Power and conquest are a very alien concept to them. Protection, safety and peace are very relevant concepts, but their content and meaning are very different for men.

For women it is of the utmost importance to protect life, particularly children, not properties or regions, national prestige or sovereignty.

Doctrines of national security and national defence do not have the same meaning for women as for men. In general, the

women's world view does not consist of states and yovern- ments, military alliances and power olocs in the same way as men's does.

This quotation from the Sicilian women's declaration in 1981 crystallizes how different degrees of violence are connected with each other in women's minds if they only have the cou- rage to recognise the world on the basis of their own expe- rlences as women.

From the very beginning the contemporary women's peace move- ment has refused to think that some people are enemies just because they happen to live beyond a certain border or may have different ideas of politics and economics. Killing the myth of the enemy is one of the basic messages of the wo- men's peace movement. "No mother ever delivered an enemy", as a US peace women once expressed it.

From the women's point of view the means of security and protection are different. Life cannot be protected and vio- lence rejected by other violence and force.

At the moment there are no foreign troops u a i t i n g i n m h s h a t our borders t h a t would c o n s t i t u t e a concrete. t h rea t t o us; our da' i .2~ s a f e t y i s threatened bg increas ing v io lence i n homes md i n t h e s t r e e t s and by the sppression of aomen i n i t s various foms . T h e fu ture o f our ch i l d ren i s threatened by nuclear weapons and by d i s - turbance o f the ecological balance. Against these t h rea t s the F i n - n i s h army car. o f f e r no secur i t y whatsoever.

This was stated in the declaration of the Finnish women who held a protest camp in fromt of the General Staff building during Disarmament Week in 1983.

Women's security policy seeks solutions against the violence of men's culture and sex role as such, the violence which does not constitute a threat only to women but also to men among themselves.

This thinking is illustrated for instance by the understand- ing of the Peace Links movement of USA that

the reason for the nuclear c r i s e s "',s not Just t ha t mz l i t a r - i s t i c , pavr'iarchaL men control, mi L i var i s t i c , parriarchcL s t ruc tu re s uhi.ah

For wonen peace means a ~cmprehe~sive process towards such a zcc~ety and lifestyle where all form of violence are mini- mized and ecological terms fully respected. In econoxics and trade it means production only for need, and not out of greed and not to maximize profits. The basic thnftiness of women should be applied in the utilization of natural re- sources in order to assure a dignified life for all people everywhere, and also for the com±n generations. "We have not inherited the Earth from our ancestors but borrowed it from our children". In this sense, too, the arms race and the economic race are cri~inal. offences aqainst the Suture of humanity.

Future alternative here and now

I have tried to give some hints about the alternative views and means for human development which are "hidden" in the feminine culture, value system and way of life. The informal or free economy, the world of nurturance and close human relations is the sphere where the basic human needs are an- chored and where models for humane alternatives can be found. This world, which has been carried forward mainly by women, is an existing alternative culture, a source of ideas and values for shaping an alternative path of development for nations and all humanity.

Feminism in its modern form has broken out of the patriarch- al home and is now on its way to break all seven walls of the prison called industrial western materiali-sm. Feminism is no more for women's liberation only - it has not been for quite some time - but for the liberation of human beings, men, women, children and the elderly from the humiliating role of means for production and consumption, for rehabili- tation of human dignity and for making human rights the pa- ramount values for development at all levels.

For centuries the women's movement has been mainly reacting against the discrimination and suppression of women and pro- testing aqainst injustice, violence and destruction. Mow the women's movement is on the verge of presenting its own al- ternatives for life and society, of acting positively for more humane development and a better future. This phase is only beginning, and the necessary changes will be huge. Time and destructive trends are pressing. Do we have enough time to save life and humanity ? Nobody Knows, but we have to

act as if we had ti.".e - there is no other way. Even the lonqest 3ourney begins witn the 5 r s t steps. Some of the points of departure will be:

A new analysis of power and its wielding. Power from above will Rever implement change to bring itself down, but will i q n t aqainst it with ail its might. Instead of striving for power a: the top, women should discover their true sources of power and yield it. It implies bringing power down into the hands of the people and taking it away from those now in power, i.e. to cut off the roots of centralized power.

To "listen to women for a change". First of all women should carefully listen to themselves, their authentic voice rising from their own historical, cultural and biological experi- ences and not listen too much to the demands and expecta- tions of the patriarchal, male world around then. The expe- rience and traditions of women should transcend from the private to the public family. The proportions of male and female participants in the administration and management of both private and public families should be balanced. The equal participation of women in shaping the future is not only their legitimate right but a social necessity for the achievement of sustainable and more humane development.

Recognition of free, unpaid labour as the primary economy of the society, which is the basis for everything else. People should be entitled to decide themselves what orooortion of

L L

their time they will sell to the labour market, and how much they will retain for their own life and work in the family and neighbourhood. Work, nurturance, other communal func- tions and habitat should be integrated in time and space in order to revive commonality and the personal life of all those concerned.

Foreign policy based on the universal sisterhood of people, i.e. exchange and cooperation across national borders, where power competition, expansion, suppression, exploitation and domination is minimized. Substitution of female non-violent culture as general practice in international politics for violent male culture. Launching a new ideal of manhood and eliminating military training in all countries. Utilization of the centuries' long experience and skills of women in negotiations and solving human problems and conflicts.

These aims may seem utopian. Women research, however, has already shown that elements for these changes can be found in the culture and values of women. For women themselves, these thoughts and ideas are concrete aspects of life, al- though they are still invisible to male eyes for the time being. How can men be made to see? Is it too much to ask that men develop more wisdom and maturity in themselves in order to be able to acknowledge this female reality as being of the same value as their own?

i f d a dossier 57/58 . january/april 1987 editorial

WE ARE ALL PALESTINIANS

~ i r n i t i n g i n t h e i r propaganda the r u l e t o the except ion , trie Z ion i s t s i n -. f m t applied ins rule even "lore radica^iy than w e co'i~ni3.Ã pouers. ~ n e s e t t l e s , French 5-1 Alger ia , 3r-itish i n Rhodesia, Dutch in South Afr~;ca, e t c . , needed The Other, ^he colonised: someone had. ;J w r k . The ~ s ~ l o n - {sed uere dispassessed, e xp lo i t ed , de+sed, s t i l l e x i s t ed b e ~ c u s e they uere necessary. Lr. v'm "ass o f Pales t ine , the i d e o l o ~ f 'she i ' e k t i o n o f vhe Jeu'Lsh people through agricuZ.zul~aL manual labour tiao m s l a t e d i n Jenish ezeiu.sivism. Pa'ieszinGzns, Arabs, ~Â¥'u.slir o r C h i s t i m , '^ere excluded, t h e i r very ex iszence denii.sd : There are no Falesrinians, said Golda Heir i n lS69.

'.ion<& bad f a i t h w.d European bad conscience combined t o systematiaaLLy . . a^si-nform pubT-ia opinion.

Vno knons, .fcr e.mmp/,e, t ha t in 1348, 1 4C0 000 Arabs :ived "in some 500 towns and illa ages i n Pales t ine ( s i d e by s ide uiw SOO,3CG g e m ' . ' Or t h a t most o f the land belonged t o Arabs (ard a f t e r ha l f a century o f irrunigration, only 3% t o the s e t t l e r s ) . ? f iere are :hose Arabs today? Vho owns t h e i r land? From one day t o the nex t , i n 348, these Pales t in ians became re fugees , t h e i r Land conf i scated , t h e i r her i tage destroyed. Azo- t h e r nave o f plunder ;oak place i n 1 3 6 7 .

Today Pales t in ians are a. na t ion deprived o f t h e i r c o u n t q , foreigners i n t h e i r ow land for those uho 'nive on the a'est dank of the Jordan or :he . < Jaza s t r i p f^err4; tcr ies ccsupied by Lsr'ael. s ince i . i 67 l , or r,. a - : i ~ e in u'ordan, Lebanon, Syr ia d t he r e s t of the world.

Th-is d i sper s ion , once the shock of t he event uas over, provoked an makenzng o f Pales t in ian consciousness. The camps, in ukich they have surv ived for S8 -nears and uhere more them. 700 000 men, uomen and aniL-

Ye i r e lit German ¥Jew proclc-hed ¥,' Kay s3 demonstrators ir. Paris. - :oC.q, ue are all Pales t in ians .

:he .%.nd~~nental c l emage of today i.3 ne i the r Zast-West, nor I'lorth-South. -'F s p l i t s every soc i e t y i n t o those who s a r t i c i p a t e and those uho are excluded: :he Chileans c f Frov-idenaia and w e Chileans o f the pobta- &ones; Sng'iish-speaking Ind-ia, i ndus t r ia l i s ed md urban, ind r u r s -- &a, t r i b a l and untouchable; the engineers o f S iLiccn Vat tey and the .!fro-Americans o f Harlem; the p r i  ¥ ~ i l e g e people snd the ~ o u n g unenployed :n ths .Yetherlands; the French establishment Â¥y. thyes m'i1,lion o f " in- ~ c m p r e s s i b l e " unemployed ; the k%.+ i-i/es and the Blacks Â¥i South Lfr ' tJa. . . and so the l i s t aou'vd go on.

Of course, as Cervanves' g r a r h o t h e r used t o say, there 'nave b a y s been, s ince h i s t o r y began, tuo types of people, the haves and the have- no t s . iiouever, the novel ty , r e s u l t o f technical progress and greater p roduc t i v i t y , r e s u l t a l s o o f the increas ing s carc i t y o f resources i n i con te z t o f inequal socia l r e l a t i o n s , i s t ha t The Others are no longer qecessary. The p lanter needed the s lave , the s e t t l e r the na t i ve , the M u s t r i a l i s t the barker. Th i s i s no longer t rue .

In terms o f 'rowan r e l a t i o n s , t h i s means t ha t u n t i l the i9a05, i n s p i t e of c o n t r a d h t i o n s and the ensuing s t rugg le s , a l l human soc i e t y as a uhole perceiuea i t s e l f as a passenger on one boat . Today, the q ~ Z L e y s laves are superfluous.

Z ion i s t l og i c has pursued t h i s reasoning t o the b i t t e r erd. In the eyes o f those uho, n e i t h e r Jeu nor Arab, knou the horrors o f both holocaust and dispossess ion , it i s a l l vhe more cruel as the S i o n i s t s uere i n a b e t t e r pos i t ion t o understand the s iqn i f i cance o f physical and p o l i t i c a l ann ih i l a t i on .

The s o c i e t i e s t ha t preceded us were "round", c i r cu lar : every th ing hung together . S o c i e t i e s o f today, ind i f we are not uary, those of toriorrou even more so, are , or w i l l be "'Linear". They exclude and r e j e c t a l l those they consider redundant.

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING QUELQUES SUGGESTIONS DE LECTURE

. Walid K h a l i d i , Before t h e i r d i a s p o r a , An h i s t o r y of P a l e s t i n i a n s th rough photography 1876-1948 (Washington: I n s t i t u t e f o r P a l e s t i n e Stu- d i e s , 1984) 352pp (FOB 2 5 697 Georgetown S t a t i o n , Washington DC 20007. . .

U S A ) . En f r a n e a i s , Avant l e u r d i s p o r a , Une h i s t o i r e d e s P a l e s t i n i a n s p a r l a p h o t o g r a p h i e 1876-1948 (Beyrouth: Les e d i t i o n s de l a Revue d ' e t u d e s o a l e s t i n i e n n e s , 1986) 3 5 2 ~ ~ (c10 E d i t i o n s de M i n u i t , 7 r u e Bernard- . . P a l i s s y , 75006 P a r i s , France)

. Khal id A. Sulairnan, P a l e s t i n e and Modern Arab Poe t ry (London: Zed Books, 1984) 242pp ( 5 7 Caledonian Rd. London N 1 9 B U , b'K)

. Raymonda Hava-Tawil, Mon. pays , ma p r i s o n - Une f e m e de P a l e s t i n e ( P a r i s : Le S e u i l , 1979) 256pp. I n E n g l i s h , My home, My p r i s o n ( J e r u s a - lem: Adam P u b l i s h e r , 1978)

L e i l a S h a l e d , Mon p e u p l e v i v r a ( P a r i s : G a l l i m a r d , 1973) 256pp

. Edward W . S a i d , The Q u e s t i o n of P a l e s t i n e (London: R o u t l e d g e A Kegan P a u l , 1979) 266pp

. Rosemary S a y i g h , P a l e s t i n i a n s : From P e a s a n t s t o R e v o l u t i o n a r i e s (Lon- don: Zed P r e s s , 1981) 207pp. With a Foreword by Noam Chomsky

. Y u s i f A. S a y i g h , 'The P a l e s t i n i a n Economy u n d e r O c c u p a t i o n : Depend- ency a n d P a u p e r i z a t i o n ' , J o u r n a l o f P a l e s t i n e S t u d i e s ( V o l X V , N 0 4 , Summer 1986) pp46-67

. Yez id S a y i g h , 'The p o l i t i c s of P a l e s t i n i a n e x i l e ' . T h i r d n ' o r ld Quar- t e r l v ( V o l . 9 , No 1 , J a n u a r y 1987) pp28-66

. Hanna S i n i o r a ( e d i t o r - i n - c h i e f o f A l - F a j r ) , 'On t h e P a l e s t i n i a n S t r u g g l e ' , World P o l i c y J o u r n a l ( F a l l 1986) pp723-738

. E r s k i n e C h i l d e r s , 'The W e s t e r n Image of t h e A r a b s ' , i n N e d e r l a n d s - A r a b i s c h e K r i n g , E i g h t S t u d i e s mark ing i t s F i r s t Decade ( L e i d e n : E . J . B r i l l , 1966 ) pp29-46

. E r s k i n e C h i l d e r s , The W o r l d l e s s Wish: From C i t i z e n s t o R e f u g e e s ' , i n I . Abu-Laghod ( e d ) , The T r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f P a l e s t i n e ( N o r t h w e s t e r n Uni- v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1971) ppl65-206

. Xeron B e n v e n i s t i , 1986 Xepor t : D e m o g r a p h ~ c , Economic , L e g a l , S o c i a l and P o l i t i c a l Deve lopmen t s i n t h e West Bank ( J e r u s a l e m : West Bank D a t a P r o j e c t , American E n t e r p r i s e I n s t i t u t e ) 95pp ( d i s t r i b u t e d by t h e J e r u - s a l e m P o s t )

. J a n M e t z g e r e t a l , T h i s i s o u r l a n d , The West Bank u n d e r I s r a e l i O c c u p a t i o n (London: Zed P r e s s , 1983) 274pp

. S h a l e v G i n o s s a r , Voyage l i t t g r a i r e e n T e r r e P r o m i s e ( P a r i s : Champion- S l a t k i n e , 1 9 8 6 ) , 414pp

. M i l t o n V i o r s t , WRA a n d P e a c e i n t h e Midd le E a s t (Wash ing ton : The Midd le E a s t I n s t i t u t e , 1 9 8 4 ) . 62pp

. UNWRA, P a s t , P r e s e n t and F u t u r e (V ienna : UNWRA, 1986) 42pp . (FOB 700 , -- 1400 V i e n n a , A u s t r i a )

. Dominique O l i v a e t M i c h e l Rod, Les r 3 1 e s d e s U n i v e r s i t 6 s p a l e s t i n i e n - n e s e n t e r r i t o i r e s o c c u p e s ( C i s j o r d a n i e e t Gaza) (Geneve: IUED, 1 9 8 6 ) . 124pp ( C ? 1 3 6 , Geneve 2 1 , S u i s s e )

. ' C o n f r o n t i n e t h e Midd le E a s t C o n f l i c t : Which R o l e f o r Eu rope , Which Ro le f o r t h e P e a c e Movement ' , IDOC I n t e r n a z i o n a l e , Vol 1 7 , ?4 ( V i a S M a r i a d e l l ' Anima, 00186 Roma, I t a l y )

Fo r r e g u l a r r e a d i n g :

. J o u r n a l of P a l e s t i n e S t u d i e s , A Q u a r t e r l y on P a l e s t i n i a n A f f a i r s and t h e A r a b - I s r a e l C o n f l i c t , p u b l i s h e d j o i n t l y by t h e I n s t i t u t e f o r P a l e s - t i n e S t u d i e s a n d Kuwai t U n i v e r s i t y ( a d d r e s s a b o v e ) . - Midd le E a s t R e p o r t , FOB 43 445 , Wash ing ton DC 20010 , USA

Pour s u i v r e l a q u e s t i o n :

. Revue d ' e t u d e s p a l e s t i n i e n n e s , E d i t i o n s d e M i n u i t ( a d r e s s e p l u s h a u t ) I I n s t i t u t d e s e t u d e s p a l e s t i n i e n n e s , BP 11-7164, B e y r o u t h , L i b a n .

i f d a d o s s i e r 57/58 . j a n u d r y / a p r l l 1987 g l o b a l s o a c e

CAN THE PALESTINIANS' DREAM COME TRUE? IMPRESSIONS FROM A JOURNEY TO PALESTINE By Essma Een Hamicia F D A Via Panisperna 207, 00186 Rome, Italy

I was not born, in 1948, when Palestine was partitioned and the Palestinians driven out of their country by the Israel- is, with the blessing of the member states of the United Nations.

Throughout sixteen years of formal education in my own coun- try, I hardly had a single lesson on Palestine. Little won- der, then, that I did not understand the reasons why, as an Arab student, I was demonstrating in June 1967 for the Pa- lestinian cause even though I was moved by so many eloquent political speeches about them.

My visit to the camps in Jordan and the occupied territories of the West Bank and the Gaza strip late last year was, the- refore, a real eye-opener. On the Palestinians themselves, on Israel's treatment of them and on the ways the "Arab Na- tion" supports them.

I talked to women, men and children in the camps and outside the camps. Refugees and non-refugees. Workers, housewives, mothers, students, lawyers, doctors, journalists, poets and artists. Active and committed m e r - and women enlightened me on the conditions of the Palestinians under occupation. For obvious reasons, these people will be referred to by their first names.

Since I left occupied Palestine, three of the outspoken leaders I met in Gaza - Yosra Barbari, head of the Women's Union, Haydar Abd Echaffi, head of the Palestinian Red Cres- cent and Fayez Abu Rahma, a renowned lawyer and president of the Lawyers' Association - have reportedly been summoned before the military court or prevented from travelling.

Their chief crime is loving their country, pinning up the map of Palestine on the walls of their offices, keeping "il- legal" books on Palestine or speaking out in defence of hu- aan rights.

Christians, Jews and Muslims living in peace and harmony

Who are the Palestinians? Are they really just refugees sit- ting in the camps and waiting for the next charity hand-out? Is it fair to equate "Palestinian" with "terrorist" ?

Few p e o p l e , even i n some Ardb c o u n t r i e s , kr.ow much a b o u t t h e h u m i l i a t i o n and f r u s t r a t i o n of o v e r two m i l l i o n P a l e s t i n i a n s imposed on h o s t i l e Arab r e g i m e s , o r t h e d a i l y c a l v a r y o f t h e 1 . 3 m i l l i o n t r a m p l e d under I s r a e l i o c c u p a t i o n and even l e s s a b o u t t h e 3 0 0 0 0 0 "Arabs o f I s r a e l " l i v i n g a s f o u r t h - c l a s s c i t i z e n s ' d i t h l n I s r a e l ' s 1 9 4 8 b o r d e r s .

Who c a n blame t h e a l l i e d powers a f t e r 1945 f o r want ing t o c l e a r t h e i r c o n s c i e n c e s by r e p a i r i r . q t h e a o r r o r s o f Oachac and Auschwi tz? But why d i d t h e p r i c e o f t e n y e a r s o f Nazi f o l l i e s have t o be p a i d , f o r a l r e a d y f o u r d e c a d e s , by t h e i n n o c e n t P a l e s t i n i a n s ? P e r h a p s p r e c i s e l y b e c a u s e the', ' were p e a c e f u l f a r m e r s q u i t e u n p r e p a r e d f o r t h e p l i g h t t h a t b e f e l l them.

"The P a l e s t i n i a n s were h a r d w o r k e r s . I n my town o f T a r s h i h a , i n t h e Nor th o f P a l e s t i n e , we used t o grow t o b a c c o . P e o p l e worked 1 2 h o u r s a d a y and 7 d a y s a week. Everybody had enough t o e a t and somewhere t o l i v e . C h r i s t i d n s , Jews and Muslims Lived i n harmony. P e o p l e were p e a c e f u l , f a r away from p o l i t i c s and c e r t a i n l y n o t e x p e c t i n g t o have t o f i g h t t h e new i n v a d e r s " s a y s Y u s s e f , a P a l e s t i n i a n r s f u q e e i n Nablus and former o f f i c e r a t t h e Uni ted N a t i o n s Works and R e l i e f Agency f o r t h e P a l e s t i n e Refugees (UNRWA).

Today T a r s h i h a , a l o n g w i t h 7 8 p e r c e n t o f a l l P a l e s t i n i a n l a n d , a r e no l o n g e r P a l e s t i n i a n . I t i s t i l l e d and o c c u p i e d by t h e I s r a e l i s w h i l e t h e fo rmer owners a r e crammed i n t o r e f u g e e camps o n l y a few k i l o m e t r e s away. The t e r r i t o r i a l a m b i t i o n s o f t h e new c o l o n i s e r s seem t o have no l i m i t . S i n c e 1 9 6 7 t h e 2 2 p e r c e n t t h a t remained P a l e s t i n i a n - t h e West Bank and Gaza - have been under I s r a e l i m i l i t a r y o c c u p a t i o n and a l r e a y h a l f o f i t h a s been c o n f i s c a t e d and o c c u p i e d d e f a c t o by new J e w i s h s e t t l e r s a t t r a c t e d by " P a r a d i s e r e - found" . " A new s e t t l e m e n t i s e s t a b l i s h e d e v e r y d a y . They a r e w e a l t h y p e o p l e from Europe . Why d o t h e y b r i n g them h e r e and s e t t l e them on o u r l a n d ? They have empty l a n d i n I s r a e l . Why do t h e y come and c u t down t r e e s , u p r o o t i n g e n t i r e f a m i l i e s who u s e d t o l i v e o f f them ? " wonders Om K h a l i l , a P a l e s t i n i a n who h e l p s r u r a l f a m i l i e s w i t h s e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y p r o j e c t s i n E l - B i r e h i n t h e West Bank.

Today, i n j u s t i c e a g a i n s t t h e P a l e s t i n i a n s h a s r e p l a c e d 111-

j u s t i c e a g a i n s t t h e Jews.

"Temporary" camps f o r "permanent" r e f u g e e s

The P a l e s t i n i a n r e f u g e e camps were h a s t i l y e r e c t e d some 38 y e a r s a g o a s " t e m p o r a r y " s h e l t e r s f o r a b o u t a m i l l i o n P a l e s - t i n i a n s . They had been f o r c e d t o f l e e t h e i r v i l l a g e s , fa rms and homes u n d e r t h e t e r r o r o f bombings and m a s s a c r e s d i r e c t - ed a g a i n s t them by t h e J e w i s h t e r r o r i s t s o f Haganah, I r g u n

and S t e r n , masterminded by Menachim B e g i n , I g a l Sharon and Y i t z a k Shamir who became l a t e r I s r a e l ' s l e a d e r s .

I n 1 9 4 8 , t h e P a l e s t i n i a n s were s u d d e n l y t r a n s f o r m e d from p e a c e f u l c i t i z e n s and s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t f a r m e r s i n t o " r e f u - q e e s " l i v i n g o f f hand-outs . Yet t h e y were c o n f i d e n t t h a t t h e L 'n i ted N a t i o n s would honour i t s p romise o f r e p a t r i a t i o n . They a r e s t i l l w a i t i n g .

T h r e e g e n e r a t i o n s -- two o f which were b o r n , grew u p , went t o s c h o o l , m a r r i e d and had c h i l d r e n i n t h e camps -- s h a r e t h e same f a t e i n t h e same c o n f i n e d s c a c e a s i n t h e e a r l y 9 5 0 s .

The same z i n c - r o o f e d s h a c k s , l a c k i n g t h e minimum a m e n i t i e s , which r e p l a c e d t h e o r i g i n a l t e n t s , a r e s t i l l "home" t o t h e u n w i l l i n g r e f u g e e s . Grouped i n t o 61 camps, s c a t t e r e d a l l o v e r West A s i a , t h e y s t i l l house more t h a t 800 000 o f t h e two m i l l i o n P a l e s t i n i a n s r e g i s t e r e d a s " r e f u q e e s " on UNRWA's l i s t s .

UNRWA was c r e a t e d by t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s i n 1949 a s a tempo- r a r y agency t o a s s i s t t h e r e f u g e e s o f P a l e s t i n e . S i n c e them, i t h a s p r o v i d e d f o o d , e d u c a t i o n , h e a l t h c a r e , s h e l t e r and employment w i t h a b u d g e t o f under 200 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s f o r 1987.

Overcrowded, p o o r l y l i t , w i t h nar row muddy l a n e s and open s e w e r s , t h e P a l e s t i n i a n " g h e t t o s " s t a n d i n s t a r t c o n t r a c t t o t h e immacula te modern J e w i s h s e t t l e m e n t s mushrooming i n t h e West Bank and Gaza o r t o Ammann's n e w l y - e r e c t e d l u x u r y p a l - a c e s and wide paved avenues f i l l e d w i t h t h e most f a s h i o n a b l e German c a r s ,

Very few f a m i l i e s have been a b l e t o improve t h e i r p r e f a b r i - c a t e d s h e l t e r s . The p o o r e r r e f u g e e s , e s p e c i a l l y widows, d i - v o r c e d women and o l d p e o p l e , a r e s t i l l t r a p e d i n s q u a l i d , d e p r e s s i n g " c h i c k e n h u t c h e s " b a r e l y f i t f o r human h a b i t a - t i o n .

I n Rafah , t h e w o r s t o f t h e Gaza s t r i p ' s swarming camps, Mahbouba, a widow, s t a n d s b a r e f o o t i n h e r t i n y c h i l l y room, f l o o d e d w i t h heavy w i n t e r r a i n s . "Here we cook o u r f o o d , h e r e we e a t and h e r e we s l e e p " s a y s Mahbouba w i t h r e s i g n a - t i o n i n h e r v o i c e . The room i s e q u i p p e d w i t h o n l y a p r imus s t o v e and m a t t r e s s e s p i l e d a g a i n s t t h e w a l l t o be s p r e a d o v e r t h e f l o o r when i t i s t i m e t o s l e e p .

D e s p i t e UNRWA's u n f l i n c h i n g e f f o r t s , s o c i a l and p s y c h o l o q i - c a l c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e camps a r e f a r below i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s , a c c o r d i n g t o Abu Z e i d , a d o c t o r i n t h e West Bank.

Because o f i t s permanent f i n a n c i a l c r i s i s , UNRWA i s o n l y a b l e t o p r o v i d e two t o t h r e e d o c t o r s f o r t h e 60 - 8 0 ' 0 0 0

people in each camp and very limited social and nutritional services. UNRWA schools are overcrowded, in poor condition and work double shifts.

Vassal of Israel's economy

Before the partition of their country, the Palestinians had no idea what charity was. Today, menial work in Israel, some farming and fishing, remittances from abroad, L'NRWA, volun- tary organisations and until last year, assistance from the PLO-Jordanian Joint Fund are their chief sources of liveli- hood. The situation has deteriorated since the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza by Israel in 1967.

Since that time, Israel has employed every means to strangle the local Palestinian economy, tying it to Israel's shaky economy and discouraging any developmental initiative coming from inside or out. After almost 20 years of occupation, dependence on external resources and particularly on the Israeli economy has reached the point of no return and re- sulted in a growing pauperisation of the refugee population.

"Occupation has been economically beneficial, providing a protected market for Israeli goods and a pool of cheap la- bour" write an independent Israeli researcher, Meron Benvenisti, and his group in the latest report of the West Bank Data Base Proiect.

More than half of Gaza's total income is today earned in Israel compared to one third a decade ago. Israel is be- coming almost the exclusive trading partner of the West Bank and Gaza.

Heavy taxation, exorbitant fines, uniustifiable regulations and the creeping encroachment of the Israeli settlements are suffocating what economic autonomy the Palestinians had re- tained.

According to Benvenisti, in 19 years of occupation, Israel has collected over 700 million dollars in "occupation taxes" from the West Bank alone. None of this has been invested to improve local services and develop economic infrastructure. On the contrary, all taxes collected in the occupied terri- tories are used for military government activity : the Pa- lestinians are paying for their own oppression.

Selma has transformed her family house in East Jerusalem into an hotel. She told me how difficult it is for Palesti- nians to run a. business in the occupied territories or even in de facto annexed East Jerusalem. "They are spreading anti-Palestinian propaganda to take the tourists away from the Arab quarter and at the same time they are crushing us with heavy and multiple taxes".

Industry is almost non-existant in the occupied territories because of the lack of investment and the high taxes imposed by Israel. A few cottage industries work as sub-contractors for Israeli firms and usually employ less than ten workers. "They exploit us for cheap labour and export our products as Israeli ones" says Yosra Barbari.

Moreover, "due to lack of quality control laws in the West Bank, the area has become a dumping group for low-quality products, the sale of which is forbidden in Israel, espe- cially pharmaceutical and metallurgical products" writes the Benevisti research group.

AS for agriculture, formerly the mainstay of the Palesti- nians, it is being squeezed out of existence.

From self-sufficient farmers to slave-labourers

"I had 200 dunums (20 hectares). We used to qrow citrus. We were well-off. Today, like it or not, we have to work like slaves in Israel on our own land" mumbles Salman, 65, tired and overwhelmed. When I met him on the road to Israel at dawn, Salman was trembling with rage as he pointed his fin- ger in the direction of Bir Al-Saba'a - today called Beer- sheba in Israel - to show where his farm used to be. "Every day, I pass by my own orchard and I cannot even pick an orange" he cried.

In Rafah, the poorest of the Gaza strip's camps, Hamed also speaks nostalgically of the farm he had in his native town, Yebna. "We had a farm and a motor pump for irrigation. We used to grow fruit and vines. Today, we are farmers without farming" says Hamed with frustration in his voice.

Squeezed off the land

Even those farmers who still have a few "dunums" in the oc- cupied territories are facing insuperable difficulties and struggling not to abandon the land. Not only are they no extension services but, since 1967, Israel has enacted dras- tic regulations to stop them from competing with Israeli products in the markets.

Other regulations forbid the Palestinians even from repla- cing trees, growing lucrative crops such as avocados and manqos, drilling new wells and expanding citrus cultivation. Moreover, the Israeli military authorities have uprooted trees and cleared hundreds of hectares of land for military purposes or road building. Referring to the Israeli claim that they made the desert bloom, Hind deplores: "In fact it was already blooming Palestinian farm-land when they took it over and now they are making a desert out of the little land that is left to us."

Fruit and vegetable produced in the West Bank and Gaza have no chance of being sold in Israel and even face competition from cheap Israeli products dumped in the occupied territo- ries.

Syphcninq off Palestine's water

But if there is one way Palestinian agriculture is being destroyed, it is through lack of water. It is estimated that about one-fourth of Israel's annual water potential onqin- ates from the occupied territories.

According to the Benvenisti report, Israel is overpumping the West Bank water tables. 95.5 percent goes to Israel while only 4.5 percent qoes to the West Bank. Palestinians are today paying high prices for rationed water coming from their own aquifers.

Water available for Palestinian agriculture is not planned to expand even by the year 2010. For Jewish settler agricul- ture, on the other hand, it will double during the 1980s.

In Gaza, overpumping of the aquifer -- for the benefit of Israel's agricultural project in the Neguev desert -- has led to increasing salinity of irrigation water. According to experts, pumping should be reduced by 30 to 60 percent if a complete invasion of the water table by sea water is to be avoided.

Fishing is another activity practised by Palestinians for generations. It is the second main source of livelihood for the Gazans after citrus production.

Closing the sea to the fishermen

Most of Gaza's 2000 fishermen are refugees who fled their homes and towns along the coast of former Palestine after the creation of the Jewish state. For generations, their families have lived from fishing. But now they are turning away from the sea and few expect their children to make a livelihood out of fishing.

Today, in the name of security, the Israeli military author- ities have confined Gaza's fishermen to a strip 24 km wide and 12 km from the coast.

By military order, Gaza's golden beach is closed sunset to sunrise and fishermen have to reach dry land before the cur- few becomes effective. Those who fail for any reascr. have to spend the night offshore or risk being shot at.

"Unless we infringe the law by going further out to sea, we get no catch" Nejib, a young fisherman admits with courage. Sitting in the "Fishermen's Cafe", several of them were com- plaining about daily harassment by the Israeli authorities.

"They n e v e r s e i z e a b o a t f o r l e s s t h a n a y e a r . F i n e s c a n r e a c h t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 0 ' 0 0 0 d o l l a r s . They sometimes con- f i s c a t e your p r o p e r t y t o pay t h e f i n e s " , s a y s N e j i b w i t h a n g e r . Mohamed and Abu Ridha a g r e e : "We a l l l i v e i n perma- n e n t f e a r o f t h e m i l i t a r y c o u r t and i t s i r r e v o c a b l e s e n t e n - c e s . We a r e t h r e a t e n e d w i t h l o s i n g a l l we own". Accord ing t o them, more t h a n 4 0 0 f i s h e r m e n have s e e n t h e i n s i d e o f a n I s r a e l i ; a i l .

Squeezed o u t o f t h e i r f a r m s , c o n f i n e d t o an i m p o s s i b l y s m a l l a r e a o f s e a , many P a l e s t i n i a n s a r e reduced t o e k i n g o u t a n e x i s t e n c e t h r o u g h m e n i a l jobs i n I s r a e l which few Jews would b e p r e p a r e d t o d o .

L e s MisEirables"

Every morning i n t h e v e r y e a r l y h o u r s 9 5 000 P a l e s t i n i a n s - 2 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e work f o r c e o f t h e West Bank and 40 p e r c e n t of G a z a ' s - c r o s s t h e i n e x i s t a n t " g r e e n l i n e " which s e p a r - a t e s t h e S t a t e o f I s r a e l from t h e o c c u p i e d t e r r i t o r i e s - i n b u s e s , t r u c k s and t a x i s t o b a r t e r t h e i r s e r v i c e s t o I s r a e l i c o n t r a c t o r s f o r h a l f t h e wages r e c e i v e d by I s r a e l i s .

Says Badaouia , who used t o have a fa rm, " I go 100 km e v e r y d a y t o look f o r a j o b . I f I am l u c k y , I e a r n 15-20 I s r a e l i s h e k e l s ( a b o u t 1 0 - 1 5 d o l l a r s ) f o r e i g h t h o u r s ' work h a r v e s t - i n g f r u i t and v e g e t a b l e s . I f n o t , I must f e e d my f a m i l y w i t h t h i s s h e k e l " , s h e s a y s , p u l l i n g t h e c o i n o u t o f h e r p u r s e i n d e s p a i r and a n g e r and w a l k i n g away from t h e g r o u p t o a v o i d my q u e s t i o n s .

Badaouia was c r o u c h i n g on t h e pavement o f t h e road l e a d i n g from Gaza t o I s r a e l , w i t h o t h e r women, men and c h i l d r e n , w a i t i n g f o r t r a n s p o r t t o s e e k a n u n c e r t a i n d a y ' s work.

Hal f o f them have no p e r m i t and work i n poor c o n d i t i o n s w i t h o u t t h e minimum p h y s i c a l and s o c i a l p r o t e c t i o n r e q u i r e d by t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Labour O r g a n i s a t i o n ( I L O ) .

P a l e s t i n i a n s under o c c u p a t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e Gazans , a r e f o r b i d d e n by law t o spend t h e n i g h t w i t h i n I s r a e l . But t h e 50 000 i l l e g a l o n e s " a r e f o r c e d t o spend t h e n i g h t t h e r e , m o s t l y i n t h e Tel-Aviv a r e a , i n sub-human c o n d i t i o n s " , s a y s t h e B e n v e n i s t i r e p o r t .

Many o f them have been s e a r c h e d , a r r e s t e d o r h a r r a s s e d i n o t h e r ways on an a v e r a g e o f t w i c e a week. "Many r e p o r t f e e l - i n g dehumanized by employers and o t h e r s i n t h e work p l a c e and i n t h e s t r e e t " s a y s t h e r e p o r t .

" I t i s s l a v e r y " c o m p l a i n s R a b i ' i , 4 5 , who works a s a cook i n one o f T e l - A v i v ' s r e s t a u r a n t s f o r t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f 15 d o l - l a r s a d a y . " W e a r e s t r a n g l e d by I s r a e l " h e s a y s a n g r i l y w h i l e r u s h i n g t o c a t c h t h e b u s . " I f e e l I am i n a s o r t of

prison . . . I hate to work there. But I have no choice : I need the money for my children . . . " On the road to Israel, I saw a bunch of children trying to huddle into already crammed taxis. Attia ( 1 7 ) and Issa (10) told me they were forced to drop out of school to earn a meagre income for their widowed mothers. They now work in factories, or pick vegetables for the equivalent of 6 to 10 dollars a day.

Israeli contractors pay scant attention to the ILO conven- tion forbidding the employment of children. The children said they work eight hours, taking only half an hour for lunch and most of them said they were often beaten by their employers. It is estimated that 30 000 Palestinians in Jor- dan and as many again in the West Bank and Gaza are present- ly unemployed, a large proportion of them being university graduates.

In Gaza the situation is even more desperate. Cut off from the rest of the world, the strip - 50 km long and 10 km wide - has a population of half a million and one of the highest population densities in the world. But there are no economic development or employment opportunities to absorb the army of university and school graduates. When they are discovered doing menial jobs in Israel, University graduates are fired by the authorities who fear the intellectuals' revolutionary influence on workers.

Rejected by their Arab "brothers"

Being a Palestinian refugee is not easy. Humiliation, physi- cal and moral harrassment, political oppression and dismem- berment are their daily lot, and not only for those living in and under Israel. In the Arab countries, they are usually locked on as trouble makers and treated like third class citizens. Only Jordan (where Palestinians make up more than two thirds of the population) gives them full citizenship and a passport and even ministerial posts.

But the Palestinians say they are no longer fooled by the promises and speeches of their Arab "brothers". Workers and intellectuals alike express anger and accuse Arab govern- ments of failing to seek a fair solution to the Palestinian problem.

"They have betrayed us, they have trampled on our dignity and now they have forgotten us. Please write it down" in- sists Rabi'i, the Gaza worker I met on the road to Israel.

Israeli purgatory

Under Israel, the Palestinians' life is purgatory. In the Balata camp in the West Bank, Khadija told me that people

l i v e i n permanent f e a r . "We d o n ' t s l e e p a t n i g h t . The I s r a - e l i m i l i t a r y f o r c e s come t o t h e camp, assemble a l l t h e males aged 1 2 t o 40 and make make them s t a n d i n t h e c o l d u n t i l v e r y l a t e . They f o r b i d t h e s l i g h t e s t movement. They some- t i m e s j a i l t h e n a t random".

Al though , a t L'NRWA's i n s i s t a n c e , t h e y have now removed t h e h i g h b a r r i c a d e s t h e y had b u i l t t o s e a l o f f t h e camp, t h e I s r a e l i m i l i t a r y f o r c e s remain perched i n t h e i r c h e c k p o i n t s a t t h e cm? e n t r a n c e s w a i t i n g f o r t h e f i r s t o c c a s i o n t o i n - t e r v e n e . "When t h e y p a t r o l t h e camp, t h i s p rovokes o u r c h i l d r e n who a u t o m a t i c a l l y respond by th rowinq s t o n e s . The c h i l d r e n do n o t a s k o u r p e r m i s s i o n . I t i s i n t h e i r b l o o d . Even t h e v e r y young and t h e d i s a b l e d j o i n i n " a d m i t s K h a d i j a

E v e r y f a m i l y has a t r a g e d y : a f a t h e r , a husband , a s o n o r a d a u g h t e r j a i l e d , k i l l e d o r d e p o r t e d , a house d e m o l i s h e d . Every f a m i l y i s dismembered" s a y s Yosra .

Hikma, i n t h e J a b a l i a camp, t h e l a r g e s t o u t o f e i g h t i n Gaza, i s one of t h e f r i g h t e n e d P a l e s t i n i a n m o t h e r s . "When t h e y ( t h e m i l i t a r y f o r c e s ) come t o t h e camp, t h e y s e a r c h o u r b e l o n g i n g s , b r u t a l l y s p i l l i n g o u r o i l , m i l k and f l o u r . I was n e v e r w o r r i e d f o r my d a u g h t e r . They t a k e o n l y males i n t h e camp. Now t h a t I have a s o n , I am s c a r e d f o r him. I would l i k e t o h i d e him i n my h e a r t , i n my womb" Hikma s a y s a s s h e c l a s p s h e r t e n y e a r - o l d boy .

The e l e v e n t h commandment

C o l l e c t i v e punishment which was w i d e l y p r a c t i s e d d u r i n g t h e B r i t i s h o c c u p a t i o n h a s become a f a v o u r i t e s p o r t o f t h e I s r a - e l i m i l i t a r y f o r c e s . S c h o o l s and u n i v e r s i t i e s a r e c l o s e d , p r o l o n g e d c u r f e w s a r e imposed on whole camps and towns , t h e homes o f e n t i r e f a m i l i e s a r e d e s t r o y e d b e c a u s e one member h a s been a c c u s e d o f a n a c t o f v i o l e n c e . S i n c e 1967 , t h e Is - r a e l i s have p u t c i t i e s and towns under c u r f e w more t h a n 3 500 t i m e s and o v e r 1 350 homes have been dynami ted o r b u l l d o z e d . Moreover , s i n c e 1948 , o v e r 600 P a l e s t i n i a n v i l - l a q e s and towns have been c o m p l e t e l y e r a s e d .

E n t i r e s e c t o r s o f v i l l a g e s and camps have been b u l l d o z e d i n t h e name o f s e c u r i t y . Accord ing t o UNRWA, more t h a n 20 000 rooms h o u s i n g more t h a n 9 000 f a m i l i e s i n Gaza have been demol i shed s i n c e 1967 , m o s t l y t o a l l o w t h e widening o f r o a d s t o f a c i l i t a t e p a t r o l l i n g by m i l i t a r y v e h i c l e s .

" F o r t h e I s r a e l i s , s e c u r i t y i s a s o r t o f e l e v e n t h c o m a n d - merit" s a y s Yosra . T h i s i s why t h e y have c u t down a l l t h e t r e e s l i n i n g t h e main s t r e e t s o f Nablus which had p r o v i d e d s h a d e and f r e s h a i r t o t h e c i t y f o r y e a r s .

F o r t h e P a l e s t i n i a n s , t h e m i l i t a r y f o r c e s a r e n o t t h e o n l y s o u r c e o f f e a r . There a r e a l s o t h e u n c o n t r o l l e d armed J e w i s h

Myriads of private charitable associatoins have mushroomed in the occupied territories. They provide education, hospi- tals and jobs, generate incomes for women and entire fami- lies, give scholarships to poor students, clothes and pocket money to prisoners.

Doctors, engineers, lawyers, professcrs and social workers in the camps and towns give their services free for such assoc-~ations.

Hind Husseini has devoted her whole life and family wealth to bringing up children orphaned by the Deir Yassin massacre of 1948. From the original orphanage called "Dar El-Tifl" (The Child's Home), she developed a primary school, then a secondary school and was not deterred from creating an arts college for her foundlings. Today one thousand children and young people have a "home" with Hind.

To prevent Palestinian cultural heritage from disappearing, Hind has also set up a museum of Palestinian traditions and folklore, as well as "The Jerusalem Higher Islamic Research Centre".

In El-Bireh, in the West Bank, Om Khalil launched "The In'Ash El-Usra Association" (Association for Family Advance- ment). The association helps rural families make a liveli- hood and become self-sufficient by reviving traditional Pa- lestinian handicrafts.

The association was born out of a "painful feeling at seeing my people lining up in front of UNRWA to receive paltry ra- tions, when in the past they benefitted from the fruits of their labour as farmers on their own land. I wanted my peo- ple to be self-reliant, to shun welfare and to work for a living even in the bleakest of conditions" recounts Om Khalil.

From a small sewing course for six girls set up in 1965 with a 300 dollar loan from the mayor of El-Bireh, the project has developed today into a vocational training centre spe- cialised in women's traditional activities such as sewing, embroidery, knitting and beauty care, as well as business and secretarial courses. It also runs a home for 150 or- phans, a kindergarten, adult literacy classes for 3 000 wo- men and a museum and a journal to preserve and record Pales- tinian traditions and culture.

To help rural families remain in their villages, the asso- ciation employs some 3 400 women, collecting the finished products to sell in its showroom. This provides the women with 55 to 60 percent of their families' income. The centre also has a bakery and is planning to establish a clothing factory and a frozen vegetable plant to help the association become fully self-supporting.

Although she struggles daily with financial problems, Om Khalil, like Hind and many other Palestinians, refuses any assistance from "the occupier or from the US which has thwarted our national aspirations by their uncritical sup- port of Israel".

Fatma and Khadila in the hest Bank launched their sewing centre with only 12 members and two sewing machines bought ivith funds collected from the comiunity. Today their asso- ciation has over 550 members throught the occupied terri- tories. It provides the raw materials and helps the women sell their finished products. Like Om Khalil and King, the objective is to help women earn some income while reviving Palestine's traditional dresses, embroidery and other handi- crafts.

With assistance from Norwegian citizens' associations, it has also set up a kindergarten for 104 of the camps child- ren. It also provides pocket money to 125 poor students and organises literacy classes. "If we can wipe a tear from a child's face, then we have accomplished our duty" says Fatima.

I t is better to light a candle every day than cry in the darkness for a hundred years" says Om Khalil.

Aspirir.9 for peace

Far from crying in the darkness, the Palestinians are more than ever determined not to accept bein? "permanent" refu- gees or "international beggars". What they aspire for is a homeland of their own where they can live in peace and re- gain their economic autonomy without recourse to charity.

"Even if you gave a million dollars to every Palestinian, you would not change their minds. They will continue calling for an independent homeland. The solution is political" Latif Dori told me. An Israeli, Dori is a member of Pariia- ment for the socialist party "Mapam" and secretary of the Committee for Israeli-Palestinian Dialogue".

"By keeping them in camps as refugees for 38 years, we are forcing them to violence born of despair. The Israeli people are closing their eyes to this. They are living in a world of illusions", says Dori.

Yussef, for his part, warns : "As long as the Israelis bran- dish their iron fist in the occupied territories, they are sure to develop hatred in our children leading to more vio- lence and even greater fundamentalism".

Yussef and Haydar repudiate violence. But as Haydar says : "We live under a fascist regime, a police state which denies us the most elementary human rights while trying to convince

wor ld o p i n i o n t h a t we a r e " t e r r o r i s t s " . But who a r e t h e t e r r o r i s t s " ? I t was t h e I s r a e l i s and t h e i r l e a d e r s who f i r s t used t e r r o r i s m - a g a i n s t t h e P a l e s t i n i a n s and t h e B r i t i s h .

But s e e d s of p e a c e have been sown by D o r i and o t h e r l i k e - minded I s r a e l i s . P a l e s t i n i a n s have r e s p o n d e d and i n Novem- b e r , D o r i l e d a d e l e g a t i o n t o Rumania t o meet P a l e s t i n i a n i n t e l l e c t u a l s and p o l i t i c i a n s , i n c l u d i n g t h e PLO.

I n day-to-day l i f e , c o n s i d e r a b l e s o l i d a r i t y and c o o p e r a t i o n have a l s o d e v e l o p e d b o t h i n s i d e I s r a e l and i n t h e o c c u p i e d t e r r i t o r i e s , between P a l e s t i n i a n s and l e f t - w i n q I s r a e l i s .

They c o u l d make l i t t l e Fadwa's dream come t r u e , though p e r - h a p s n o t b y " F r i d a y " . S u r e l y t h a t would b e b e t t e r t h e n t o s e e h e r become a " t e r r o r i s e " o f t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 .

All I ask

l a d noihing more Than to die in my country To dissolve ~ n d nerve with the soil To nurture the p s s . To give It,& to ,I flower That 3 child of my country WILL ptck M! I J S ~

Is to remain in the 60sc'/ti o f w y country As soil.

Grass. A /lower

CORY AQUINO TO THE UNITED NATIONS

I F THE UN DOES NOT N O T I C E HOW GOVERNMENTS

T R E A T PEOPLE, I T I S N O T H I N G

I t i s t h e i r o n y o f t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s t h a t s o many new l e a d - e r s have s t e p p e d t o t h i s r o s t r u m , a s I have t o d a y , w i t h m i - xed f e e l i n g s . Yes, we took sower t o implement s o many o f t h e i d e a l s t h a t t h e U n i t e d N a t i o q s s t a n d f o r . We have r e s t o r e d human r i g h t s and l i b e r a t e d o'nr p e o p l e from t h e o p p r e s s i o n and c o r r u p t i o n o f a Governme;,t t h a t had long s i n c e l o s t t h e i r s u p p o r t . Y e t , l i k e s o many o t h e r l e a d e r s b e f o r e me, I m o b l i g e d t o s a y t h a t we d i d t h a t by o u r s e l v e s . I t was t h e F i l i p i n o p e o p l e a l o n e who b r a v e d i n t i m i d a t i o n and c h e a t i n g a t t h e p o l l s a n d , when t h e i r v i c t o r y was s t o l e n from them, t u r n e d o u t i n t o t h e s t r e e t by t h e m i l l i o n t o r e c l a i m and s e c u r e i t .

I n d e e d , a s o u r c o u n t r y b l e d a t t h e h a n d s o f a Government t h a t had l o s t a l l r e s p e c t f o r t h e r i g h t s o f o u r p e o p l e , i t s l e a d e r ' s w i f e came t o t h i s r o s t r u m t o c a l l p i o u s l y f o r a new human o r d e r - t h i s when t h o u s a n d s o f F i l i p i n o s were p o l i t i - c a l p r i s o n e r s . And i n t h e f i n a l months o f t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p , i n t e r n a t i o n a l s o l i d a r i t y w a s expressed by o r d i n a r y p e o p l e e v e r y w h e r e , who s a t i n f r o n t o f t h e i r t e l e v i s i o n s e t s and watched and c h e e r e d o u r r e v o l u t i o n .

1 t h i s y e a r o f a l l y e a r s , when i n s o many p a r t s o f t h e w o r l d we s e e p e o p l e s t r u g g l i n g t o e s t a b l i s h t h e i r human r i g h t s , I b e l i e v e one must be f r a n k t o be r e l e v a n t . 1 mean t o u s e t h i s o c c a s i o n t o s h a r e w i t h o p p r e s s e d p e o p l e e v e r y - where my own e x p e r i e n c e o f how change i s b r o u g h t a b o u t .

My b a s i c c o n c l u s i o n c a n b e s t a t e d v e r y s i m p l y : t o b e f r e e one c a n , a s a p e o p l e , e f f e c t i v e l y a p p e a l t o i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s o f human r i g h t s s e t by o t h e r s , s u c h a s t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s . Y e t , i n t h e e n d , t o v i n d i c a t e t h o s e r i g h t s , t o a c h i e v e freedom, one i s on o n e ' s own.

The U n i t e d N a t i o n s h a s s t a y e d o u t o f t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l . a f - f a i r s o f n a t i o n s . I t s C h a r t e r o r d e r s t h a t t h a t s h o u l d b e s o . O b v i o u s l y t h i s i s w i s e i?. s o f a r a s i t p r e v e n t s a b u s e o f t h e s o v e r e i g n independence of s t a t e s . Y e t i t h a s a l s o been an i n v i t a t i o n t o h y p o c r i s y . The v a l u e o f t h i s Assembly s h o u l d r e s t on u s , i t s members, p r a c t i s i n g what we p r e a c h . To my mind , t h a t r e q u i r e s b o t h r e a l i s m and c o n c e r n when we a d d r e s s t h e a f f a i r s o f o t h e r s , r e a l i s m i n t h a t we s h o u l d n o t p romise more t h a n we c a n d e l i v e r .

We should acknowledge what the Filipino people have learned: there is no substitute for action by oppressed peoples them- selves. But there should be concern about allowing this Hall to be abused by those who claim one standard of behaviour and behave according to another back home. Do not misunder- stand me. The United Nations should never be an exclusive club for one ideoloqical model, for that would defeat its primary purpose, to keep peace in an imperfect world.

There are many ways to run a country, but there is only one way to treat people: with decency and respect for their uniqueness as individuals. Only if those of us who have the responsibility of leadership respect our fellows and their essential right to find fulfilment in their lives can we hold our heads high here at the United Nations.

The United Nations would lose all purpose if it were to set about -judging one political system against another. Yet, equally, if the United Nations does not notice how govern- ments treat people, it is nothing. I need only go back to the rousing words of the United Nations Charter. The United Nations is about people. If it fails them, can it be any better than its most corrupt and oppressive Member State? Even diplomacy, which is pre-eminently about States, cannot ignore, without peril or embarrassment, how States treat their people.

And so, as the leader of a country which has this year en- joyed the sweet taste of freedom, again let me reconfirm our support for what the United Nations at its best stands for : the peace, freedom, dignity and partnership of mankind. But let me also at the same time serve warning to those denied freedom and dignity : do not look beyond yourselves to find them.

We in the Philippines were strengthened in our resolve by knowing that people around the world shared our struggle. On their televisions and in their newspapers, they followed our drama. Further, we know that the rights we fought for are universally sought after; they are enshrined - not entombed, mind you - in the United Nations Covenants. The importance of such international support should never be dismissed. It helped us knowing we were not alone.

But even when the authors of the United Nations Charter stopped short of endorsing any right of interference in any nation's internal affairs, they were responding to more than the jealous realities of intergovernmental relations. Ra- ther, they were reflecting a more lasting truth about how man prefers to order his life on this planet.

People must be masters of their own fate. The Filipino peo- ple have known and been grateful for liberation at the hands of others : in 1398, a liberation that was swiftly betrayed,

and in 1946, one which we promptly washed. Yet now, navinq Known the exhilaration of throwing off our bonds ourselves, I think every Fillpino would agree there is only one real liberation.

Only a people, already sovereign in their hearts and deeds, can win and keep their independence and freedom. This is not a pessimistic conclusion because, additionally, I believe that no government can indefinitely resist a people 'united against it. It may have the guns, the goons and the gold. Yet, as we found in the Philippines, there is no government that can indefinitely resist a people determined to be free.

And so, while the United Nations may not intervene to bring the sovereignty and freedom enloyed by nat-~ons to the people who are denied them, it should carefully avoid becoming an unwitting partner of their oppressors.

I turn now specifically to the great moral issue that con- fronts this General Assembly : the situation in South Afri- ca. To Nelson Mandela and his wife, Winnie, and all South Africans, my prayers are with you. Mr. Mandela's long in- carceration in prison, separated from his wife and family, inevitably reminds me of the imprisonment of my own husband, Ninoy Aquino.

The lesson in my country and so many other places such as Argentina, whose President Alfonsin recently visited Manila, is that every act of repression reaps its final return. In the end, human values cannot be held down. They could not be in Argentina; they co'-ild not be in the Philippines. They will not be in South .Africa.

It is right that we all play our part in creating the envi- ronment for change in South Africa. The Philippines will support any action the international community takes to has- ten the advent of peace and freedom in South Africa and to show solidarity with its people. But it would help the case a great deal if this forum were to take equal note and ac- tion against oppression wherever it occurs, wherever people are abused and degraded, be it blatantly or ostensibly in their own name. I do not believe that the force of moral action is diminished by being spread wherever it is needed. It is strengthened by exercise and weakened by neglect.

Let me say directly to the millions of victims of apartheid in South Africa, to the families of those who have given their lives : do not waiver in your unity; look only to your own strength and determination.

If there is one tactic that served us above all others in our movement for freedom, it was espousing a. programme of action that kept us united. In our case, this meant the use of ncn-violence and constant vigilance against the provoca-

o f n o n - V i o l e n c e ir.d c o n s t a n t ~ l q i 1 ~ 1 r . c c . ' a g a i n s t t h e s r o v o c a - t . ion o f t h e a u t h o r i t i e s . C f t e n , I wd3 u r q e d t o qo f a r t h e r : t o c a l l f c r a more c c . " . i r o n t a t i o n a l l i n e . Sst my c o n s t a n t c o n c e r n was t o k e e ? t h e wide c o a l i t i o n o f f o r c e s t h a t b a c k e d oi^r c a m p a i g n t o q e t h e r . Often, I d i s a p c o r d e d son',e o f rriy s u p - p o r t e r s by a p p r o v i n g o n l y l i m i t e d a c t i c r . 5 a g a i n s t m e G0vernxe r . t . Y e t i t was t h e r o c k - l i X e a.- . i ty c f t h e c!s?ca:ricn and t h e enormous s a p ~ c r t i t en ' cyed m a t c:?erwnc'lzed t:?e G o v e r m e n t . T h a t meant z c t q o i n q f a s t e r char; any c f c u r S C G -

p o r t e r s w e r e ?rsipar-sci t o q o . T h i s a i l c w e d 1 s 10 ove rco r r~e where more n a r r o w - b a s e d o p p o s i t i o n c h a l l e n g e s had f a i l e d t c d i s l o d g e t h e d i c t a t c r s h i p .

P e r h a p s t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s c a n n o t q o f a s t e r t h a n i t s m o s t r e l u c t a n t Member c o w a r d s i t s s t a t e d g o a l s o f p e a c e , f r e e d o m and d i g n i t y f o r t h e p e o p l e s o f a i l n a t i o n s . And p e r h a p s , f o r i t s more s i g n i f i c a n t aci- . ieverr.~i-i t , we s h c u l d l o o k r a t h e r t c t h e p e a c e i t h a s h e l p e d t o p r e s e r v e , and t h e c o o p e r a t i o n i t h a s f o s t e r e d , b e t w e e n n a t i o n s a l r e a d y m e n d s , t h a n t o t h e p e a c e i t h a s f a i l e d t o k e e p b e t w e e n n a t i o n s b e n t on w a r . I?, t h e same l i g h t s h o u l d we r e g a r d t h e s a l u t a r y i n f l u e n c e o r i t s f r e e d o m - p r a c t . i s i n q inemners i n t h e c o u n s e l s o f t h e w o r l d ( . . . )

To n u r t u r e a v i q o r o ~ s p e a c e w h e r e v e r i t a b i d e s a n d s t r fep .qth- e n l o n g - s t a n d i n q f r i e n d s h i p s : p e r h a p s t h i s i s a l l t h a t i t l i e s i n t h e power o t i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s t o ,2c.

I h a v e a l w a y s b e e n a f i r m a d v o c a t e o f peace . P e r h a p s r t i s o n l y t h e t r a g e d y c f c o n f l i c t t h a t t e a c h e s u s t h e t r u e v a l u e o f p e a c e . L e t u s who a r e t h e l o y a l f r i e n d s o f p e a c e c o n t i n u e t o r e s i s t t h e t e m p t a t i o n t o e x p l o i t t h e c o n f l i c t o f o u r r ~ e i g h b o u r s . Those o f u s i n ASEAN u n d e r s t a n d t h e c r u c i a l i m - p o r t a n c e o f t h e s e g o a l s . Each o f o u r c o u n t r i e s h a s p a s s e d t h r o u g h p e r i o d o f c r i s i s when g r e a t r i f t s o f w e a k n e s s n a v e a p p e a r e d , y e t none o f t h e o t h e r s , f o r a l l o u r d i f f e r e n c e s i n p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m s a n d b e l i e f s , h a s e x p l o i t e d t h e o c c a s i o n ; on t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e y h a v e r i s e n t o i t w i t h e n c o u r a g i n g e x - p r e s s i o n s o f sympa thy a n d o f f e r s o f h e l p a n d m e d i a t i o n , e v e r r e s p e c t f u l o f t h e i n t e g r i t y o f t h e i r t r a c j i c n e i g h b o u r .

And s o my m e s s a g e t o d a y i s a n e f f o r t t o b r i n g t h i s mi-ss ior! o f t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s i n t o s h a r p e r f o c u s t o t h e e n d t h a t t h e r e s h a l l b e n o more d i s a p p o i n t m e n t s o v e r u n w a r r a n t e d ex - p e c t a t i o n s . T h e r e w i l l b e n o more w a s t e d h o p e s or. t h e p a r t o f t h o s e who m u s t s a v e t h e i r s t r e n g t h f o r t h e l o n g and d i f - f i c u l t s t r u g g l e f c r p e a c e a n d f r e e d o m . T h e r e w i l l b e , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a c l e a r e r r e c o g n i t i o n by t h e U n i c e a N a t i o n s o f i t s i r r e d u c i b l e commi tmen t s a n d v a l u e s , a more l e a l o u s r e - g a r d f o r t h e i r i n t e g r i t y a n d , f o r t h a t r e a s o n , p e r h a p s , a s u r e r p r o s p e c t . o f a c h i e v i n g t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s g o a l s o f p e a c e , f r e e d o m , d i g n i t y and t h e p a r t n e r s h i p o f mank ind .

TABLE OF CONTENT

Nor1 d >orifereorice o * ? a d i a t i o n S u r v i v o r s "7 'I > :CJIS: Campaign ing for - J u s t i c e i n 3hopa; :E abase o u t n u c l e a r f a c i ' " ~ . ' e s i ^he . ' ienr .a J Q " : ' , a r a t i ~ n ' - 7 -

! /

I n a i a : ARE ' : ' - r i i c i ea r r r o ' l e ~ e n t e ? t . p t j K l a u d e A l v a r e s ) 7 Q M e x i c o : E c o l o g i i t s p r ? t e s t a q a i n s t ne'~4 n u c l e a r p lo?:s 52 P a k ' i t ~ n : ! ~ n p r e c e d e r t e c $ u o l l : o u t c r y o d e r ;e^fcnt 21sr.L 3 3 Peace B r i g a d e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l , 8 4 S r i Lanka : N o n v i o ~ e n t 3 j r e c t A c t i a r i Group 8 5 A r t i c l e 19 8 6 Europe: J o i n EX0 87 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Ne two rk S e l f - R e l i a n c e 8 9 A f r i q u e : L 'APAC, ce q i l ' e 1 ; e e s t , ;e q u ' e l l e f r i ; t 9 1 Pa raguay : BASE/ISEC 93 Chilr:: E l prcqr'ama ca rpes 'na d e i Cent:-a e i Cane'.., id ,';CS 96 Jama ica : A n o n - t r i b a l app rsacn t c d e m o c r a t i c : ~ v e h p i : : e n t . 9 8 F r a n c e : AITEC, Arch imede e t ~ e o n a r d 9 9 'he I n s t i t u t e f o r Faod and Deve lopment P o l i c y 1 0 1 B i k e s f o r a l t e r n a t i v e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n 103 The ? !e tb !er Iards : Women - e n v i r o n m e n t - s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o n n e r t 104 B . I . E . N . The 1986 R i q h t L i v e l i h o o d Awards I n t e r c o m u n i t y C o o p e r a t i o n : 9 c a l ' ; f o r i n f o r m a t i o n i-lab; t a t Forum B e r l -in ' 8 7

WORLD CONFERENCE OF RADIATION SURVIVORS

U N I T E D N A T I O N S , NEW YORK, 26 SEPTEMBER - 3 O C T O B E R 1987

We a r e v i c t i m s of radiation exposure f r o m n u c l e a r rfcapuna and n u c l e a r power devel.opment. We, f o r c:le f i r s t c i m e , have gat l iered t~ hold t h i s I n t e r n a t i o n a l R a d i a t i o n S u r v i v o r s (Hibakusha) Forum i n r l i rosnima, where che f i r s t a c c u a l use o f n u c l e a r weapons, t h e worse cr ime i n h i s t o r y , r-ook p l a c e 4 9 y e a r s ago .

i e a r e a f f l i c t e d by s e r i o u s ? ' r . y s i c a l , p s y c h o l o g i c a l and s o c i a l -".iar.age, t h e r a a n i f e s t a t i o n s of x h i c h have n e v e r b e f o r e b e e n e x p e r i e n c e d b y hunan b e i n g s . Our i n j u r i e s have b e e n c a u s e d by n u c l e a r f u e l s / w e a p o n s - uran ium m i n i n g , t h e c i v i l i a n u s e of a t o m i c e n e r g y , n u c l e a r weapons d sve lopc . en t and t e s t i n g , u s e of n u c l e a r weapons and n u c l e a r w a s t e dumping.

Many h a v e a l r e a d y d i e d f rom c a n c e r and o t h e r r a d i a t i o n r e l a t e d d i s e a s e s ; o t h e r s c o n t i n u e t o s u f f e r t h e agony of r a d i a t i o n s i c k n e s s . L'e have o f t e n been t r e a t e d a s g u i n e a p i g s by s t a t e s and i n d i . i s t r i e s d o n i n a t e d by i r . sane n u c l e a r p r o g r a m s . They d i s c r i m i n i - t t e a g a i n s t u s , s u p p r e s s J u r v o i c e s and i g n o r e o u r b a s i c human r i g h t s .

These s t a t e s and i n d u s t r i e s have n e v e r acknowledged t h e i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y a s n u c l e a r a s s a i l a n t s . They have i n s i s t e d t h a t t h e d a n g e r s o f r a d i a t i o r . a r e l o w e r t hdn t h e y a c t u a l l y a r e and t h e y have d e n i e d :he l i n k be tween r a d i a t i o n and o u r d i s e a s e s . Our c l a i m s have c o n t i n u e d t o be d i s m i s s e d i r r a t i o n a l l y and undermined i n s i d i o u s l y oy t h e s t a t e s a n d i n d u s t r i e s r e s p o n s i b l e .

G h e r e b y a c c u s e t h o s e a s s a ~ l a n t s o f , and derrand c h a t the; acknowledge t h e i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r , t h e f o l l o w i n g :

L . Expos ing communi t i e s and w o r k e r s t o h a z a r d s of u r a n i u m min ing and m i l l i n g . e s p e c i a l l y N o r t h A m e r i c a n s , A u s t r a l i a n A b o r i g i n e s a n d Nami- b i a ~ ~ .

. The c o n t i n u e d s u f f e r i n g of p e o p l e of v a r i o u s n a t i o n a l i t i e s c a u s e d by t h e a t o m i c bombs d r o p p e d on H i rosh ima and N a g a s a k i .

3 . The s u f f e r i n g ~ n f l i c ~ e d upon t h e M a r s h a l l I s l a n d e r s and J a p a n e s e f i s h e m e n on t h e 5 t h Lucky Dragon and o t h e r b o a t s by n u c l e a r weapons t e s t i n g by t h e US.

4. The s u f f e r i n g i n f l i c t e d upon t h e F r e n c h P o l j n e s i d n s a n d o t h e r peo- p l e s by n u c l e a r weapons t e s t i n g by F r e n c h .

5 The s u f f e r i n g i n f l i c t e d upon A u s t r a l i a n A b o r i g i n e s by n u c l e a r weapons t e s t i n g by UK.

b . The s u f f e r i n g i n f l i c t e d upon t h e i n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e o f t h e N o r t h P o l e Reg ion (Esk imos , L a p s , e t : . ) by a t m o s p h e r i c n u c l e a r weapons t e s t - i n g . 7 . The s u f f e r i n g b r o u g h t o r e s i d e n t s l i v i n g n e a r n u c l e a r weapons t e s t - i n g a n d n u c l e a r a c c i d e n t s i t e s i n t h e US, t h e L'SSR, C h i n a and o t h e r c o u n t r i e s .

8 . The s u f f e r i n g i n f l i c t e d by n u c l e a r weapons deve lopmen t .

9 . The s u f f e r i n g i n f l i c t e d upon t h e a t o m i c v e t e r a n s i n t h e US, ~ u s t r a - l i a , t h e LJK a n d o t h e r c o u c t r i e s .

10 . The s u f f e r i n g c a u s e d t o w n r k e r s and communi t i e s t h r o u g h o u t t h e m - - c l e a r f u e l c y c l e .

11. The s u f f e r i n g c a u s e d by e x p o s u r e t o r a d i a t i o n from v a r i o u s s o u r c e s i n c l u d i n g m e d i c a l s c i e n c e .

1'2. The s u f f e r i n g i n f l i c t e d upon t h e s econd g e n e r a t i o n and s u b s e q u e n t g e n e r a t i o n s o f H ibakusha .

13. The s u f i e r i i i g i n f l i c t e d by n u c l e a r deve lopmen t upon a l l t h e p e o p l e of t h e w o r l d and a l l t h e l i v i n g p l a n t s and a n i m a l s , which s u s t a i n l i f e o n t h i s p l a n e t .

The n u c l e a r f u e l s / w e a p o n s c y c l e t h r i v e s upon t h e s y s t s m of d i s c r i m i n a - t i o n p r e s e n t i n t o d a y ' s w o r l d - o p p r e s s i o n of i n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e s and s u p p r e s s i o n o f t h e i r hunan r i g h t s , f o r example . The c y c l e a l s o t h r i v e s on s e c r e c y , d e c e p t i o n and d e f e n s i v e s c i e n c e s which unde rmine t r u t h and s u r v i v a l . The h i s t o r y of n u c l e a r deve lopmen t h a s i n c l u d e d s e v e r e J i s - t u r b a n c e of t h e economic and s o c i a l l i f e of s o c i e t i e s i n wh ich i t h a s o c c u r r e d . T h e r e f o r e , t h e e x p a n s i o n o f t h e n u c l e a r c y c l e i s n o t o n l y c r e a t i n g more H i b a k u s h a , i t i s a l s o e x p a n d i n g a s y s t e n o f d i s c r i m i n a t i o n a n d s u p p r e s s i o n . We b e l i a v e t h a t a s o c i e t y wh ich c r e a t e s r a d i a t i o n v i c - t i m s and which s u p p r e s s e s o u r human r i g h t s i s a s o c i e t y wh ich a c c e p t s t h e n u c l e a r e x t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e human r a c e .

T h u s , a s r a d i a t i o n v i c t i m s , we a p p e a l t o a l l H ibakusha and peace-minded p e o p l e t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r l d t o u n i t e a n d :

1 . Aim a t t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t , r e c o g n i t i o n and p r o t e c t i o n or" l e g i t i m a t e r i g h t s o f a i l Hibak.usha.

2 . Commend t h e USSR f o r i t s f i v e month u n i l a t e r a l c e s s a t i o n o f n u c l e a r weapons t e s t i n g ; c a l l f o r a n immed ia t e comprehens ive t e s t b a n t r e a t y and more s t r o n g l y t h a n e v e r , demand a phase -ou t of a l l n u c l e a r weapons and i n d u s t r i e s .

3 . Al low no more n u c l e a r v i c t i m s f rom t h e e x i s t i n g n u c l e a r f u e l s / wea- pons c y c l e , f u t u r e u r a n i u m m i n i n g , o r p l a n n e d n u c l e a r w a s t e dumping,

4 . C a l l f o r t h e US, t h e USSR and t h e UK t o i m m e d i a t e l y b e g i n r e d u c t i o n o f n u c l e a r weapons a s t h e y p l e d g e d i n t h e N u c l e a r N o n - P r o l i f e r a t i o n T r e a t y i n 1 9 7 0 , and a l l n u c l e a r power s t o do l i k e w i s e .

5 . Deve lop a w o r l d w i d e movement o f H ibakusha and t a k e a c t i o n t o c r e a t e a n u c l e a r - f r e e w o r l d f o r a l l f u t u r e g e n e r a t i o n s .

Wi th t h e s e a i m s i n mind , we, g a t h e r e d a t t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l R a d i a t i o n S u r v i v o r s Forum i n H i r o s h i m a , unan imous ly c a l l f o r a w o r l d c o n f e r e n c e o t r a d i a t i o n s u r v i v o r s i n two y e a r s t i m e , w i t h s p e c i f i c p l a n n i n g t o p r o c e e d i m m e d i a t e l y .

For "lore information, p l e a s e s x t a c t :

u r q a r . Ccngress Against A and ,? Bomb ISensuzkin), iw *or AkLmoto Building, 2-19 Tsukasa-aho, Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan, OT

Coordinator : K i t t y Tucker, At torney , Health S Snergy I n s t i t u t e , 236 .'Â¥/ass Awe E, S u i t e 506, Washington DC 20002, USA.

ICJIB: CAMPAIGNING FOR JUSTICE IN BHOPAL I t ' s b e e n more chap. :WO y e a r s s i n c e t h e 3 n o p a l d i s a s t e r t o o k p l a c e , b a t l a r g e numbers o f v i e : i n s c o n t i n u e t o s u f f e r f rom a v a r i e t y o f s e r io7c . hea1:h and soc io -economic p r o b l e m s . M e d i c a l and r e l i e f " e a s u r e s f o r t h e 3 h o p a l v i c t i m s have been i n a d e q u a t e and s l o w .

. . . , i i t h t h e c o n t i n u i n g p l i g h t of cne Bhopal v i c t i m i n mind , s e v e n con- g o v e r n m e n t a l o r g a n i s a t i o n s , h a v e , on t h e o c c a s i o n of :he 2nd a n n i v e r s a r y o f t h e S h o p a l d i s a s t e r , c o l l i - c o r a t e d t o f o r a ICJIB - I n t e r n a t i o n a l Goa- l i t i o n f o r J u s t i c e i n 3 h o p a i . P a r t i c i p a n t s ok I C J I 3 i n c l u d e t h e A s i a n R e g i o n a l Exchange f o r hew A l t e r n a t i v e s ("ring Kong) , Bhopal A c t i o n Re- s o u r c e C e n t e r ( U S A ) , 3 h o p a i D i s a s t e r M o n i t o r i n g Group ( J a p a n ) , Bhopai Never Aga in A c t i o n Group ( N e t h e r l a n d s ) , Bhopal T r a d e Union S o l i d a n t ; ' Group ( L ' K ) , Bhopal V i c t i m s S u p p o r t Commit tee ( U K ) and t h e 1 n t e r n a t i s r . a : O r g a n i z a t i o n of Consumers Unions (Mc i l ays id ) .

t h e c o r e a c t i v i t y on 1 C J I B ' s agenda w i l l b e t o mount a campa ign a imed a t e x e r t i n g c o n c e r n e d and s u s t a i n e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s s u r e - v i a a p p e a l l e t t e r s and a s i g n a t u r e d r i v e - o n Union C i - i rb~de and t h e l z d i a n Govern- men t . ICJ IB opeb t o ach i eve ; t h e f o l l o w i n g :

P r o t e c t i n g &:id p r c m o t i n g t h e i n t e r e s t s ot t h e Bhopal v i c t i i r s by work ing t o w a r d s e n s u r i n g q u i c k and a d e q u a t e r e l r e f r e d r e s s and com- p e n s a t i o n .

S t r e n g t h e n i n g l i n k a g e s and n e t w o r k i n g be tween l i ke -minded a s s ~ c i a - d o n s work ing on t h e 3 h o p a l i s s u e i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n d i s p a c e , 3 s w e l l a s l e n d i n g s u p p o r t f o r t h e a c t i v i t i e s of I n d i a n a s s o c i a t - i o n s w o r k i n g on t h e Bhopai i s s u e .

F a c i l i t a t e t h e r e l e a s e and d i s s e m i n a t i o n o f h i t h e r t o s u p p r e s s e d i n r o r m a t i o n t h a t n igh t : p r o v e c r u c i a l f o r p u r p o s e s o f o b t a i n i n g j u s - t i c e t o r t h e Bhopal v i c t i m s .

E l u c i d a t e d i e p u b l i c a c c o u n t a b i l i t y ( o r r a t h e r t h e l a c k t h e r e o f ; of t h e p r i n c i p a l p a r t i e s i n v o l v e d i n t h e Btiopal d i s a s t e r .

PHASE OUT NUCLEAR FACILITIES'

D E C L A R A T I O N O F T H E C O N F E R E N C E ON R E A C T O R U N S A F E T Y

A h 3 P H A S I N G OUT OF N U C L E A R POWER

V ! E N N A , 26 S E P T E M B E R 1986

i e have come t o g e t h e r , a s c i t i z e n s and s c i e n t i s t s , from more than twenty c o u n t r i e s a l l o v e r t h e wor ld , from Sweden t o B r a z i l , from Yugoslavia t o Japan . We d i f f e r widely i n o u t l o o k , r e l i g i o n and c u l t u r a l background. Yet t h e t h r e a t of a world w i t h n u c l e a r power p l a n t s has u n i t e d u s i n a p r o t e s t a g a i n s t t h o s e c o u n t r i e s which c o n t i n u e t o use and deve lop nuc- l e a r power.

Chernobyl has i r r e v o c a b l y s h a t t e r e d t h e i l l u s i o n t h a t n u c l e a r power i s s a f e . The f a l l - o u t of t h i s c a t a s t r o p h e w i l l damage p l a n t s , an imals and humans f o r many y e a r s t o come. We a r e f o r t u n a t e t h a t t h e a c c i d e n t was l i m i t e d t o j u s t one r e a c t o r and undoubtedly we owe a g r e a t d e a l t o t h o s e who fought t h e b l a z e a t Chernobyl w i t h e x t r a o r d i n a r y courage and s a c r i - f i c e . A l l e x p e r t s - even n u c l e a r power p r o t a g o n i s t s - a g r e e cha t abso- l u t e l y s a f e r e a c t o r s do no t e x i s t . A H r e a c t o r s depend f o r s a f e t y on h i g h l y complex sys tems which make them v u l n e r a b l e t o e r r o r s , a c c i d e n t s and sabo tage . Every mis take i s a p o t e n t i a l c a t a s t r o p h e - r e a c t o r s a r e t h e r e f o r e u n f i t f o r human use . Moreover, t h e r e i s no s a f e p l a c e on e a r t h t o g e t r i d of n u c l e a r was tes ; t h e t ime-sca les i n v o l v e d , encompassing r-housands of y e a r s , and r e c u r r e n t s e i s m o l o g i c a l and c l i m a t i c u p h e a v a l s , p r e c l u d e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of s a f e d i s p o s a l . Routine emiss ions of low l e - v e l r a d i o a c t i v i t y i n c r e a s e t h e r i s k of cancer and g e n e t i c damage i n li- v i n g o rgan i sms . Is'e must not l e t o u r s e l v e s be dece ived by r a d i a t i o n pro- t e c t i o n b o d i e s which seem r a t h e r t o p r o t e c t r a d i a t i o n s t a n d a r d s from c r i t i c i s m than human b e i n g s from r a d i a t i o n .

Surveys show t h a t p u b l i c conf idence i n t h e n u c l e a r o p t i o n has c o l l a p s e d : major p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s and t r a d e un ions have begun t o look f o r ways o u t . Ye t , t h e IAEA a s w e l l a s governments a r e u n w i l l i n g read t h e s i g n s of t h e t imes . At t h e i r r e a c t o r s a f e t y confe rence they have a g a i n been c e l e b r a t i n g t h e myth of t h e s a f e r e a c t o r . "Safe" normally means " f r e e from danger" : t o t a l k abou t s a f e i n connec t ion w i t h r e a c t o r s i s a g r o s s abuse of p u b l i c conf idence and r e f l e c t s no th ing e l s e t h a n t h e IAEA's f i x a t i o n on t h e n u c l e a r i n d u s t r y and i t s t e c h n o c r a t s . How much t h e IAEA confe rence a c c e p t s t h e p r o b a b i l i t y of a n o t h e r c a t a s t r o p h e is shown by i t s d e l e g a t e s ' concern f o r t h e consequences of a c c i d e n t s r a t h e r t h a n p r e v e n t i o n ; t h e r e s o l u t i o n s a r e more concerned w i t h a p o s t - a c c i d e n t mop- ping-up o p e r a t i o n . T h e i r p l a n s t o make p r o v i s i o n f o r t h e consequences of major a c c i d e n t s w i t h a p r o b a b i l i t y of one every 20 y e a r s - i . e t h e n e x t one tomorrow - i n v o l v i n g t h e s t o r a g e of uncontaminated food , t h e con- s t r u c t i o n of s h e l t e r s , t h e t r a i n i n g of s p e c i a l r e s c u e teams, s p e c i a l s e c u r i t y p e r s o n n e l , i n d i c a t e s t h a t even on a pure ly economic b a s i s , nu- c l e a r power i s becoming a complete f i a s c o . Nothing compels u s t o p u r s u e t h e n u c l e a r p a t h . Many s t u d i e s i n d i f f e r e n t c o u n t r i e s have r e p e a t e d l y demons t ra ted t h a t a phas ing o u t of n u c l e a r power i n t h e s h o r t term i s p o s s i b l e - f o r most c o u n t r i e s w i t h i n one y e a r .

A r a t i o n a l ene rgy sys t em t h a t u s e s t h e e x i s t i n g s u r p l u s g e n e r a t i n g capa- c i t y , combining improved ene rgy e f f i c i e n c i e s , e n e r g y c o n s e r v a t i o n and t h e development of r enewab le r e s o u r c e s , can o b v i a t e t h e need f o r n u c l e a r power. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e world c a n n o t f r e e i t s e l f of n u c l e a r weapons a s long a s t h e p lu ton ium economy p e r s i s t s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e economic de- d i n e of t h e n u c l e a r i n d u s t r y t h r e a t e n s t o become a new o i l i s t o n e a round :he neck o f a l l economies , w h i l e an i n t e l l i g e n t e n e r g y p o l i c y w i l l open up ways t o a s u s t a i " . a b l e economy of t h e f u t u r e .

For t h e s a k e of t h e i r own r e p u t a t i o n s , we recommend t h e IAEA and member governments t h a t t hey d i s c a r d t h e o b s e s s i o n s of t h e 1950s and we denand i n t h e name of ou r and s u c c e s s i v e g e n e r a t i o n s t h e shut-down of a l l nu- c l e a r f a c i l i t i e s th roughou t t h e wor ld .

We c a n n o t t a k e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o o p e r a t i o n s e r i o u s l y a s long a s i t does no t r e s u l t :

a ) i n a c o n f e r e n c e a t Un i t ed N a t i o n s l e v e l which a ims a t p h a s i n g o u t n u c l e a r f a c i l i t i e s i n E a s t and West, Nor th and Sou th ;

b) i n t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of t h e IAEA i n t o a n Energy Agency which sup-. p o r t s t h e p h a s i n g o u t of n u c l e a r power and t h e b r i n g i n g i n of a non-nuc lea r ene rgy f u t u r e ; t h e non-nuc lea r s t a t e s w i t h i n t h e IAEA s h o u l d t a k e t h e i n i t i a t i v e i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n .

We c o n g r a t u l a t e a l l t h o s e c o u n t r i e s t h a c a r e n o t y e t bu rdened w i t h nu- c l e a r power and hope t h a t t h e y c o n t i n u e t o keep away from y e s t e r d a y ' s t e c h n o l o g y . We u r g e t h e non-nuc lea r c o u n t r i e s t o a l e r t t h e i r n u c l e a r n e i g h b o u r s t o t h e d a n g e r s t o which t h e y a r e exposed .

We announce t h e f o l l o w i n g :

a ) An t i -Atom-In te rna t iona l h a s s e t up a European ne twork of s c i e n - t is ts , t r a d e u n i o n i s t s , l a w y e r s and g r a s s - r o o t s i n i t i a t i v e s t o o r - g a n i z e m u l t i n a t i o n a l d e f e n c e a g a i n s t n u c l e a r f a c i l i t i e s . A s c e n a r i o f o r phas ing o u t n u c l e a r e n e r g y , which t r a n s c e n d s East-West b a r r i - e r s , w i l l b e worked o u t . Cour t c a s e s a r e b e i n g p r e p a r e d t o c h a l - l e n g e t h e l e g a l i t y of n u c l e a r power.

b ) I n t h e s p r i n g of 1987 p r o t e s t a c t i o n s w i l l be o r g a n i z e d i n s e v e r a l c o u n t r i e s a g a i n s t European invo lvement w i t h t h e f a s t b r e e d e r Super- p h e n i x p r o j e c t a t Creys -Malv i l l e i n F rance . These campaigns w i l l c u l m i n a t e i n a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l d e m o n s t r a t i o n a t C r e y s - M a l v i l l e .

c ) Governments have no r i g h t t o d e c i d e , d i v o r c e d from p u b l i c o p i n i o n , a b o u t t h e f u t u r e of l i f e and mankind. We t h e r e f o r e demand t h a t i n a l l c o u n t r i e s of t h e w o r l d , p e o p l e s h o u l d be g i v e n t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o d e c i d e i n a r e fe rendum t h a t n u c l e a r power and n u c l e a r weapons be abandoned.

d ) At t h e l o c a l l e v e l , we w i l l work towards t h e c r e a t i o n n o t o n l y of nuclear-weapon f r e e z o n e s , b u t a l s o of nuclear-power f r e e z o n e s .

(The Conference - c f . IFDA Dossier S5 p . d S - uas held under the auspices of Anti-~'com-~nternatioml',o/'o O H , Liechtensteinstrasse 13, 1090 Vienna, Austr ia . )

I N D I A : A N T I -NUCLEAR MOVEMENT ERUPTS

By Claude A l v a r a s

Yew D e l h i , *: A n t i - n u c l e a r movements, f o r a number o f y e a r s , have r ema ined r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e i n d u s t r i a l c o u n t r i e s , w i t h t h e T h i r d World . p a r t i c u l a r l y i t s gove rnmen t s , f i r m l y commit ted t o t h e p a t h o r n u c l e a r e n e r g y deve lopmen t . Of p o p u l a r a g i t a t i o n s , e x c e p t f o r t h e P h i l i p p i n e s , t h e r e have b e e n p r e c i o u s l i t t l e : i n most T h i r d Vor ld c o u n t r i e s , n u c l e a r e s t a b l i s h m e n t s have b e e n p l a c e d e f f e c t i v e l y o u t of d e m o c r a t i c c o n t r o l t h r o u g h s p e c i a l l e g i s l a t i o n .

The s c e n a r i o , however h a s changed d r a m a t i c a l l y w i t h i n t h e p a s t two y e a r s i n one c o u n t r y a t l e a s t : i n I n d i a , t h e Governmen t ' s p l a n s t o s e t up t h r e e p a i r s o f r e a c t o r s i n d i f f e r e q t p a r t s of t h e c o u n t r y h a v e b e e n s t a l l e d by s i g n i f i c a n t l o c a l o p p o s i t i o n .

The o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e s i t i n g o f t h e p l a n t s i n t h e t h r e e d i f f e r e n t s t a t e s o f K a r n a t a k a , G u j a r a t and K e r a l a h a s thrown t h e a l l p o w e r f u l Depa r tmen t o f Atomic E n e r g y ' s (DAE) programme t o g e n e r a t e 10,OGCWvl of e n e r g y f rom n u c l e a r s o u r c e s by t h e y e a r 2000 o u t o f g e a r .

I f t h e g r e a t t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y p a c i f i s t , Mahatma Gandh i , were a l i v e t o - d a y , he would amost c e r t a i n l y have l e d t h e a n t i - n u c l e a r a g i t a t i o n i n h i s home s t a t e of G u j a r a t . S i n c e h e i s no l o n g e r on t h e s c e n e , i t i s h i s f o l l o w e r s , t h e Gandh ians , who have begun t o t a k e a p rominen t l e a d i n t h e a g i t a t i o n a g a i n s t t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e two 235MK a t o m i c r e a c t o r s a t a p l a c e c a l l e d K a k r a p u r , a b o u t 7 5 kms e a s t of t h e c i t y o f S u r a t , one of t h e m o s t p o p u l o u s c i t i e s o f G u j a r a t s t a t e .

The Gdndhiar-S have d e c i d e d t h a t t h e r e i s a c l e a r l i n k be tween t h e "a toms f o r peace" and "atoms f o r weapons" programmes o f a l l Governments . A t t h e f o r e - f r o n t , l e a d i n g t h e a g i t a t i o n w i t h s e m i n a r s and p u b l i c v i l l a g e meet- i n g s i s t h e I n s t i t u t e f o r T o t a l R e v o l u t i o n (Sampoorna K r a n t i V i d y a l a y a - ITR) i n G u j a r a t .

P a r t o f t h e r e a s o n f o r t h e a g i t a t i o n i s of c o u r s e t h e i n c r e a s i n g l a c k o f c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e s a f e t y a s s u r a n c e s of n u c l e a r e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f f i c i a l s . The Chernoby l d i s a s t e r h a s had a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t . I n a d d i t i o n ; t h e Kakrapur p l a n t s f a l l w i t h i n a s e i s m i c zone . T h e r e a r e a l s o p l a n s t o r e - c y c l e t h e w a s t e f u e l i n t o p lu ton ium.

The f i r s t major d e m o n s t r a t i o n a g a i n s t t h e Kakrapur p l a n t s was l a u n c h e d on I May 1985 a t Bedkuavadur , 3 kms f rom t h e p roposed s i t e s . The m e e t i n g was h e l d s i t h i n a n a sh ram p r e m i s e , and t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s were t r i b a l s . About 150 p e o p l e b r o k e p r o h i b i t o r y r e g u l a t i o n s i n f o r c e and c o u r t e d a r r e s t .

Anothe r d e m o n s t r a t i o n was h e l d un 6 August (H i rosh ima Day) 1 9 8 5 , i n t h e c i t y o f S u r a t i t s e l i . A sammoth p r o c e s s i o n a a r c h e d 5 fans f o r a p u b l i c m e e t i n g which was a d d r e s s e d b y , among o t h e r s , a f o r c e r Ch ie f M i n i s t e r of t h e s t a t e who had l o b b i e d f o r t h e p l a n t when i n power , a f a n c u s G u j a r a t i p o e t , s c i e n t i s t s and s o c i a l w o r k e r s .

The m e e t i n g ocne luded w i t h t h e f o r m a t i o n of a s t a t e l e v e l o r g a n i s a t i o n t h a t would c o o r d i n a t e e f f o r t s t o s t r e n g t h e n t h e aovement and ed-ncate t h e p u b l i c .

The 1986 Hi rosh ima Day programme r a n i n t o heavy w e a t h e r .

The I T R had t r a i n e d y o u t h g r o u p s and p r e p a r e d b a t c h e s of s i n g e r s , b a l l a - . d e e r s and a c t o r s on t h e themes o f Mahataa G a n d h i ' s ma jo r t r a c t a g a i n s t modern t e c h n o l o g y : Hind S w a r a j . These a c t i v i s t s had c o v e r e d 2 9 2 v i l l a g e s s u r r o u n d i n g t h e n u c l e a r s i t e s , p e r f o r m i n g s t r e e t p l a y s , dramas and writ- i n g s l o g a n s on v i l l a g e w a l l s .

The l o c a l G u j a r a t Government d e c i d e d , however , t o c r u s h t h e r a l l y pro- posed f o r H i rosh ima Day. A day b e f o r e t h e r a l l y , p r o h i b i t o r y o r d e r s were i s s u e d bann ing p u b l i c a s s e m b l y , and a l l r o a d s t o t h e r a l l y venue b l o c k e d by t h e p o l i c e .

When t h e o r g a n i s e r s c o n t a c t e d t h e p o l i c e , t h e y were t o l d t h e r a l l y c o u l d go on s i n c e i t was b e i n g h e l d on p r i v a t e g r o u n d s , b u t p e o p l e c o u l d n o t move i n p u b l i c i n g r o u p s numbering more t h a n f o u r . Mounted and armed p o l i c e s u r r o u n d e d t h e s i t e . N e v e r t h e l e s s , p e o p l e g a t h e r e d f o r t h e meet- i n g .

On 6 Augus t , e v e n a s t h e o r g a n i s e r s were busy w i t h p l a n n i n g o f t h e agen- d a , t h e p o l i c e s t r u c k . Mounted p o l i c e r u s h e d i n t o t h e s e t t l e d crowd and began b e a t i n g up men, women and c h i l d r e n i n d i s c r i m i n a t e l y w i t h s t i c k s . P e o p l e r e sponded by p e l t i n g s t o n e s t o d e f e n d t h e m s e l v e s . Two po l i cemen f e l l f rom t h e i r h o r s e s .

C l e a r l y w o r r i e d , t h e p o l i c e them a s k e d t h e o r g a n i s e r s t o d i s p e r s e t h e crowd, which t h e l a t t e r r e a d i l y a g r e e d t o , b u t n o t b e f o r e p a s s i n g a re- s o l u t i o n i n homage t o t h e p e o p l e k i l l e d a t H i r o s h i m a , and a g a i n s t t h e s i t i n g o f t h e n u c l e a r p l a n t s a t Kakrapur .

The f o l l o w i n g d a y , p o l i c e a g a i n s c o u t e d t h e v i l l a g e s , t e r r o r i s e d inno- c e n t v i l l a g e r s and t r i b a l s , e n t e r e d h u t s and b r o k e u t e n s i l s . Angry v i l - l a g e r s dug t r e n c h e s on t h e r o a d s t o p r e v e n t t h e p o l i c e f rom e n t e r i n g t h e i r v i l l a g e s . I n one a r e a , t h e p o l i c e r e s o r t e d t o unprovoked f i r i n g , k i l l i n g a boy.

The o r g a n i s e r s , s e e i n g t h e s i u t a t i o n g e t t i n g o u t o f hand , went on a two- day f a s t . L a t e r t h e I T P h e l d a n a t i o n a l s e m i n a r 3n :h "atom HL I n d i a " a g a i n s t n u c l e a r power , i n Bombay.

Today, s i g n a t u r e campaigns and programmes e d u c a t i n g t h e v i l l a g e r s con- t i n u e . The i n t e n t i o n is t o compel t h e a u t h o r i t i e s t o r e v e r s e t h e d e c i - s i o n t o l o c a t e t h e p l a n t s a t Kakrapur .

The second a g i t a t i o n a g a i n s t a n u c l e a r r e a c t o r 5.33 emerged i n the sou th- z r n s t a t e o f Kairnacakd, where rihe DAE has plar 's t o b u i l d :!+c 235\!G reac-. . " r s - i n t h e midst of a t r o p i c a l f o r e s t .

The l o c a t i o n f o r t h e p l a n t s i s a p l a c e c a l l e d Kaiga, and a g i t a t i o n a g a i n s t t h e p l a n t s i s be ing l e d by S h i v r a a Karan th , one of t h e most emi- n e n t l i : e ra ry pe rsonages of t h e c o u n t r y . Other groups i n t h e camp-tign i n c l u d e C i t i z e n s Aga ins t ::uc.lear Energy (CANE) and t h e h o c i e t y f o r E n - v i r o n m e n t a l Awareness.

Reasons f o r opposition K O :he p l a n t s i n c l u d e c e r t a i n e c o l o g i c a l damage t o t h e t r o p i c a l f o r e s t s , e x o r b i t a n t c o s t s , unsolved problems of rad io - a c t i v e was te d i s p o s a l and s e i s m i c imbalance of t h e s i t e .

O f f i c i a l s or t h e DAE have been - ' Â ¥ u f f i c i e n t i d i s t u r b e d by t h e l o c a l oppo-, s i t i o n t o v i s i t : t h e a r e a and C O hold c o n s u I t a t i o n s d i t h she a g i t a t o r s i n o r d e r t o r e a s s u r e them of r e a c t o r s a f e t y . However, t h e Chernobyl d c c i - d e n t h a s made t h e a g i t a t o r s s c e p t i c a l of a l L o f f i c i a l a s s u r a n c e s .

The d e c i s i o n concern ing Kaiga has e v i d e n t l y n o t y e t been made: t h e In- d i a n Prime M i n i s t e r , Raj i v L-andhl, r e c e n t l y informed ParlJ.ament: c h a t t h e d e c i s i o n t o s e t t h e p l a n t a t Kaiga was no t f i n a l , ever; w h i l e o f f i c i a l s of t h e 3 A E sought a few days l a t e r t o o v e r r u l e h i s s t a tement i n t h e Par- l i a m e n t , implying t h e Prime M i n i s t e r was n o t p r o p e r l y informed.

The t h i r d major a n t i - n u c l e a r a g i t a t i o n has a r i s e n i n KeraLa agains: t h e DAE's p l a n s t o l o c a t e two 235MW r e a c t o r s a t Kothaaangaiam. Here t h e op- p o s i t i o n has come from p r o f e s s o r s and l o c a l s c i e n t i s t s who have formed a s o c i e t y c a l l e d t h e O r g a n i s a t i o n f o r P r o t e c t i o n from S u c l d a r R a d i a t i o n (OPNR). Other env i ronmenta l g roups a r e a l s o invo lved , i n c l u d i n g t h e Kera la S a s t r a S a h i t y a P a r l s h a d ( P e o p l e ' s S c i e n c e Movement).

The CPNR h a s i t s e l f come o u t w i t h a two-volume s tudy which i s n e g a t i v e f o r t h e p r o j e c t ' s f e a s i b i l i t y . I t has o b j e c t e d t o t h e p l a n t ' s s i t i n g anywhere i n Kera la because of t h e S t a t e ' s h igh p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y . A t any r a t e , t h e p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y around Kothamangalam is way beyond t h e norms dec ided by t h e L'S Atomic Energy Cocuaission and t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Atomic Energy Agency.

The l o c a l government, f e a r i n g l o s s e s d u r i n g t h e 1984 e l e c t i o n s , dec ided t o suspend p l a n s f o r t h e p l a n t , b u t i t i s n o t known whe ther t h e c u r r e n t power s h o r t a g e s i n t h e s t a t e w i l l n o t compel a r e c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e d e c i s i o n co have t h e p l a n t s .

The I n d i a n a n t i - n u c l e a r g roups a r e b e n e f i t t i n g from y e a r s of d e d i c a t e d work by a n t i - n u c l e a r a c t i v i s t s and s c i e n t i s t s from t h e Morth. Chernobyl , however, remains by f a r t h e d e c i d i n g i n a l l such o p p o s i t i o n .

I n I n d i a , i n a d d i t i o n , a n a n t i - n u c l e a r a g i t a t i o n cou ld have s e v e r a l s i g - n i f i c a n t b e n e f i t s f o r t h e c o u n t r y ' s p o p u l a t i o n . Right now t h e n u c l e a r energy programme demands b 'OOO m i l l i o n r u p e e s , whilia t h e budge t s f o r h e a l t h , r u r a l r e c o n s t r u c t i o n , housing and s o c i a l w e l f a r e cannot command a o r e than 1 '000 m i l l i o n rupees . Thac i s comment enough.

M E X I C O ; E C O L O G I S T S PROTEST A G A I N S T NEW NUCLEAR P L A N T S

Mexico C i t y , J a n u a r y ( I P S ) - T h r e e l e a d i n g Mexican e c o l o g y g r o u p s c a l l e d " c l o s e d and u s e l e s s " a n o f f i c i a l forum opened by Congres s as a way of a l l a y i n g f e a r s a b o u t t h e c o n t r o v e r s i a l "Laguna Verde" n u c l e a r p l a n t s .

L e a d e r s of t h e t h r e e o r g a n i s a t i o n s announced t h a t t h e y would n o t p a r t i - c i p a t e i n t h e t a l k s and s a i d t h e movement t o a t o p t h e p l a n t s , which h a s l i e a t ed up s i n c e go'vernment f i r s t announced t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n , would con- t i n u e . An e c o l o g y c o a l i t i o n headed bv t h e t h r e e g r o u p s a l o n g w i t h d i s t i n g u i s h e d Mexican and L a t i n American i n t e l l e c t u a l s d i s c r e d i t e d t h e r'orum i n a l e t - t e r t o E l i s e o Hendoya B e r r u e t o , P r e s i d e n t of M e x i c o ' s Lower House of C o n g r e s s .

C o n g r e s s announced t h e forum i n December 1986 amid a g rowing o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e p l a n t s , s l o t t e d t o b e t h e f i r s t n u c l e a r i n s t a l l a t i o n s opened i n Mexico f o r more t h a n a d e c a d e . The "Lacuna Verde" p l a n t s a r e now u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n i n V e r a c r u z S t a t e . on t h e c o a s t o f t h e Gu l f of Mexico.

F u r t h e r m o r e , o p p o n e n r s of t h e p r o j e c t have demanded a n a t i o n a l r e f e r e n - dum on t h e t o p i c , b u t t h e p r o p o s a l was n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h e c a l l f o r Con- g r e s s ' forum.

The c o n t r o v e r s y was t o u c h e d o f f a t t h e end o f 1986 when a u t h o r i t i e s announced t h e f i r s t n u c l e a r u n i t , w i t h a 560-megawatt c a p a c i t y , w i l l be i n f u l l sw ing i n Ve rac ruz by t h e m i d d l e o f 1987 .

A second p l a n t , wh ich i s p a r t of t h e same p r o j e c t and w i l l b e a p p r o x i - m a t e l y t h e same s i z e a s t h e f i r s t , w i l l open d u r i n g 1 9 8 8 , a c c o r d i n g t o s c h e d u l e .

Mexican e c o l o g y g r o u p s p u s h a p o l i c y wh ich r e j e c t s n u c l e a r e n e r g y o f a l l s o r t s , n o t j u s t i n t h e p r e s e n t p r o j e c t , and a r g u e t h a t e n v i r o n m e n t a l r i s k s of n u c l e a r power o u t w e i g h i t s b e n e f i t s .

T h e r e a r e " g r a v e r i s k s " t h e new p l a n t s w i l l c o n t a m i n a t e t h e e n v i r o n m e n t i n V e r a c r u z S t a t e , t h e y c h a r g e .

They p o i n t t o two n u c l e a r r e a c t o r s c o n s t r u c t e d more t h a n 10 y e a r s a g o by t h e US T r a n s n a t i o n a l G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c - which a r e w i d e l y c o n s i d e r e d " i n - t r i n s i c a l l y u n s a f e " and a r e b e l i e v e d t o h a v e " d e s i g n f a u l t s " - a s p r o o f of t h e i r p o s i t i o n .

The e c o l o g i s t s h a v e p r o p o s e d t o u s e t h e "Laguna Verde" f a c i l i t i e s f o r g a s e n e r g y i n s t e a d o f n u c l e a r power , and s a y t h a t a n e a r b y o i l p i p e l i n e , which c a r r i e d h y d r o c a r b o n s f rom p e t r o l e u m z o n e s nn t h e Golf o f Mex ico , make t h a t more l o g i c a l t h a n t h e c u r r e n t p l a n s .

PAKISTAN: UNPRECEDENTED PUBLIC OUTCRY OVER CEMENT PLANT

Islamabad, December 1986 (IPS) - The construction of a L5 million dollar cement plant just outside the Pakistani capital has provoked an autcry from the public and from an environmental citizens group. As a result, a committee of the country's National Assembly has begun an investigation. In Pakistan, this is a rare display of popular concern over an environ- mental issue.

The controversial decision to permit the construction of the privately- owned cement factory 25 km from the city centre was taken in 198h by the Chairman of the Islamabad's Capital Development Authority (CDA).

At the time, its critics pointed out that the decision contravened the CDA's own rules which prohibited commercial plants within city limits. The decision was subsequently revoked by CDA's new Chairman on the grounds that it would pollute Islamabad's environment. After intense lobbying by the factory owners, the authorities decided to re-examine the issue. Eventually, the plant got the green light and its owners of- fered to install a vacuum precipatator designed to prevent environmental pollution.

As news spread that the factory owners had overcome the "permission hitch", citizens raised their voices in protest. "The Citizens Committee Against the Cement Factory" was formed in 1984 and stepped up its cam- paign. It was not satisfied with the installation of the anti-pollution device, which was described as ineffective, and argued that the factory posed a serious health and environment hazard to Islamabad. Committee chief, Chaudry Randhawa, said dust and other emissions from the plant could pollute the city and convoys of trucks going back and forth from the plant could pose traffic problems. The Commit tee claimed emissions from the plant could erode the marble of the Faisal mosque - one of Islamabad's most imposing buildings.

The committee lobbied members of Pakistan's Parliament and questions on the floor of the House led to the setting up of a parliamentary conunit- tee to investigate the plant's functioning. Meanwhile, the citizens com- mlttee has pressed on with an energetic campaign in the press to mobil- ise public sentiment against the cement factory.

The owners have flatly rejected the argument about environmental ha- zards. They maintain that the filtration device on the site is adequate insurance against pollution. The factory's construction is 70 percent complete and dismantling it could take a long time and involve a heavy loss of investment, the owners say.

Observers say that even if the factory does go ahead, the unprecedented opposition by a citizen's committee is a considerable achievement.

PEACE BRIGADES INTERNATIONAL

Day a f t e r day t h e unarmed e s c o r t s of ? S I ' s i n t e r n a t i o n a l p e a c e team i n Guatemala q u i e t l y p r o v i d e a l i v i n g s h i e l d a round t h e members o f t h e Board of t h e Mutual S u p p o r t Group (CAM). I n t h e 18 months FBI h a s pro- v i d e d n o n v i o l e n t e s c o r t s , no Board member o f GAM h a s been k idnapped o r harmed. Today a r o t a t i n g team o f e i g h t v o l u n t e e r s from s e v e r a l c o u n t r i e s c a r r y o u t t h i s and o t h e r FBI t a s k s .

C A M , now c o n s i s t i n g of 2000 r e l a t i v e s of d i s a p p e a r e d p e r s o n s , h a s become a ma jo r f o r c e f o r human r i g h t s i n Guatemala and L a t i n A n e r i c a w i t h t h e i r i n t e n s e l y p e r s o n a l p l e a t o t h o s e i n power: "Where a r e o u t l o v e d o n e s ? " G M c o n f r o n t e d a s e v e r e c r i s i s l a t e i n Sep tember when i t s p r e s i d e n t , N i n e t h d e G a r c i a , was l a b e l l e d a " t e r r o r i s t pe r son" on a TV b r o a d c a s t . Her a p a r t m e n t was s u r r o u n d e d by u n i d e n t i f i e d men and h e r l i f e and t h a t of h e r f o u r - y e a r o l d d a u g h t e r were t h r e a t e n e d . H a r a s s i n g t e l e p h o n e c a l l s and s u r v e i l l a n c e of o t h e r GAM l e a d e r s i n c r e a s e d . The GM c a l l e d upon i t s i n t e r n a t i o n a l s u p p o r t community t o e x e r t p r e s s u r e on Guatemalan a u t h o r i - t i e s .

FBI immed ia t e ly a c t i v a t e d i t s Emergency Response Network o f conce rned o r g a n i z a t i o n s and r e t u r n e d v o l u n t e e r s . W i t h i n h o u r s many t e l e g r a m s were e n r o u t e t o Guatemala and Wash ing ton . The Guatemalan s e c u r i t y f o r c e s backed away and t h e c r i s i s e a s e d , f o r t h e p r e s e n t .

To s t r e n g t h e n t h e work i n C e n t r a l America i n t h e y e a r a h e a d , FBI must :

i n c r e a s e t h e e s c o r t s e r v i c e a t G m ' s r e q u e s t , s o t h a t v o l u n t e e r s may go i n t o t h e c o u n t r y s i d e where t h e r e p r e s s i o n i s most s e v e r e ;

s t r e n g t h e n t h e t r a i n i n g program f o r e s c o r t s and long- t e rm team mem- b e r s t o b e t t e r p r e p a r e them f o r n o n v i o l e n t r e s p o n s e s and f o r s e n - s i t i v e c r o s s - c u l t u r a l communicat ion;

e x p l o r e i n v i t a t i o n s f o r E l S a l v a d o r t o e s t a b l i s h a s i m i l a r s e r v i c e f o r S a l v a d o r a n human r i g h t s o r g a n i z a t i o n s .

Beyond C e n t r a l America , FBI i s i n v o l v e d i n o t h e r e x p l o r a t o r y and d e v e l - opment e f f o r t s . F B I i n Europe conduc ted a non-v io l ence t r a i n i n g program i n S p a i n i n J u l y which drew 30 p a r t i c i p a n t s f rom a l l o v e r Europe . Many of them have v o l u n t e e r e d f o r s e r v i c e i n C e n t r a l America . A FBI team w i l l a g a i n v i s i t S r i Lanka f o r f u r t h e r d i s c u s s i o n s and e x p l o r a t i o n s .

FBI i n i s work ing on p l a n s t o b r i n g S i n h a l e s e and Tami l o r g a n i z e r s from S r i Lanka t o g e t h e r i n a n o n v i o l e n c e t r a i n i n g c o n f e r e n c e i n Veddch i , I n d i a u n d e r t h e g u i d a n c e o f FBI c o u n c i l member Narayan D e s a i . I n North America , a FBI team w i l l go a s econd t i m e t o Big Mountain i n A r i z o n a t o -- e x p l o r e a p o s s i b l e r o l e f o r FBI i n t h i s c o m p l i c a t e d c o n f l i c t i n v o l v i n g Hopi and Nava jo N a t i v e p e o p l e s . I t i s t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a i c h a r a c t e r o f FBI t h a t m o t i v a t e d t h e i n v i t a t i o n .

(For more -information: i 7 2 2 BaLti^ore Avenue, Phviadetvhia, PA 1È143 ;'SA. j

SRI LANKA: NONVIOLENT DIRECT ACTION GROUP N o n v i o l e n t D i r e c t A c t i o n Group S r i Lanka S e c t i o n of t h e War R e s i s t e r s ' I n t e r n a t i o n a l (KRI) and I n t e r n a t i o n a l F e l l o w s h i p o f R e c o n c i l i a t i o n (IFOR) was founded i n 1 9 7 9 , a t t h e K a i t h a d y Hindu C h i l d r e n ' s Orphanage by a g roup of men and women who f o l l o w e d a t h r e e days workshop on v i o - l e n c e by t h e T h a n t h a i Che lva Memoria l T r u s t ,

'ten and wcnen who t o o k p a r t i n t h e workshop d e c i d e d c o l l e c t i v e - l y t o work f o r t h e e l i m i n a t i o n of s o c i a l i n j u s t i c e s and e v i l s t h a t p r e v a i l i n t h e a m i l comnun i ty ; and t o p r o a o t e and d e v e l o p t h e s o c i a l l y d e p r i v e d p e o p l e i n d c h e i r v i l l a g e s , f o r fundamerical s o c i a l change t h r o u g h t h e a p p l i c a - t i o n of n o n v i o l e n c e and p e a c e , i n t h e f i e l d s of s o c i o - e c c n o n i c , educa- t i o n a l and c u l t u r a l a s p e c t s .

X o n v i o l e n t D i r e c t A c t i o n Croup c a r r i e d o u t s e v e r a l workshops on nonvio- l e n c e and p e a c e and t r a i n e d many young men and women w i t h t h e h e l p of e x p e r i e n c e d r e s o u r c e p e o p l e f rom s e v e r a l c o u n t r i e s ,

The Group i s a l s o i n v o l v e d i n g r a s s - r o o t s l e v e l deve lopmen t work i n many .. A l l a g e s ; 7 i n t h e Nor th o i t h e c o u n t r y . I t i s conce rned a b o u t t h e educa -

l - i n a i p r o s p e c t s uf young c h i l d r e n l i v i n g i n t h e v i l l a g e s and h a s been ~ o n d u c t i n g p r e - s c h o o l p r o j e c t s i n t h e r e g i o n .

111 1983 , NVDAG o r g a n i s e d one of t h e l a r g e s t r e f u g e e camps a t K a i t h a d y and accommodated a o r e t h a n 1500 r e f u g e e s who came t o t h e Nor th a s v i c - t u n s o f t h e J u l y 1983 i n t r a - c o m u n a l v i o l e n c e .

A i m and o b j e c t i v e s : The u l t i m a t e g o a l o f t h e N o n v i o l e n t D i r e c t A c t i o n -- Group i s t o h e l p t o form a new s o c i e t y b a s e d on n o n v i o l e n c e and p e a c e . L n i t s c o n c e r n f o r mankind. NVDAG

. works f o r c o n s t r u c t i v e changes i n u n j u s t s t r u c t u r e s which e x i s t i n s o c i e t y ; b a s e s work on d e v e l o p i n g p e o p l e ' s own i n i t i a t i v e s t o o r g a n i s e t h e m s e l v e s t o s o l v e t h e i r own p rob lems ; e n c o u r a g e s and e x p e r i m e n t s i n new f o r m s of communiLy l i f e w i t h t h e o b j e c t i v e of f o s t e r i n g p e a c e , pa- t i e n c e , b r o t h e r h o o d a n d u n i t y ; Works f o r t ; ie p romot ion and p r o t e c t i o n o f f u n d a m e n t a l human r i g h t s ; o r g a n i s e s v o l u n t a r y s e r v i c e i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h l o c a l communi t i e s ; h e l p s t o promote t h e s t a n d a r d of e d u c a t i o n and h e a l t h i n t h e v i l l a g e s ; s u p p o r t s a c t i o n s which may e n c o u r a g e t h e d e v e l - opment o f a new way o f l i f e ; t a k e s a p p r o p r i a t e n o n v i o l e n t a c t i o n i n s i- t u a t i o n s wh ich i n v o l v e t e n s i o n , v i o l e n c e and i n j u s t i c e ; h e l p s p e o p l e who h a v e been made r e f u g e e s i n t h e i r own l a n d , due t o t h e f l a m e s of v i o l e n c e and p r o v i d e s them w i t h emergency s u p p o r t and a s s i s t a n c e t h a t t h e y may n e e d ; i n v o l v e s r e f u g e e s i n r e h a b i l i t a t i o n work; p u b l i s h e s e d u c a t i o n a l m a t e r i a l s i n E n g l i s h and T a m i l ; c o o p e r a t e s w i t h o t h e r n o n v i o l e n t and p e a c e o r g a n i s a t i o n s i n t h e w o r l d s o a s t o f o s t e r p e a c e , harmony, unde r - s t a n d i n g a n d b e t t e r r e l a t i o n s .

NVDAG p u b l i c a t i o n s i n c l u d e : Peace Camps; The Way o f Nonv io lence ; C a s t e and R e l i g i o n ; S a t y a g r a h a ; Nonv io lence ; T r u t h and Nonv io lence ; Nonvio- l e n c e Theory and A p p l i c a t i o n ; Nonv io lence and Tami l L i b e r a t i o n ; Where f h e r e is No. Dr. ( i n p r i n t ) ; Resource Manual f o r a L i v i n g R e v o l u t i o n ( i n p r i n t ) a s w e l l a s NVDAG R e p o r t , q u a r t e r l y n e w s l e t t e r i n E n g l i s h , and N o n v i o l e n c e , Tami l monthly p a p e r .

CIVZAG, P. J . Box 2 , Chavakachcher¥L Sri. Lanka).

ARTICLE 19

On 10 December 19b3, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. One of the Declaration's thirty articles - article 19 - establishes the right to freeaom of opinion and expression, and the freedom "to seek, receive and impart infornation and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers."

In l 9 7 b the international Covenants came into affect and have to date been ratified by over 80 countries. The texts translate into interna- tional law the Universal Declaration of Hunan Rights including the pro- visions of article 19. Comparable provision on freedom of expression and information is also made in the European and American Conventions on Human Rights and in the African Charter on Human and People's Rights. ARTICLE 19 has been created to promote and protect these freedoms throughout the world.

ARTICLE 19 has established an international Centre on Censorship to seek, receive and impart information about the enforcement of article 19 of the Universal Declaration. Through its computer facilities, the in- ternational Centre will provide the core of a network of information and the database upon which others can draw.

We will conduct world-wide research into the implementation and viola- tion of the rights enshrined in article 19 and will disseminate informa- tion, campaign and provide a range of services.

ARTICLE 19 is governed by an International Board drawn from a wide vari- ety of backgrounds, skills, languages and cultures; and will be advised by an International Council made up of people from all over the world who have made a significant contribution to freedom of opinion and ex- pression in the fields of politics, law, economics, the arts and other spheres of human endeavour or conflict.

ARTICLE 19 is not a narrow or remote body. Our constituency is wide and includes journalists, authors and politicians; people working actively for human rights and economic and social development all over the world; religious observers and non-believers; civil libertarians and the mino- rities they seek to protect.

Wherever information is hidden, facts disguised, understanding restrict- ed and free expression inhibited, we have a role and will recruit sup- port.

Our task now is to establish a firm financial base and to raise a regu- lar and growing income from our own supporters and friends, from commer- cial and trade union communities and from the "peoples of the United Nations" who, more than their governments, represent the essential free- dons of article 19.

ARTICLE 19 is international, non-governmental, non-aligned and impartial in its support for the freedoms enshrined in article 19 of the Universal Declaration.

(irtiJie i j , '30 S ~ r o u g k Hill, London SE1 I L L , UKI

EUROPE: JOIN END END - t h e campaign f o r European N u c l e a r Disarmament - was s t a r t e d w i t h t h e p u b y i c a t i o n of t h e END Appea l i n 1980. The Appea l was s i g n e d by t h o u s a n d s o f p e o p l e t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r l d . I n B r i t a i n i t s s i g n a t o r i e s formed t h e END o r g a n i s a t i o n .

. END campa igns f o r a Europe f r e e of n u c l e a r weapons , E a s t and ; e s t .

E N D works f o r a n o n - a l i g n e d Europe, f r e e f rom t h e d c m i n a t i o n of b o t h s 'dper-powers .

. END d e f e n d s t h e r i g h t or" a l l c i t i z e n s , E a s t and n e s t , t o w o r k f o r p e a c e and t h e f r e e exchange of i d e a s .

. END s t r e s s e s t h a t p e o p l e - t o - p e o p l e d e t e n t e i s a s i m p o r t a n t a s con- f i d e n c e - b u i l d i n g be tween gove rnmen t s .

. END b u i l d s c o n t a c t s t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r l d , and p romotes a n i n t e r n a - t i o n a l i s t p e r s p e c t i v e i n B r i t a i n .

. END s u p p o r t s u n i l a t e r a l and m u l t i l a t e r a l t r u s t - b u i l d i n g and d i s a rm- ament a e a s u r e s .

. END c a l l s f o r t h e c r e a t i o n o f n u c l e a r f r e e z o n e s t h r o u g h o u t Eu rope .

E N D i s b o t h a campa ign ing o r g a n i s a t i o n and a r e s o u r c e s , communica t i ons and p u b l i c a t i o n s c e n t r e . END t a k e s p a r t i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l d e m o n s t - r a t i o n s and e v e n t s ; o r g a n i s e s c o n f e i e n c e s , d a y s c h o o l s and s p e a k e r s t o u r s ; f a c i l - i t a t e s t w i n n i n g cf 1-ocal p e a c e g r o u p s ; i n i t i a t e s l e t t e r - w r i t i L g cam- p a i g n s ; p r o d u c e s t h e h i -mon th ly END J o u r n a l , p a m p h l e t s , books and b r i e f - i n g s h e e t s ; and c o o r d i n a t e s a w ide r a n g e o f s p e c i a l i s t work ing g r o u p s .

Membership of END i - i open t o anyone who s u p p o r t s t h e EKD A p p e a l ( ex - c e r p t s b e l o w ) .

When you j o i n END you w i l l :

. R e c e i v e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t END work ing g r o u p s .

. R e c e i v e o u r q u a r t e r l y n e w s l e t t e r w i t h up t o d a t e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t campa igns , i d e a s , d e b a t e s , i n t e r n a t i o n a l p e a c e e v e n t s , a c t i o n s .

. R e c e i v e f r e e a l l END b r i e f i n g s h e e t s on d i f f e r e n t t o p i c s and coun- t r i e s .

. I f n o t a s u b s c r i b e r t o r h e END J o u r n h l , you w i l l r e c e i v e a s ample copy f r e e .

THE END A P P E A L : A NUCLEAR FREE EUROPE

We a r e e n t e r i n g t h e mos t d a n g e r o u s d e c a d e i n human h i s t o r y . A t h i r d wor ld war i s n o t m e r e l y p o s s i b l e , b u t i n c r e a s i n g l y l i k e l y . Economic and s o c i a l d i f f i c u l t i e s i n advanced i n d u s t r i a l c o u n t r i e s , c r i s i s , m i l i t a r i s m and war i n t h e T h i r d World compound t h e p o l i t i c a l t e n s i o n s t h d t t u e l a demented arms r a c e . I n Eu rope , t h e ma in g e o g r a p h i c a l s e d g e f o r t h e Eas t -wes t c u n f r o n t c i t i o n , new g e n e r a t i o n s o f e v e r more d e a d l y w e a i u n s a r e a p p e a r i n g .

Fo r a t l e a s t t w e n t y - f i v e y e a r s , t h e f o r c e s of b o t h t h e N o r t h A t l a n t i c and t h e Warsaw a l - l i a n c e s h a v e e a c h had s u f f i c i e n t n u c l e a r weapons t o

a n n i h i l a : ~ c h e i r o p p o n e n ~ s , a i d a: t>.e sar,? r i c e :J c<"n-lsr.~',er E5.d .'er-: ~ d s i ? o f c i v i l i s e d l i f e . 3- jc n i t -h e a c h ? a s s i n ^ y e a r , ccr.;:-ti:i~'! . 211-

c l e d r armaments h a s x u i r i p l i e d :hei r ' number s , 111creas i2 ; c n z probaoiLic ; : 31; s o w d e v a s t a t i n g a c c i d e n t a r a i s c a l c u l a t t o n ( . . . )

v e r :he y e a r ; , p u b l i c o p i n i o n h a s 7 r e a s e d f o r r u c l e a r ' J i s a r r "aaen r and , - l e t n c e be tween cr.e cor , ter .a ing a i l i z a r ' , b l n c s , Xtr-3 pr-.'s511re :>as t - i~ i . :c i .

An i n c r e d s i n g p r o p o r t i o n of wor ld r e s o u r c e s is ex?er.aed on "-.'capons, sc t - :~

chough x u t ' ~ o . i e x t e r m i n ~ t i o n i s a l r e a d y amply ' n t e e d , This e-c>no.^ ,~: b u r d e n , in. b o t h E a s t and k s t , c , ~ n t r i b u t e s t o gr". 'ding s o c i a l and p o l i : i - c a l s t r a i n , :sett in,; ; in m o t i o n a v i c i o u s c i r c l e ir. wihick' t be A r n s r a c e f e e d s upon t h e i n s t a b i i i ~ y o r t h e -riorid econo'sy and v i c e vers ' i : 2 deach - l d i a l e c t i c .

X a r e 2ow ir. g r e a t d a n g e r . G e n e r a t i o n s have been b o r n berieach che .-.ha- viow o; n u c l e a r w a r , and ':iave become h a b i t u a t e d t o :he c!!rddt. Conce rn iids g i v e n way t o a p a t h y . Meanwhi le , i n a w o r l d l i v i n g a l w a y s u n d e r men- a c e , f e a r e x t e n d s t h r o u g h b o t ? h a l v e s of t h e European continent. The powers of t h e m i l i t a r y and o f i n t e r n a l s e c u r i c v f o r c e s a r e e n l a r g e d , l i m i t a t i n n s a r e p l a c e d upon f r e e e x c h a n g e s of i d e a s and between p e r s o n s , 2nd c i v i l r i g h t s o f independent- in inded i n d i v i d u a l s d r e t h r e 3 t e u e d , i n ';hs v i e s t a s w e l l a s t h e E a s e .

L e do n o t w i s h t o a p p o r t i o n g u i l t be tween t h e p o l i t i c a l and m i l i t a r y l e a d e r s o f E a s t a n d L e s t . G u i l e l i e s s q u a r e l y upon b o t h p c i r t i e s . B(.'th p a r t i e s h a v e a d o p t e d menac ing p o s t u r e s and ~ o m a i t t a d a g g r e s s i v e a c t i o n s i n d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f t h e w o r l d .

The remedy l i e s i n o u r own h a n d s . We must a c t t o g e t h e r t o f r e e che en- + ' . i r e t e r r i t o r y o f E u r o p e , tram Po land r o P o r t u z a i , f r o m r.u'-.l.ear ~eapor .s , a i r and s u b m a r i n e b a s e s , and f rom a l l i n s t i t u t i o n s engaged i n r e s e a r c h i n t o o r m a n u f a c t u r e o f n u c l e a r weapons . We a s k t h e two s u p e r powers t o w i thd raw a l l n u c l e a r weapons f rom European t e r r i t o r y . i n p a r t i c u l a r , we a s k t h e S o v i e t Union t o h a l t p r o d u c t i o n and t h e SS-?@ medium r a n g e ^is- s i i e and we a s k t h e U n i t e d S t a t e n o t t o implement t h e d e c i s i o n t o deve-1- op c r u i s e m i s s i l e s and P e r s h i n g I1 m i s s i l e s f o r dep loymen t i n Wes t e rn Europe . We a l s o u r g e t h e r a t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e SALT I1 a g r e e m e n t , a s a n e c e s s a r y s t e p t o w a r d s t h e r e n e w a l o f e f f e c t i v e n e g o t i a t i o n s on g e n e r a l and c o m p l e t e d i s a r m a m e n t .

At t h e same t i m e , we a u s t d e f e n d a n d e x t e n d t h e r i g h t o f a l l c i t i z e n s , E a s t o r Wes t , t o t a k e p a r t i n t h i s common movement and t o engage i n e v e r y k i n d of exchange ( . . .)

We must commence t o a c t a s i f a u n i t e d , n e u t r a l a n d p a c i f i c Eu rope a l - r e a d y e x i s t s . We must l e a r n t o be l o y a l , n o t t o "Eas t " o r "West", b u t t o e a c h o t h e r , a n d we must d i s r e g a r d t h e p r o h i b i t i o n s and l i m i t a t i o n s im- posed bv a n y n a t i o n a l s t a t e .

I t w i l l be t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of t h e p e o p l e o f e a c h n a t i o n t o a g i t a t e f o r t h e e x p u l s i o n o f n u c l e a r weapons and b a s e s f rom European s o i l and t e r r i t o r i a l w a t e r s , and t o d e c i d e j-ipon i t s own means and s t r a t e g y , con- c e r n i n g i t s own t e r r i t o r y . These w i l l d i f f e r f rom one c o u n t r y t o ano- t h e r , and w e d o n o t s u g g e s t t h a t any s i n g l e s t r a t e g y s h o u l d be imposed.

8iJt c h i s rust be par;: of a trdns-continental movement in which every kind 01 exrhai-ige takes place.

; c nusc resist any actexpi b y the statebcier. of East: or G s t to %anipu- late this ncveiien; t3 their own adva2rage. Fe otter no adv~~.cage C 3

either XATO or the '.\'arsdw allian~e. Our objeciives TJSC be Co free Europe frc-3 c~nfrontaticn, to e?.fi',r:e detente between t h e United Scares and the Soviet: L'nion and, uitimateiy, to disso1':e both great power ai- inances.

In appealing to feiiow Europe^ns, we are not turrung our Lacks or. rile world. In vorking for the peace of Europe z e are wor~ing for :he peace of the world. Twice in this century Lurope has disgraced its c'.aims to civilisdt~on be engendering world war. This tine we must repay ~ u r debts to the world by engendering peace.

This appeal will achieve nothing if it is not supported a y Jetermined and inventive action, to win cure people to support it. V.e need to rr.ount an irresistible pressure for a Europe free of nuclear weapons.

'/ie do not wish to impose any u~if>rmic,v on the movement nor :o pre-empt the consultations and decisions of those many organisations already ex- ercising their influence for disarmament and peace. But Lne situation is iirgent. The dangers sceadily advance. We invite your support for this common objective, and we shall welcome both your help and advice.

INTERNATIONAL NETWORK SELF-RELIANCE.. ,

. . . is an international netbork of new social movements. grassroot ini- tiatives, projects in self-reliance and self-management;

. . . facilitates exchanges and intercommunication of experiences, ideas, strategies, perspectives for social and global change;

. . . through international meetings, conferences, travel and visits, pub- lications (books, newsletter, reports), it ofiers facilities for ccn- facts between groups and people in the global perspective of another de- veiopment based on self-reliance and self-management, non-violence, hu- man scale, ecologic sustainability, social justice, solidarity, netvork- ing .

The Network plans to publish a newsletter, +iter-Info which, s & j tLd edi:ors, will try to function as a tool for intercommunication and net- working. As a source of inspiration and informacion about what happens, is discussed and is being thought within the alternative scene, groups and new socidl movements for self-reliance. nonviolence, ecology, humar scale, wherever in Europe.

R e a d e r s a r e e x p e c t e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e a c t i v e l y b y , f o r i n s t a n c e , s e n d i n g a t e r n a t i v e magaz ines i r - i e xchange :or Al t e r - I n f o , s h a r i n g i n v i t a t i o n s , r e p o r t s and p r e s e n t ~ t i o n s o f p r o p c t s , t r a r . s - l a t i n g a r t i c l e s and i n f o r m a - t i o n p u b l i s h e d i n A l t e r - I n f o i n t o o t h e r l a n g u a g e s and p u b l i s h i n g them i n n e w s l e t t e r s , newspape r s ( a l t e r n a t i v e o n e s and o t h e r s ) i n t h e i r own r e - g i o n o r c o u n t r y .

A l t e r - I n f c w i l l a l s o p i c k up and t r a n s l a t e a r t i c l e s , i n f o r a a t i o n , p r e - -- s e n s a t i o n s , e x p e r i e n c e s f rom t h e a l t e r n a t i v e magaz ines t h a t r e a c h i r . , m e n t i o n i n g t h e i r s o u r c e s , and wi1-l p u b l i s h t e x t s , a r t i c l e s , i n f o r x a c i o n , e t c . s e n t by r e a d e r s o r r e a c h i n g t h e e d i t o r s .

The r e a d e r s h i p w i l l be g r o u p s , n e t w o r k s , movements , p r e f e r a b l y p e o p l e who c a n r e a d d i f f e r e n t l a n g u a g e s and can c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e work of translation/transmission t o a w i d e r p u b l i c i n t h e i r own r e g i o n l c o u n t r y of t h e A l t e r - I n f o m a t e r i a l

Summer m e e t i n g , 1-13 J u l y , S a n t P e r e de R i b e s , C a t a l o n i a , S p a i n

S a n t P e r e de R i b e s : I n S a n t P e r e de R i b e s , a n o t h e r deve lopmen t i s g o i n g o n , a l o c a l , f rom-the-bot tom up deve lopmen t a p p r o a c h . Sel f -management i s t h e keyword f o r p r o j e c t s l i k e t h e c u l t u r a l community c e n t r e , g r a s s r o o t g r o u p s , l o c a l r a d i o , p e o p l e ' s u n i v e r s i t y , p e o p l e ' s academy, unemployed c e n t r e , l o c a l economy, l o c a l s c h o o l s , e d u c a t i o n and t r a i n i n g o p p o r t u n i - t i e s , co-ops and g r a s s r o o c d e m o c r a t i c l o c a l c o u n c i l p o l i c y .

I t l o o k s l i k e t h e a c t u a l i s e d v e r s i o n of l i b e r t a r i a n t h i n k i n g and p r a x i s i n s p i r e d by t h e p e r i o d of 1936- '39 i n C a t a l o n i a , now s u p p o r t e d bv a movement c r e a t e d i n t h e p e r i o d o f r e v o l t a g a i n s t F r a n c o ' s d i c t a t o r s h i p .

R i b e s i s s i t u a t e d some 32 tan s o u t h o f B a r c e l o n a .

C a t a l o n i a : The r e g i o n o f C a t a l o n i a h a s a l w a y s t e n d e d t o w a r d s r e g i o n a l autonomy f rom " c o l o n i a l " S p a i n . I n t h e p e r i o d of t h e S p a n i s h c i v i l war i t was t h e h e a r t and s o u l o f t h e a n a r c h i s t i c r e v o l t a g a i n s t t h e F r a n c o f a s c i s m . I t was t h e n i n t h e r e g i o n o f C a t a l o n i a t h a t l i b e r t a r i a n e x p e r i - men t s f l o u r i s h e d (remember G . O r w e l l ' s " T r i b u t e t o C a t a l u n y a " ) . A f t e r F r a n c o d i e d , C a t a l o n i a a g a i n went i t s own way and t h e r e i s c u r r e n t l y a r e n e w a l o f s e l f - m a n a g i n g co-ops a n d s e l f - d e t e r m i n e d fo rms o f p e o p l e ' s o r g a n i s a t i o n i n a l l s e c t o r s o f l i f e . T h e r e w i l l b e p l e n t y o f o p p o r t u - n i t i e s t o g e t a c q u a i n t e d w i t h them d u r i n g t h e IOCIINS summer m e e t i n g .

The IOC/INS summer m e e t i n g : IOC is o r g a n i s i n g a n o p p o r t u n i t y f o r g r a s s - r o o t a c t i v i s t s a n d p e o p l e a c t i v e i n t h e s t r u g g l e f o r se l f -management and s e l f - r e l i a n c e f rom a l l o v e r Eu rope t o g e t t o g e t h e r t o d i s c u s s a n d ex- change i d e a s , p e r s p e c t i v e s and e x p e r i e n c e o f s e l f - r e l i a n c e i n E:irope.

Further <nformatior. from: IOC, Lazar i j s t raa t 6 , 3500 HaseLt, Belgzumi.

9 0

AFRIQUE: L'APAC, CE QU'ELLE EST, CE QU'ELLE FAIT Conscientes de l'importance de la communication et du peu d'attentbn port6 par les mass-media aux faunes atricaines, des professionneUes africaiues se sont regroupges au sein de 1'~sscciation des Profzssion- nelles Africaines de la Com~unication. (APAC). Ses objectifs sont les suivants:

. présente une image des iecnnes reflétan leur participation effec- tive à la via sociale, Sconomique, politique, et, d'une manigre génGrale au d&veloppement;

produire du matérie audiovisuel et Scrit sur les femmes en vue d'un échang entre les différent pays;

associer les femmes, notamment celles des couches défavorisée 5 la production;

oeuvrer ci l'anélioratio des conditions de travail des profession- nelles en luttant contre la discrimination sexuelle dans la rcpar- tition des taches et des responsabilités

. crée dans chaque pays un groupe national de recherche et d'échan ges et renforcer les liens de solidarità entre les membres de l'APAC, les communicatrices africaines, du Tiers-Monde et du Nord;

. organiser des séminaires des rencontres et sessions de formation, de sensibilisation et de perfectionnement;

. crée et gerer un centre de documentation et d'information sur les femmes (CEDIF) ;

édite un bulletin de liaison et d'information (cf.1FDA Dos5ier 5 2 , p . 7 3 ) .

Ce qs-ie nous avons fait

Nous avons cherchà à consolider et 2 développe nos contacts par la créatio de sections nationales, entre autres. D'une trentaine de mem- bres en octobre 1984, nous sommes passée à plus de 120 membres en Afri- que de l'Ouest (Benin, Burkina Faso, Côt d'Ivoire, Guinée Mali, Mauri- canie, Niger, Sénéga Togo), Maghreb (Maroc, Tunisie), Afrique centrale (Cameroun, Congo, Rgpublique Centrafricaine, Zaïre , et ailleurs (Dji- bouti, Burundi, Madagascar). Nous allons commencer à nous implanter en Afrique lusophone.

Le Secrétaria a commence à recueillir des donnée pour la publication d'un annuaire "Femmes et Communication" en Afrique francophone.

La publication du bulletin de liaison est venue faire le lien entre les membres. Le NO2 de La Satellite est paru.

Ce que nous projetons

Nos projets tournent autour de trois axes:

. continuer la production en la développan et mettre sur pied le centre de documentation: consolider le bulletin de liaison,

. " l e t t r e l ' a c c e n t s u r l a l ' a r rsa t i -an t e c h n i q u e e:i L'annant iine a u v e r t a r e s u r une v i s i o n f c m i n i s t e de l a munica cation,

. i n i t i e r l e s r a p p o r t s Sud-Sud e t Nord-Sud p e u r d e s ; changes d ' e x p & - r i e n c e e t un t r a v a i l c o n c r e t e n c o r n u n .

- e s n r n ' e t s eux-msmes p o r t e n t s u r la p r o d u c t i o n , l a f o r m a t i o n , d e s scmi- : ~ a i r k k " F e ~ m . e s e t c o r r i u ~ i c a t i c n a l t e r n a t i 3 : e " e t d e s $ c h a n g e s Sud- Sud.

Le p r e m i e r d ' e n c r e - e u x - l a p r o d u c t i o n - e s t d à © c r i e n d z t a i l c i - a p r c s .

La p r o d u c t i o n --

P r o b l g m a ~ ~ q u a : G*n=ra l emen t , 1'9:; o b s e r v e l a f a i b l e s s e -les i n f o i - s a c i o n s s u r l e s femmes o u , quand i l en e x i s t e , l ' i m a g e q u i e s t p r e s e r f r e e d ' e l l e s l e s f a i t c o n s o m m a t r i c e s , p a s s i v e s , v o u à © e l a c ' i i s i n e , a l a mode, ;,EX

f a i t s d i v e r s . L ' i m a g e d e l a femme q u i a r à © u s s e s t , p a r a i l l e u r s , sou- v e n t i n d i v i d u a l ~ s t e , o c c i d e n t a l e , G l i t i s t e . I l y a donc une m a r g i n a l i s a - t i o n d e c e t t e m a j o r i t à d e s femmes q u i d e p a r Leurs a c c i v i c ~ s d a n s \ a communauté l a n o u r r i t e t change s o n env i ronnemen t de f a c ~ n p o s i t i v e . Le m à © d i a c o n t r i b u e donc 2 m a i n t e n i r l e s fanimes d a n s un s t a t u t i n f 6 r i e u r e t s t a t i q u e .

O b j e c t i f s : P r G s e n t e r une image d e s femmes r e f l à © t a n l e u r v i e r à © e l l e t s e s a s p e c t s d e c r g a t i v i t k , d e changement e t d e p a r t i c i p a t i o n ; p romouvo i r d e s Cchanges d ' e x p à © r i e n c e e n t r e femmes d ' A f r i q u e ; f a i r e l e l i e n e n t r e l e s femmes p r o f e s s i o n n e l l e s d e l a communica t i on , l e s c h e r c h e u s e s . Les u n i v e r s i t a i r e s e t l e p u b l i c ; i n c r à ¼ d u ~ r l ' 2 l i m e n t "femmes" d a n s t o u s l e s a s p e c t s d e l a c o m u n i c a t i c n ; e t m e t t r e e n o e u v r e une ~ o m u r i c a t i o n a l - t e r n a t i v e p o u r l e s femmes, f o n d s e s u r d e s v a l e u r s e t l e s b e s o i n s a f r i - c a i n s .

Les t hème v i s e r o n t à m e t t r e e n a v a n t p a r " l e s ~ r o d u c t i o n s ( a r t i c l e s , S m i s s i o n s . . . ) d e q u a l i t à © l a t o t a l i t à d e l a v i e d e s femmes d a n s s a quo- t l d i e n n e t à e n à © n o n à § a d e s p e r s p e c t i v e s ; à d i r e l e s p r o j e t s q u i v i s e n t a l e s s o r t i r d e l e u r c o n d i t i o n ( e x p à © r i e n c e n o u v e l l e s p o s i t i v e s ou nega- c i v e s ) : à v u l g a r i s e r d e s c o n n a i s s a n c e s ; e t à m e t t r e à l a d i s p o s i t i o n d e s média a f r i c a i n s ou a u t r e s e t d e s o r g a n i s m e s i n t e r n a t i o n a u x d e s i n f o n n a - t i o n s , r e p o r t a g e s s u r l ' h i s t o i r e , l a v i e , l e s e s p o i r s d e s f e r m e s a f r i - c a i n e s .

Q u e l q u e s exemples : Femmes a f r i c a i n e s a t r a v e r s l ' h i s t o i r e ; femmes a f r i - c a i n e s f a c e à l ' a p a r t h e i d ; r à ´ l e t p l a c e d e s femmes d a n s l a p r o d u c t i o n v i v r i c r e ; l ' a u t o - s u f f i s a n c e a l i m e n t a i r e ; 12 s a n t à d e s feumes; l e s femmes e~ l a p o p u l e t t i a n ; l a f a m i l l e : l e s femmes e t l a l u t t e c o n t r e l a d e s e r t i - c a t i o n ; l a l i b s r a t i o n d e s femmes.

o y e : L'APAC a commencà à i d e n t i f i e r d e s r à © s e a u q u i d i s t r i b u e r o n t l e m a t à © r i e p r o d u i t t a n t e n A f r i q u e q u ' a i l l e u r s . E l l e compte à © g a l e m e n con- s o l i d e r s o n b u l l e t i n d e l i a i s o n q u i a n n o n c e r a pg r iod ique rnen t l e s p ro - d u c t i o n s à s a d i s p o s i ~ i o u . P a r a i l l e u r s , l a a i s e e n o e u v r e de s o n c e n t r e d e d o c u m e n t a t i o n r e s t e un p r o j e t p r i o r i t a i r e e n c e q u ' i l s e r a l a s o u r c e d ' u n e i n f o r m a t i o n f i a b l e , p l u r i e l l e e t s c i e n t i f i q u e s u r l e s femmes e n A f r i q u e .

P A R A G U A Y : BASE/ISEC

BASE I n v e s t i g a c i o n e s S o c i a l e s , Educació y Comunicaciones ( B A S E I I S E C ) à €

gna o r g a n i z a c i à ³ no gubernamenta l , s i n f i n e s de l u c r o , que s e o r i e n t a p o r Los s i g u i e n t e s o b j e t i v o s g e n e r a l e s : La i n s t i t u c i à ³ d e f i n e su p r i s - r i d a d por e l s e r v i c i o que p r e t e n d e b r i n d a r a l o s s e c t o r e s menos Àavore c i d o s de l a pob lac ió en e l Paraguay. Los s e r v i c i o s s e concre tan en un grupo de t a r e a s de i g u a l impor tanc ia : i n v e s t i g a c i 5 n . c a p a c i t a c i à ³ y co- municacion p o p u l a r , que i n t e n t a n , de g e n e r a l , apoyar l o s p rocesos de o r g a n i z a c i à ³ de base .

Con l a i n v e s t i g a c i à ³ s e p r e t e n d e

. o b t e n e r i n t e r p r e t a c i o n e s r i g u r o s a s s o b r e d i f e r e n t e s a s p e c t o s de l a r e a l i d a d s o c i a l , económica p o l à ­ t i c a c u l t u r a l e h i s t o r i c a d e l p a i s , con un e n f a s i s e s p e c i a l en a q u e l l a s t e m à ¡ t i c a má d i r e c t a - mente r e f e r i d a s a l o s problemas q u e a f e c t a n a l o s s e c t o r e s popu- l a r e s :

. implementar e s t u d i o s academicos que l l e v e n a una percepc ió c o r r e c - t a de l a r e a l i d a d para a s i p e r m i t i r i n f e r e n c i a s que o r i e n t e n 3de- diadamente l a p o l i t i c a s de a c c i à ³ s o c i a l de l a s i n s t i t u c i o n e s ded i - cadas a l a promoció s o c i a l ;

. s e busca tambié e s t i m u l a r e l e s t u d i o i n t e g r a d o d e l d e s a r r o l l o d e l e s t a d o n a c i o n a l paraguayo, su s i t u a c i à ³ a c t u a l y l a s p r o p u e s t a s a l t e r n a t i v a s p a r a su e v e n t u a l reo^-1er.taci6n democrá t i ca

E s t a Area a s t a compuesta de 4 programas p r i n c i p a l e s : pob lac i6n y d e s a r r - o l l o ; t e c n o l o g i a a l t e r n a t i v a ; e s t a d o , i d e o l o g à ­ y p o l l t i c a ; v o rgan iza - c i o n e s p o p u l a r e s y soc iedad .

En e l programa de pob lac ió y d e s a r r o l l o s e p r i o r i z a e l e s t u d i o de l a movi l idad e s p a c i a l de l a f u e r z a de t r a b a j o , s e a e s t a u rbana c r u r a l , l a s p a u t a s de reproducc ió y l o s p a t r o n e s de o r g a n i z a c i à ³ f a m i l i a r que s e van generando como r e s p u e s t a a l o s cambios que s e producen en l a e s t r u c - t u r a f u n d i a r i a y l o s mercados r e g i o n a l e s de empleo. Esco ' l l t imo a s u vez i n c l u y e l a s d i s t i n t a s e s t r a t e g i a s d e s u p e r v i v e n c i a que implementan l o s s e c t o r e s p o p u l a r e s p a r a l a s a t i s f a c c i à ³ de s u s n e c e s i d a d e s b à ¡ s i c a s

E e l programa de t e c n o l o g à ­ a l t e r n a t i v a s e busca por 'un l a d o poner a d i s p o s i c i à ³ de l a pob lac i -n campesina y m a r g i n a l d e l a s c iudades (u rbana o sub-urbana) , método y t à © c n i c a que , f a v o r e c i e n d o a l medio ambien te , maximicen l a d i s p o n i b i l i d a d , conservac ió y u t i l i z a c i à ³ d e r e c u r s o s na- t u r a l e s . Por o t r o l a d o - y simultáneament - s e b u s c a r à c a p i t a l i z a r ex- p e r i e n c i a s que penn ican s i s t e m a t i z a r l o s conoc imien tos p r e s e n t e s en l a memoria c o l e c t i v e d e l pueblo d e modo que puedan s e r d e v u e l t o s y d i f m - d i d o s e n t r e l o s grupos p a r t i c i p d n ~ e s taiitii en p r o y e c t o s d e i;i7:zstigac.-<z como en c u r s o s d e c a p a c i t a c i à ³ n

E l programa de e s t a d o , i d e o l o g i a y p o l à ­ t i c e s t i m u l a e l e s t u d i o i n t e g r a - do d e l ' desarro1l .o d e l e s t a d o n a c i o n a l , su s i t u a c i à ³ a c t u a l y l a s pro- p u e s t a s a l t e r n a t i v a s p a r a s u e v e n t u a l r e o r i e n t a c à ­ 6 democra t i ca .

E l programa de o r g a n i z a c i o n e s p o p u l a r e s y s o c i e d a d a t i e n d e a l a coyun- t u r a p o l ' t i c o - s o c i a l que v i v e e l P a r a g u a y . An te une i n s u f i c i e n t e conso - l i d a c i à ³ p r o g r a m à ¡ t i c d e l o s p a r t i d o s p o l à ­ t i c o t r a d i c i o n a l e s , ;: s o b r e t odo p o r l a a u s e n c i a d e p r o p u e s t a s que i n t e r p r e t e n y c a n a l i c e n l o s i n - t e r e s e s de l o s s e c t o r e s p o p u l a r e s , c o b r a n niáxia i m p o r t a n c i a l o s c o v i - a l i e n t o s d e b a s e que s u r g e n como une r e s p u e s t a a l t e r n a t i v a de o r g a n i z a - c i à ³ n E l movimiento campes ino , l a s n u c l e a c i o n e s j u v e n i l e s y l o s g r u p o s de m u j e r e s , a s à como l a s d i s t i n t a s fo rmas d e o r g a n i z a c i o n e s d e t r a b a j a - d o r e s , s e r à o b j e t a d e d i s c u s i à ³ y r e f l e x i à ³ t a n t o d e s d e e l p u n t o de v i s - t a t e - r i c o d e s u i m p o r t a n c i a e n modos i n f o r r a a l e s d e p a r t i c i p a c i - n p o l à ­ t i c a y s o c i a l , como e n p r o y e c t o s d e i n v e s t i g a c i à ³ p a r t i c i p a t i v a que f a - c i l i t e n l a r e f l e x i à ³ a l i n t e r i o r de cada mov imien to .

En l o r e s p e c t a a c a p a c i t a c i à ³ s e b u s c a e s p e c i f i c a m e n t e :

a l e n t a r y r e f o r z a r l o s i n t e n t o s d e o r g a n i z a c i à ³ d e g r u p o s de b a s e p a r a l a a u t o p r o m o c i à ³ d e e s t o s s e c t o r e s ;

. c a p a c i t a r a l i d e r e s d e b a s e d e modo t a l que e s t e n en c o n d i c i o n e s concep tua l f c s y t à © c n i c a p a r a a c t u a r como a g e n t e s m u l t i p l i c a d o r e s de I d t a r e a o r g a n i z a t i v a .

Las t a r e a s d e l a r e a s e c o n c e n t r a n e n p rog ramas de c a p a c i t a c i à ³ a l i d e r e s c o m u n i t a r i o s y p r o m o t o r e s s o c i a l e s d e i n s t i t u c i o n e s d e a c c i à ³ s o c i a l . E n t r e l o s p r i m e r o s , s e h a p r e s t a d o a t e n c i à ³ e s p e c i a l a campes inos o r g a - n i z a d o s e n c o m i t à © d e p r o d u c c i à ³ o c o m i t à © v e c i n a l e s d e t r e s d e p a r t a n e n - t o s d e l p a i s , a c o o r d i n a c i à ³ d e g r u p o s j u v e n i l e s , morado re s d e l a p e r i - f e r i a u r b a n a ;; m u j e r e s .

Las a c t i v i d a d e s e d u c a t i v a s , s i b i e n s e c e n t r a n e n l a s n e c e s i d a d e s comu- n i t a r i a s e s p e c i f i c a s y e n e l g r a d o d e d e s a r r o l l o o r g a n i z a t i v o que l o s g r u p o s han a l c a n z a d o , s e r e f i e r e n a l a s s i g u i e n t e s à ¡ r e a s c a p a c i t a c i à ³ o r g a n i z a t i v a , c a p a c i t a c i à ³ e n t à © c n i c a d e p r o d u c c i à ³ a l t e r n a t i v a s , c a - p a c i t a c i à ³ p a r a l a c o m e r c i a l i z a c i à ³ n e d u c a c i à ³ p a r a l a j u s t i c i a , manejo i n t e g r a d o d e f i n c a s , u t i l i z a c i à ³ d e r e c u r s o s n a t u r a l e s , c a p a c i t a c i à ³ s o c i a l , c a p a c i t a c i à ³ a c e r c a d e l a r e a l i d a d l o c a l , r e g i o n a l y n a c i o n a l , t a l l e r e s d e e x p r e s i à ³ n

Los p rog ramas d e c a p a c i t a c i à ³ d e p r o m o t o r e s e n s e r v i c i o ayudan a à © s t o a c o n f r o n t a r c r i t i c a m e n t e s u p r à ¡ t i c s o c i a l y a c o m p a r t i r e l u s o d e t s c n i - c a s , método y c o n c e p t o s que s e han c o n s i d e r a d o n e c e s a r i o s p a r a e l com- p o r t a m i e n t o d e l p r o c e s o d e o r g a n i z a c i à ³ d e g r u p o s c o m u n i t a r i o s .

Una i m p o r t a n t e m a y o r i a d e l o s r e c u r s o s d e l a i n s t i t u c i à ³ e s t à ¡ v o l c a d o s a e s t a a r e a , c o n s i d e r a d a c e n t r a l a l o s o b j e c t i v o s d e BASEIISEC.

En c u a n t o a comun icac ió à © s t e s e n t e n d i d a e n s e n t i d o a m p l i o y b u s c a e n l o e s p e c i f i c o a

d e s a r r o l l a r una b a s e d e d a t o s d e modo a f a c i l i t a r e l t r a t a m i e n t o d o c u m e n t a l que c o n s t i t u y e e l insumo b à ¡ s i c p a r a l a s demá t a r e a s ; l a i d e a e s c r e a r y a l i m e n t a r un " a r c h i v o v i v o " a d i s p o s i c i à ³ d e d i s t i n t o s i n t e r e s e s d e l a comunidad d e m o c r à ¡ t i c y s e c t o r e s popu la - r e s d e l p a i s ;

p r e s t a r s e r v i c i o s a l o s s e c t o r e s p o p u l a r e s p a r a c o m u n i c a r s e unos con o t r o s e x p r e s a n d o s u s i d e a s y e x p e r i e n c i a s e n v i s t a a l a m u t u a l a y u d a ;

. a y u d a r p o r medio da l a s i d e a s i m p r e s a s , a que l o s c i t a d o s s e c t o r e s r e d e s c u b r a n una i d e n t i d a d n e d i d n t e l a e x p r e s i à ³ d e s u s p r o p i o s i n - t e r e s e s , v a l o r e s :? c u l e r a .

E 1 d r e a o r g a n i z a s u t r a b a j o a l r e d e d o r de v a r i o s p r o g r a m a s o p e r a t i v o s , i n c l u y e n d o :

E l programa d e a n à ¡ l i s i d e c o y u n t u r a . E s t e programa, a l i m e n t a l a d i s c u - s i & d e l a r e a l i d a d n a c i o n a l que forma p a r t e d e l o s c o n t e n i d o s d e l o s c u r s o s de c a p a c i t a c i à ³ n E l programa m a n t i e n e l a mesa má c o m p l e t a de a n à ¡ l i s i d e c c y u n t u r a a c t u a l m e n t e e n f u n c t i o n a m i e n t o p e r m a n e n t e e n e l p a à ­ s Reune a l b e s p e c i a l i s t a s , que s e e n c a r g a n de c u b r i r l o s t emas e n l a s à ¡ r e a p o l i t i c a , economia y s o c i a l . La p u b l i c a c i à ³ m e n s u a l , A n à ¡ l i s i d e l Mes, p r o d u c t o d e l programa e s d e un buen n i v e l d e c o n t e n i d o i n f o n n a - t i v o c r i t i c o d e l a r e a l i d a d d e l p a i s .

E l p rog rama d e p u b l i c a c i o n e s . Se c u b r e n con e s t e p rog rama t r e s t i p o s de d e s a n d a s d e B A S E ~ I S E C e n m a t e r i a d e p u b l i c a c i o n e s : p e r i à ³ d i c a s que e n e s t e momento e s t à s i e n d o c u b i e r t a p o r e l r e s u l t a d o d e l a n à ¡ l i s i d e coy- u n t u r a A n à ¡ l i s i del. Mes, p u b l i c a c i o n e s d e e d u c a c i à ³ p o p u l a r e n forma de c a r t i l l a s que s o n c o n f e c c i o n a d a s p o r demanda d e l o s c u r s o s que m a n t i e n e e l c e n t r o ; documen tos d e t r a b a j o que s i r v e n d e medio d e d i f u s i à ³ d e l o s r e s u l t a d o s d e i n v e s t i g a c i à ³ y d e c o n f e r e n c i a s y s e m i n a r i o s o r g a n i z a d o s p o r BASE/ISEC.

!3ASE/Ar3EC, Casilla de correo 2692, Àsw.ci-n .?aray&y1.

development Nifaneroespsast1SS6

dialogue

DESARROLLO A ESCALA HUMANA

una opci6n para el futuro

CHILE: EL PROGRAMA CAMPESINO DEL CENTRO EL CANELO DE NOS

E P r o g r à º a Campesino d e l C e n t r o e l Cane lo d e Nos de C E A L L e s t i c o r i s t i - r u i d o p o r ur. g r u p o i n t e r d i s c i p l i r . a r i o d e p r o f e s i o n a l ~ s , t s c n i c o s y c, ia- p e s i n ~ ~ s S u p r o p o s i t o e s a p o y a r l a s e s t r a t e g i a s d e s o b r e v i v e n c i a q u e

. ? d e s a r r o l l a : ! 12:; c i t z p e s i n o s a l o I a r g o de ' p a i s . er: 5.2 confriini-ac:.in xrin . ~ '1n % d e l o e c o i i à ³ n ~ c q'Je Los ha sumido e i l a p c b r e z a y ^ i d r g i n d A i d a d .

O b j e t i v o s :

. O f r e c e r ci l o s campes inos avuda t à © c n i c p a r a un me jo r ap rovechamien - t o d e s u s p r o p i o s r e c u r s o s .

. E s t i - d i a r l a s t o m a s de t e c n o l c g Z d s e x i s t e n t e s , n e j o r a r l a s y e x t e n - 2er-Las . L s t e o b j e t i v o s e v i n c u l a 3.1 c o n c e p t o de Tecno logZa Campe- s i n a , e n t ~ n d i d a como a q u e l l a f s n c i o n a l a l o s objetivos cau 'pe s inos d e r e p r o d u c c i à ³ y d e s a r r o l l o , d e n t r o d e s u s fo r i aa s p a r t i c u l a r e s de v i d a .

. Apoyar l a o r g a n i z a c i à ³ campes ina . S e p r i v i l e g i a e l t r a b a j o e n l a b a s e l o c a l , impu l sando una o r g a n i z a c i à ³ au tónoma r e p r e s e n t a t i v a y d e m o c r à ¡ t i c a que r e s u e l v a p r o b l e m a s s o c i a l e s y p r o d u c t i v o s a sumidos p o r l a comunidad y que p o t e n c i e fo rmas s u p e r i o r e s d e ~ r g 3 , n i z a c i à “ n

L i n e a s d e t r a b a j o - EducaciGn p o p u l a r e n comun idades c a m p e s i n a s

Se t r a b a j a con g r u p o s de m i n i f u n d i s t a s , en l o c a l i d a d e s d e e x t r e m a pob re - z a . M e d i a n t e p r o c e s o s d e I n v e s t i g a c i - n P a r t i c i p a t i v a , s e b u s c a dece rmi - n a r e l patr:6r. t e c n o l à ³ g i c u t i l i z a d o , d e t e c t a r s u s à • i m i t a c i o n e y enp ren - d e r a c c i o n e s p a r a m e j o r a r l o . E s t e t r a b a j o e s t à o r i e n t a d o e n d o s p e r s p e c - t i v a s : l a s a t i s f a c c i à ³ de l a s n e c e s i d a d e s b i s i c a s y e l f o r t a l e c i m i e n t o d e l a o r g a n i z a c i à ³ campes ina .

I n v e s t i g a c i à ³ n e x p e r i m e n t a c i - n y d e m o s t r a c i à ³ d e t e c n o l o g à ­ a c a m p e s i n a s

u o b j e t i v o e s e x p e r i m e n t a r s o l u c i o n e s a l a s demandas t e c n o l - g i c a s gene- r a d a s e n e l t r a b a j o con campes inos . Ademá s e p r e o c u p a d e a d a p t a r t e c - n o l o r c a s f o r a n e a s a Las c a r a c t e r i s t i c a s d e l c ampes inado c h i l e n o 7 d e s a - r r o l i a r mode los p r o d u c t i v o s de a u t o - s u b s i s t e n c i a , a d e c u a d o s a l a i d i o - s i n c r a s i a y r e c u r s o s c a m p e s i n o s .

E l P rog rama c u e n t a c o n una P a r c e l a d e E x p e r i m e n t a c i à ³ y D e m o s t r a c i à ³ - e l C a n t r o e l Cane lo d e Nos - a 25 km. d e S a n t i a g o . Se h a formado une r e d d e p a r c e l a s he rmanas , a c a r g o d e d i f e r e n t e s ONG, con l a s que s e m a n t i e n e J pe rmanen te i n t e r c a m b i o d e e x p e r i e n c i a s . E l c a r à ¡ c t e campes ino d a e s t a s p a r c e l a s - e n o p o s i c i à ³ a c e n t r o s d e i n v e s t i g a c i à ³ t r a d i c i o n a l e s - p e r m i t e e s t a b l e c e r una comun icac ió má h o r i z o n t a l y f l u i d a c o n l o s cam- p e s i n o s , a l e n c o n t r a r e n e l l a s e l e m e n t o s r e s c a t a d o s d e s u n r o p i a p r à ¡ c t i c a .

. , n y d e s a r r o l l o d e t e c n o l o g à ­ a c-ampesinas R e s c a t e , s i s C e m a t ' - - .''

E s t a l f n e a d e t r a b a j o r e c o g e , s i s t e m a t i z a y d i f u n d e l a d i v e r s i d a d de a l t e r n a t i v a s d e s a r r o l l a d a s p o r l o s campes inos p a r a e n f r e n t a r s u s p r o b l e - mas , t a n t o p r o d u c t i v o s como d e l a v i d a c o t i d i a n a .

E1 objetivo principal es: Promover procesos tendientes a que los campe- sinos recobren la confianza en su propio conociniento, sabidur'a y capa- cidades. El material recopilado es vertido en fichas que contienen toda la informació recogida y que son distribuidas a los campesinos. Además en diferentes comunidades, se he apoyado la construcción en f o m a co- lectiva de las tecnología reunidas.

capacitaci6n

Se plantea como un proceso educativo que englobe los siguientes elemen- tos:

. valoració del conocimiento endógeno

desarrollo de una conciencia crftica;

. auto-desarrollo de los grupos sociales a partir de sus recursos propios;

metodologí activo-participativa que permita la búsaued de res- puestas a problemas concretos, usando la creatividad del grupo;

seguimiento y evaluació constante del proceso iniciado

La capacitació tiene diferentes niveles de acci-n: apoyo a grupos cam- pesinos de base; talleres con campesinos y10 monitores de diferentes comunidades; trabajo con campesinos y10 monitores el Centro El Canelo de Nos; trabajo con técnico de terreno de las ONG locales.

Comunicaciones

Se concibe como un proceso que contribuye a lograr la autonomí del cam- pesino.

Sus objetivos son:

socializar los resultados de la actividad educativa y de capacita- ción de manera de democratizar la capacidad de tomar y manejar decisiones;

promover método de comunicación generados por los grupos de cam- pesinos, para estimular las relaciones interpersonales e intergru- pales.

En la perspectiva expuesta se han producido videos, diapo films, infor- mes de jornadas de capacitación folletos técnicos fichas del catastro nacional de tecnología campesinas y material educativo, todos los cua- les se encuentran a disposició de los interesados.

La práctic educativa es elemento central del Programa, donde el hilo conductor es la actualizació y desarrollo de la capacidades y cono- cimientos para promover la autonomia del sujeto social. En esta perspec- tiva, la actividad educativa se vincula estrechamente a lo concreto a travé de un proceso permanente de acción-reflexión-acciÃ

(Consejo de educació de adultos de Améric Latina, CEAAL, Casilla 6257, Santiago 22. Chi le ) .

J A M A I C A : A N O N - T R I B A L APPROACH T O D E M O C R A T I C D E V E L O P M E N T

Who a r e we: I n October 1984, a s m a l l group of Jamaicans met t o review t h e p o l i t i c a l - r e a l i t i e s of our s o c i e t y . Each brought y e a r s of e x p e r i e n c e a s p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i s t s i n Jamaica and a wide a r r a y of s k i l l s r ang ing from law C O p s y c h i a t r y , from medicine and d e n t i s t r y t o p o l i t i c s and theo logy , from p o e t r y and drama t o s e c r e t a r i a l and b r o a d c a s t i n g , from s t u d e n t and t e a c h e r t o c o n s t r u c t i o n s u p e r v i s i o n .

We agreed t o use a group p a r t i c i p a t o r y approach f o r t h e a n a l y s i s of t h e p e r i o d 1972 t o 1980. F o r t n i g h t l y , we, a s a g roup , examined t h e h i s t o r i c - a l f a c t s of t h e p e r i o d f i r s t based on p e r s o n a l e x p e r i e n t i a l e v e n t s , u s i n g documented f a c t s of Jamaican h i s t o r y garnered from a wide range of w r i t t e n m a t e r i a l a v a i l a b l e .

Using g r a p h i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h e h i s t o r i c a l m a t e r i a l , t h e group ana- lysed t h e sequence of e v e n t s and e s t a b l i s h e d c o n s i s t e n t themes and p a t - t e r n s which e x i s t e d dur ing t h e p e r i o d . Th is se rved a s p o i n t s of depar- t u r e f o r f u r t h e r c o l l e c t i v e s tudy a s t h e group p a r t i c i p a t o r y method pushed towards an i n t e n s e a n a l y s i s of t h e e n t i r e p e r i o d of Jamaican h i s - t o r y i n o r d e r t o have a b e t t e r unders tand ing of p resen t -day r e a l i t i e s .

The dynamics of t h e group p a r t i c i p a t o r y approach l e d t o c r i t i c a l examin- a t i o n of t h e f a c t s , c o l l e c t i v e a n a l y t i c i n s i g h t , c l o s e r i n t e r - g r o u p , so- c i a l and p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s and t h e c o l l e c t i o n of documentat ion.

What we do: We p u b l i s h a s e r i e s of popula r b u l l e t i n s . T h i s s e r i e s of b u l l e t i n s i s an a t t e m p t t o encourage a n o n - t r i b a l approach towards a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g of p u b l i c i s s u e s . New c h a l l e n g e s f a c e t h e Jamaican p o l i t i c a l p r o c e s s . One of t h e s e c h a l l e n g e s is how t o a r r i v e a t a n accu- r a t e and r e a l i s t i c assessment of i s s u e s .

Why is t h i s a c h a l l e n g e ? There a r e two b a s i c weaknesses i n t h e d i s c u s - s i o n on p u b l i c i s s u e s :

1 . t h e p a r t i s a n p o l i t i c a l approach - t h i s s t a r t s from a defence of each p o l i t i c a l p a r t y (JLP/PNP/WPJ);

2 . t h e above p o l i t i c s approach - t h i s has two main m a n i f e s t a t i o n s : ( a ) t h o s e f e d up w i t h t h e p a r t i s a n p o l i t i c a l approach - i . e . t o say " p o l i t i c s i s d i r t y " , o r t h o s e who say - "a plague on b o t h t h e i r houses"; (b ) t h o s e who would l i k e t o wish away con l i c t i n s o c i e t y between t h e "haves" and t h e "have-nots".

The s e r i e s h e l p t o c l a r i f y t h e s e i s s u e s .

P l a n s f o r t h e f u t u r e : P u b l i s h i n g t h e f i n d i n g s of o u r p a r t i c i p a t o r y re- s e a r c h around t h e t h e s i s t h a t : two p a r t y t r i b a l p o l i t i c s i n Jamaica can- n o t s e r v e t h e i n t e r e s t of t h e m a j o r i t y of peop le . Shar ing o u r f i n d i n g s w i t h v a r i o u s g roups i n c l u d i n g p o l i t i c a l g roups , p r e s s u r e g r o u p s , e t c . Popula r t h e a t r e - u s i n g s k i t s l d r a m a t o s h a r e our f i n d i n g s , p a n e l d i s - c u s s i o n s , p u b l i c l e c t u r e s .

(Part'icipatory Reseach Group, 2.0. Box C.S.O. 8646, Kingston, Jamaica).

FRANCE; AITEC, ARCHIMEDE ET LEONARD

L'un des premiers objectifs de 1'Association internationale de techni- ciens, experts et chercheurs ( A I T E C ) est de -lettre en oeuvre, pratique- ment et professionnellement, un refus des diktats techniques. Remettre le technique à sa place est le devoir de l'expert, du chercheur, de l'ingénieu . . . ou mêm du juriste. Ce qui doit avoir pour effet de re- donner toute son importance au déba politique, quitte à fournir aux organisations de tout niveau les conseils nécessaire pour dominer le technique ou le technico-Gconomique trop souvent restreint à la banqu- abilitg. Il importe de montrer, preuve à l'appui, que la faisabilit6 d'un projet s'appréci autant politiquement que techniquement et que la pensé technique peut et doit êtr dynamisée tant dans le Tiers Monde qu'en Europe, et autant au niveau des pays qu'au niveau local. C'est là un des objectifs essentiels de llAITEC: organiser la circulation des compétence et évite la sp6cialisation N'ord ou Sud, trop sclérosante

L'AITEC ne peut pas refuser l'actuelle organisation aarchande et/ou in- stitutionnelle des études de la consultation et de la recherche. Mais elle veut aussi prendre en compte la demande sociale non solvable éma nant de demandeurs non reconnus, y compris en l'aidant à s'orienter vers des instances pouvant la soutenir économiquemen et institutionnelle- ment.

C'est un pari fondamental de l'association d'inviter ses membres 2 dé passer le clivage professionnel/militant, et en mêm temps 2 progresser sur les deux fronts du professionnel et du politique, en opéran de nou- velles avancée grâc à cette conjonction, pour mieux répondr aux exi- gences de progrè et d'indépendanc que les travailleurs et: les peuples ne cessent d'exprimer, pratiquement et quotidiennement. On ne peut, en effet, attendre la fin des dominations pour y répondr concrètement y compris à travers d'autres demandes plus indirectes ou plus classiques.

L'AITEC ne donne pas de label comercial ou de label politique. Elle n'est ni un super bureau d'étude ni un nouveau parti. Elle n'a d'autre ambition que d'amplifier Les débat que lancent ses adhérent et aussi d'organiser la diffusion et la gestion des offres d'intervention à l'in- tention de ses adhérents qu'ils soient chercheurs publics, travailleurs indépendant ou salarié du secteur privà ... L'autre ambition de l'AITEC est d'encourager la multiplicità des approches et d'inviter les techni- ciens à accepter ou mêm provoquer la critique. Le refus de l'enferme- ment technique est à ce prix. C'est la sans doute que s'exprime le mieux ce progressisme qui gagnera plus à êtr pratiquà qu'à êtr théorisÃ

L'AITEC publie une Lettre (mensuelle), Carnets de l1A1TEC, et une revue (bien faite), Archimèd et Léonard dont nous reproduisons l'éditorial programme du N o l :

A R C H I M E D E ET LEONARD

Arehimèd e t Lzonard sont deux types qui ont üé des période de boule- versements, de c r i ses e t aussi, l'émergenc de nouveau possibles.

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100

THE I N S T I T U T E FOR FOOD AND DEVELOPMENT P O L I C Y : FOOD FIRST BOOKS

"The I n s t i t u t e L r F3cd and D e v e h p m e n t Poiic:; i s a n o t - f o r p r s f i c rri- s e a r c h and e d u c a t i o n a l c e n t r e ~ n i c h i n v e s t i g d c e s t h e r o o t c a u s e s of

- . :,un.ger i n 3 w o r i d o f p l e n t y . A l so 'Known 3 y Lta i n p r i r t , FOOG .- i r s t 3 ~ o k s , t h e 1 r . s t i t ' ~ t . e s t ' ~ d i e s t h e e f f 2 r t s 01" p e o p l e d r ~ u n d t h e .+'.irl< .;:I..'

a r e work ing t o c r e a t e f a u d and : ~ r a i n g s y s t d a s t h a t t r u l y meet p e o p l e ' , z z e d s .

-Â¥cu2de i n 19:s by F r a n c e s Moore Lapp2, a u t h o r o f " D i e t f o r a 5ca.Ll ? l a - n e t " , a n a . Joseph C o l l i n s , co-~i ; :hor w i t h LappS a i "?odd F i r s t : Beyond t i le Myth of Sca rc i t ' : " , t h e I n s t i t u t e h a s been h a i l e d a s "one o f t h e most i t a b l i s h e d ' f c o d t h i n k tc icks ' i n t 2 e c o u n t r y " b y t h e New York T i n e s .

The I n s t i t u t e h a s open c r e d i t e d w i t h p l a y i r i g a key r o l e i n c h a n g i n g t h e g l o b a l d e b a t e a b o u t t h e c a u s e s o f and s o l u t i o n s t o w o r l d h u n g e r . Hurr.ani- ta r -Lan r e s p o n s e s t o h u n g e r , which f o m e r l ; ; f avou red , c h a r i t y and d e v e l o p - ment t e c h n o l o g y , nov a d d r e s s i s s u e s of p o v e r t y and p o w e r l e s s n e s s - !he u n d e r l y i x g c a u s e s o f h u n g e r .

A c c e p t i n g no c o n t r i b u t i o n s f rom c o r p o r a t e o r g o v e r n a e n t s c u r c e s , t h e I n s t i t u e is <!ble t o c a r r y o u t i n d e p e n d e n t r e s e a r c h , f r e e f rom i d e o l o g i c - a l f o r m u l a s and p r e v a i l i n g government p o l i c i e s . Known f o r t h e i r p o p u l a r - l y w r i t t e n s t y l e and uncompromis ing a n a l y s i s , Food F i r s t p a p e r b a c k s s u r - vey s o c i a l c o n d i t i o n s and developoient p rob l ems t h r o u g h a " food window", t a c k l i n g s u b j e c t s t h a t r a n g e f rom p o p u l a t i o n c o n t r o l t o p e s t i c i d e s .

Among :he Food F i r s t Books :

A g a i n s t t h e G r a i n : The D i l e m a of P r o j e c t Fodd Aid r e v e a l s now ;di'd a i d o f t e n h u r t s the v e r y p e o p l e i t i s supposed t o b e n e f i t . T h i s i n - d e p t h c r i t i q u e d raws e x t e n s i v e l y f rom f i e l d r e s e a r c h . Oxran- E n g l a n d , 1 3 2 p . , p h a t o s , b i b l . and n o t e s . 5 9 . 9 5 .

A i d a s O b s t a c l e : Twenty Q u e s t i o n s About Our F o r e i g n Aid and che Hungry by F r a n c e s Moore Lapp6, J o s e p h C o l l i n s and David K i n l e y . How f o r e i g n a i d r e i n f o r c e s t h e p o l i t i c a l and economic s t r u c t u r e s t h a t keep p e o p l e h u n g r y . 192p . , p h o t o s , c h a r t s and p r i m e r on t h e a i d e s t a b l i s h m e n t . $ 5 . 9 5 .

. Banking on P o v e r t y : The Impac t o f t h e 111F and World Bank i s a f u l l and a c c e s s i b l e a c c o u n t i n g of t h e r o l e of two key f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u - t i o n s i n c r e a t i n g and p r o l o n g i n g a g l o b a l economic c r i s i s . Between t h e L i n e s , Canada. 336 p , , g l o s s a r y , r e a d i n g l i s t . 5 1 2 . 9 5 .

. C i r c l e o f P o i s o n : P e s t i c i d e s and P e o p l e i n a Hungry World b y David Weir a n d Mark S c h a p i r o . Documents t h e g l o b a l s c a c d a l o f c o r p o r a t e and gove rnmen t e x p o r t a t i o n o f p e s t i c i d e s and r e v e a l s t h e t h r e a t : h i s p o s e s t o consumers and VorKeKS t n r o u g i ~ o u ~ ~ ' n e w o r l d . 1 .0 :~ . w i t h c h a r t s , p h o t o s and t a b l e s . $ 3 . 9 5 .

. C i r c u l o d e Veneno ( S p a n i s h E d i t i o n ) p u b l i s h e d by C o p i d e r I T e r r a Nova. 136 p . , a p p e n d i c e s , t a b l e s . S 3 . 9 5 .

. O i e t t o r a S s a i l P l a n e t : T e n t h A n n i v e r s a r y E d i t i o n by F r a n c e s Moore Lappe. T h i s c o m p l e t e l y r e v i s e d e d i t i o n of L a p p e ' s b e s t s e l l e r d r aws or, more t h d n a d e c a d e of r e s e a r c h t o e x p l a i n how p o l i t i c a l and eco - nomic s y s t e c s keep p e o p l e hungry . B a l l a n t i n e , A32p . , c h a r t s , t a b l e s r e s o u r c e g u i d e , r e c i p e s . 3 3 . 5 0 .

Food F i r s t : Beyond t h e Myth of S c a r c i t y by F r a n c e s Moore Lapp; ~ n d J o s e p h C o L l i n s w i t h Car;7 F o w l e r . A Landmark s t u d y , Food F i r s t d r aws on a 'wor ldwide n e t w o r k of r e s e a r c h t o d e m y s t i f y s u c h complex and v i t a l i s s u e s a s : r a p i d p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h , t h e g r e e n r e v o l u t i o n , US f o r e i g n a i d , t h e g o r i d Bank, and a g r i b u s i n e s s . B a l l a n t i n e , 620 p . , a p p e n d i c e s , n o t e s . S3.95.Comer e s P r i m e r o p u b l i s h e d by S i g l o XXI. 410 p . , r e s o u r c e g u i d e . $ 9 . 9 5 .

. Food F i r s t C u r r i c u l u m by L a u r i e Rub in . An i n t e g r a t e d s i x - u n i t c u r - r i c u l u m o n f o o d , hunge r and j u s t i c e . Des igned t o p romote s k i l l de- ve lopmen t a t t h e s i x t h g r a d e l e v e l . M o d i f i c a t i o n s f o r g r a d e s 4-8. I l l u s t r a t i o n s , w o r k s h e e t s and t e a c h e r s ' r e s o u r c e s . S 1 2 . 0 0 .

Food f o r B e g i n n e r s by Susan George and N i g e l P a i g e . A b o l d , c l e a r l o o k a t t h e f a c t s and my ths of food p r o d u c t i o n f rom i t s o r i g i n s 1 0 , 0 0 0 y e a r s a g o t o t h e G l o b a l s u p e r m a r k e t o f t o d a y , t h i s document- a r y comicbook d i s c a r d s t h e c l i c h e s and h a l f - t r u t h s u s e d t o e x p l a i n w o r l d h u n g e r , w i t h w i t , f o r c e a n d s h e e r l o g i c . W r i t e r s and R e a d e r s , l 7 3 p . , p h o t o s , i l l u s t r a t i o n s , s o u r c e l i s t . $ 4 . 9 5 .

. A Q u i e t V i o l e n c e : View f r o m a Bang ladesh V i l l a g e . A moving p o r t r a y - a l o f v i l l a g e l i f e , t h i s book shows how t h e e f f e c t s o f economic and s o c i a l f o r c e s k e e p p e o p l e bound i n t h e q u i e t v i o l e n c e of p o v e r t y and h u n g e r . 280p . . p h o t o s , n o t e s . $9 .95 .

. T r a d i n g t h e F u t u r e : The C o n c e n t r a t i o n of Economic Power i n o u r Food System. Today VS f a r m e r s a r e f a c i n g t h e most d e v a s t a t i n g c r i s i s s i n c e t h e G r e a t D e p r e s s i o n . One p e r c e n t o f US f a r m s r e c e i v e 66 p e r - c e n t of f a r m income, w h i l e a h a n d f u l of m a j o r c o r p o r a t i o n s d o m i n a t e v i r t u a l l y e v e r y o t h e r s e c t o r of t h e US food economy. T h i s i n v e s t - i g a t i o n a n a l y z e s t h e p a r a d o x o f r e c o r d h a r v e s t s and r e c o r d f a r m b a n k r u p t c i e s . 250p . , t a b l e s , g r a p h s , n o t e s , b i b l . $ 8 . 9 5 .

The I n s i t u t e f o r Food a n d Development P o l i c y I F o o d F i r s t , h a s i n i t i a t e d a p r o j e c t , "Development T h a t Works" examin ing t h e i m p a c t o f g r a s s r o o t s o r g a n i z a t i o n s t h r o u g h o u t t h e w o r l d . The p r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s of t h i s r e - s e a r c h a r e a v a i l a b l e i n t h e g u e s t - e d i t e d e d i t i o n s o f t h e magaz ines = M o n i t o r , "Development t h a t Works" ( S p r i n g 1 9 8 6 ) , m, "Demt>cracy i n A c t i o n " (Augus t 1986) and Bread a n d J u s t i c e ( O c t o b e r 1 9 8 6 ) . We a r e s o l i - c i t i n g m a t e r i a l s i n t h e fo rm of b o o k - l e n g t h m a n u s c r i p t s , a r t i c l e s , i n - t e r v i e w s o r e s s a y s f o r f u t u r e Food F i r s t p u b l i c a t i o n s . I n q u i r i e s f o r Food M o n i t o r , o r r e g a r d i n g manuscripts s h o u l d b e d i r e c t e d t o : "De- v e l o p m e n t T h a t Works", Food F i r s t , 1885 M i s s i o n S t r e e t , San F r a n c i s c o , C a l i f o r n i a 94103 .

BIKES FOR ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION

Group forned to target basic needs in transportation

A diverse group of transportation and development specialists have foru- ed a new assistance and advocacy organization to promote non-motorized transportation. The Institute for Transportation and Development Policy will press for sustainable and ecologically sound means of transporta- tion and for development that meets the mobility needs of the poor and unempowered.

With their markets in the industrialized countries largely saturated, transnational automobile corporations are targeting Asia, Latin America and Africa for the majority of their growth potential in the next twenty years. Michael Replogle, President of the Institute, asserts, however, that "substantial increases in motorization in most Third World coun- tries cannot be sustained with available capital and petroleum supplies. Motorization can be achieved in the short-term only through increased levels of inequality and poverty".

The Institute will work to advocate a basic needs approach to transport- ation in the major development lending institutions such as the Korld Bank, the Regional Development Banks and US government agencies.

The Institute is also sponsoring people-to-people grassroots development assistance projects in Central America, the Caribbean and Africa to de- monstrate the viability of local bicycle use, assembly and production. A bicycle mechanic training center has been established in Managua, Nica- ragua, by the Institute's Bikes Not Bombs Campaign. The Haitian Develop- ment Fund, another project of the Institute, is working on plans to set up a mechanic training center in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.

As part of the Institute's projects, which also include the Bikes for Africa Campaign, more than 350 donated bicycles have been collected, reconditioned by volunteers and distributed to teachers, health workers and agents extension in Haiti, Mozambique and Nicaragua.

Founding members of the Institue's Advisory Board are drawn from four continents and include Ricardo Navarro, Director of the Salvadorean Cen- ter for Appropriate Technology (CESTA), Hazel Henderson; author of ating Alternative Futures, Urs Heierli, CO-Director of the Swiss Center for Appropriate Technology (SKAT), James McCullagh, Editor and Publisher of BICYCLING Magazine, David Mozer, founder of Bicycle Africa and Surendra Jain of Jaipur, India.

(Box 5595, Friendship Station, Washington. DC 20016, 'JSA).

THE NETHERLANDS; WOMEN - ENVIRONMENT - SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The Netherlands Department for Development Assistance has financed a 10-month project oi the Netherlands ILCN Committee, which aims to pro- mote the involvement ot women and women's aspects in environmental con- servation and canagement and in planning sustainable development.

Although wocen all over the world, and in particular those living in Third world countries, are the main actors in environmental managznent and use - as for example agricultural producers, and providers of water, fuelwood and other natural resources - they have been neglected syste- rn.atically, not only in development planning, but also in environmental conservation. With the degradation of the environment, especially in the Third World, women's burdens increase tremendously. Women are aware of this situation and organize themselves. There are already many grass- roots groups of women and children who defend their living environment, e.g. by tree planting, opposing forest felling or campaigning against pollution.

The main objective of the project is the compilation of a Resource Book on Women and Environment, in which an analysis of women's involvement in environmental conservation and management will be given, illustrated by a great number of case-studies from all over the world. Another part of the book will deal with the policies of (international) environmental organizations and donor agencies, and with a workplan for future actions and steps to be taken.

Other projects will be: extension and strengthening of (existing) net- works of women for environmental conservation and management; contribu- tions to newsletters and bulletins; and information exchange.

The project will be carried out in close cooperation with environmental organizations, like IUCN, ELC, WORLDWIDE (world women in defence of the environment), UNEP and people's associations in the Third World.

%as, suggestions and other contribuvions are v e q much uelJomed by: Lrene Oanke Zman (Pyoject Women-Environment) , Netherlard6 XC'i'i Zommzttee, Jamrak 28-20, 1012 h' Amsterdam, The bethel-lands. Tel: wSC-2617^2 .

The Basic Income European Network was founded on 6 September 1986. Its aim is to serve as a link between individuals and groups committed to or interested in basic income (i.e. in a guaranteed minimum income granted on an individual basis, without means test nor willingness-to-work re- quirement) and to foster informed discussion on this and related chemes throughout Europe, A coordinating committee was set up (secretary: Walter van Trier, Department of Economics, UFSIA, Prinsstraat 13, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium). Among its high-priority tasks are the launching of a regular newsletter, the coordination of a network of national archives and the organization of a second European conference (Maastricht, 1988) .

THE 1986 RIGHT LIVELIHOOD AWARDS

The 1986 R i g h t L i v e l i h o o d Awards, w o r t h a t o t a l of SIOO'OOO have been a t t r i b u t e d t o two women scientists, 3 r . A l i c e Stewar : ('"K) 3rid 2 r . R o s a l i e B e r t e l l ( C a n a d a ) , w o r l d a u t h o r i t i e s on t h e d a n g e r s o f l o w - l e v e l n u c l e a r r a d i a t i o n ; by E v a r i s t o Sugkuag (Per1-i). p r i n c i p a l spoKesman f o r t h e Amazon I n d i a n s and by t h e Lddakh E c o l o g i c a l 3evelopmenc Croup or I n d i a , who work on l ow-cos t s o l a r e n e r s y p r o j e c t s and t o ? r e s e r v e t r a - d i t i o n a l c u l t u r e i n t h e h i g h H i s a l a y a s . The r ionorary Award gods t o t h e A u s t r i a n f u t u r i s t R o b e r t Jungk .

The Awards , a l s o known a s t h e A l t e r n a t i v e Nobel P r i z e s , we re p r e s e n t e d t o t h e r e c i p i e n t s by J a k o b von U e x k u i l , f ounde r - cha r iman of t h e R i g h t L i v e l i h o o d F o u n d a t i o n i n a ceremony i n t h e Swedish P a r l i a m e n t i n S t o c k - holm on 3 December . F i r s t i n s t i t u t e : : i n 1980, t h e awards have s o f a r b e e n won by 29 p e o p l e and o r g a n i s a t i o n s from 20 c o u n t r i e s , who, i n t h e o p i n i o n o f t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l j u r y , "work on p r a c t i c a l and exempla ry so - l u t i o n s t o t h e most u r g e n t p rob l ems of t o d a y " .

D r . A l i c e S t e w a r d F e l l o w of t h e Roya l C o l l e g e o r P h y s i c i a n s , S e n i o r R e s e a r c h F e l l o w a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Birmingham ( L J K ) , w o r l d a u t h o r i t y and p i o n e e r on r a d i a t i o n e p i d e m i o l o g y , was t l ie f i r s t t o p r o v e :hat f e t a l X-rays c a u s e d c h i l d h o o d c a n c e r s . Her s t u d y of t h e a f t e r - e f f e c t s of t h e a t o m i c bombs on H i r o s h i m a and N a g a s a k i s u g g e s t t h a t r e s i d u a l d e a t h s f rom h i g h d o s e r a d i a t i o n may b e many t i m e s g r e a t e r t h a n previous!.:; e s t i - ma ted .

Dr. R o s a l i e B e r t e l l , d Grey Nun of t h e S a c r e d H e a r t , and w o r l d a u t h o r i t y o n l o w - l e v e l r a d i a t i o n , i s t h e a u t h o r of "No Immedia te Dange r : P r o g n o s i s f o r R a d i o a c t i v e E a r t h " and of o v e r 90 p a p e r s . She i s f o u n d e r - d i r e c t o r o r t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e o f Conce rn f o r P u b l i c H e a l t h i n T o r o n t o , Canada , which works t o r a i s e p u b l i c a w a r e n e s s a b o u t t h e d e s t r u c t i o n of t h e b i o s p h e r e and t h e human g e n e p o o l .

E v a r i s t o Nugkuag, P r e s i d e n t o f AIDESEP ( t h e I n t e r - E t h n i c A s s o c i a t i o c i f o r t h e Development of t h e P e r u v i a n Amazon) was t h e c e n t r a l f i g u r e i n t h e c o n t r o v e r s i a l e x p u l s i o n of Werner H e r z o g ' s f i l m c rew i n 1979 f rom Agua- r u n a t r i b a l t e r r i t o r y . I n 1981, h e founded AI3ESEP. i n v o l v i n g more t h a n 10 P e r u v i a n I n d i a n o r g a n i z a t i o n s t o p r o t e c t I n d i a n l a n d r i g h t s , h e a l t h , e d u c a t i o n a and c u l t u r e . AIDESEP p l a c e s g r e a t emphas i s on p r o t e c t i n g s m a l l e r , more v u l n e r a b l e t r i b e s , and t h e Amazon I n d i a n s a r e b e i n g h e a r d f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e i n h i s t o r y a s a r e s u l t of i t s work . By 1 9 8 4 , t h e co- o r d i n a c i n g body f o r t h e I n d i a n O r g a n i s a t i o n s o f t h e Amazon b a s i n , t h e C o o r d i n a d o r a , r e p r e s e n t i n g h a l f t h e I n d i a n s of s i x Amazon c o u n t r i e s , had been formed w i t h E v a r i s t o Nugkuag a s i t s f i r s t p r e s i d e n t .

The Ladakh E c o l o g i c a l Development Group, l o c a t e d i n t h e h i g h Himalayan r e g i o n of horch-West I n d i a , works t o p r e s e r v e t r a d i c i o n a i c u l t u r e and v a l u e s a g a i n s t t n e o n s l a u g h t of t o u r . ~ o m ariij, "de~f i l opmer i t " . 1: h s i:.tzn- duced a p p r o p r i a t e t e c h n o l o g i e s s u c h a s s o l a r - h e a t e d Trombe w a l l h o u s e s , s o l a r w a t e r h e a t e r s , d r y e r s and c o o k e r s . A b r o a d e d u c a t i o n a l programme i n c l u d e s t r a d i t i o n a l m e d i c i n e , v i l l a g e a r t s and p l a y s , r a d i o d i s c u s s i o n programmes and a n e w s l e t t e r . Ladakh , a s p a r s e l y - p o p u l a t e d , a r i d r e g i o n ,

m o s t l y o v e r 12 ,000 f t i n a l t i t u d e , was r a r e l y v i s i t e d by f o r e i g n e r s be- f o r e 1 9 7 5 , when Helena Sorberg-Hodge, co - founde r of t h e g r o u p , s e t t l e d t h e r e . Today, t h e g roup i s composed of some of t h e most r e s p e c t e d c i t i - z e n s of t h e r e g i o n . They p o i n t o u t t h a t Ladakh i c u l t u r e i s i n t u n e w i t h e c o l o g i c a l p r i n c i p l e s and c a n t e a c h t h e West a b o u t p o s t - i n d u s t r i a l va- l u e s . T h u p s t a n Chhewang, D i r e c t o r of t h e Ladakh E c o l o g i c a l Development Group, i s a l s o programme d i r e c t o r of A l l I n d i a Radio a t Leh, t h e c a p i t a l o f Ladakh.

P r o f e s s o r R o b e r t Jungk i s t h e a u t h o r o f many books o v e r t h e l a s t 30 y e a r s f rom t h e famous " B r i g h t e r Than A Thousand Suns" t o "The Nuc lea r S t a t e " , which h i g h l i g h t t h e d a n g e r s of n u c l e a r weapons and n u c l e a r e n e r - gy. He a r g u e s t h a t t h e n a t u r e of t h e n u c l e a r i n d u s t r y makes a c c i d e n t s i n e v i t a b l e and t h a t t h e s e c u r i t y r e q u i r e d i n t h e n u c l e a r s t a t e i s i n - c o m p a t i b l e w i t h democracy. H i s " F u t u r e Workshops" a im t o show s o - c a l l e d o r d i n a r y p e o p l e t h a t t h e y need n o t b e p o w e r l e s s v i c t i m s of f u t u r e s ce - n a r i o s s e l e c t e d by o t h e r s . The j u r y honour s i n R o b e r t Jungk a n inde - f a t i g a b l e f i g h t e r f o r s a n e a l t e r n a t i v e s and e c o l o g i c a l a w a r e n e s s , whose message i s now more t i m e l y and u r g e n t t h a n e v e r .

I " : Cmbr-idge Gate , R e g e n t s Park, London X h l 4JS, W).

INTERCOMMUNITY COOPERATION: A C A L L F O R I N F O R M A T I O N

I am a g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f M a s s a c h u s e t t s C e n t e r f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E d u c a t i o n . I am c o m p i l i n g i n f o r m a t i o n f o r a s t u d y e x p l o r - i n g t h e a p p r o a c h t o T h i r d World deve lopmen t which s t r e s s e s i n t e rcom- mun i ty c o o p e r a t i o n , m u n i c i p a l l i n k s and development e d u c a t i o n f o r c i t i - z e n s o f t h e N'orth.

I h a v e worked e x t e n s i v e l y w i t h an o r g a n i z a t i o n i n C a l i f o r n i a , I n t e r n a - t i o n a l Development Exchange (IDEX) which works t h r o u g h t h i s p a r t i c u l a r a p p r o a c h . F o r my s t u d y I am l o o k i n g i n t o o t h e r o r g a n i z a t i o n s ( S i s t e r C i t i e s , I n t e r n a t i o n a l , L a s t i n g L i n k s , Peace Corps P a r t n e r s h i p ... ) and would l i k e t o o b t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g :

. what o r g a n i z a t i o n s e m p h i s i z e t h i s a p p r o a c h ,

. t h e s c o p e o f a c t i v i t i e s t h e y engage i n ,

. c a s e s t u d i e s which migh t i l l u s t r a t e how t h e a p p r o a c h i s c a r r i e d o u t ,

. t h e p h i l o s o p h y u n d e r l y i n g t h i s e f f o r t ...

... and a s much more i n f o r m a t i o n a s you c o u l d p r o v i d e me w i t h .

à ˆ i L Tucker , 235 H i l t s Sou th , Amhers t AM 01003, USA.

HABITAT FORUM BERLIN '87 An i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n f e r e n c e o n h o u s i n g a n d l o c a l d e v e l o p - m e n t s , u r b a n i s a t i o n p r o c e s s e s a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o p t i o n s B e r l i n ( W e s t ) , 1 - 1 3 J u n e 1 9 8 7

The i n t e r n a t i o n a l d i s c u s s i o n on t h e a l l e v i a t i o n of housing pover ty i n A f r i c a , Asia and L a t i n America h a s been c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n r e c e n t y e a r s by:

. an awareness of t h e d r a m a t i c a l l y growing hous ing need, e s p e c i a l l y i n l a r g e c i t i e s ;

. more e f f e c t i v e c o o p e r a t i o n between peop le and government i n t h e p lann ing of i n f r a s t r u c t u r e , hous ing , b u i l d i n g and community deve l - opment and i n t h e development of c i t i e s ;

c r i t i c i s m of t h e Euro-cen t r i c o r i e n t a t i o n of most i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o o p e r a t i o n programmes;

. a growing acknowledgement of t h e importance of t h e s o - c a l l e d " in - fo rmal s e c t o r " i n coping w i t h everyday l i f e .

Although most governments s igned t h e p r o g r e s s i v e d e c l a r a t i o n s on neces - s a r y p o l i c y changes a t t h e 1 9 7 6 UN H a b i t a t Conference i n Vancouver, few have implemented any of them. Community-based and p e o p l e s ' o r g a n i s a - d o n s , on t h e o t h e r hand, have done a g r e a t d e a l more: enough, anyway, t o show how p o l i c i e s can and must change i f t h e p r e s e n t l y widening gap between r i c h and poor , North and South is t o be c l o s e d .

The LT I n t e r n a t i o n a l Year of S h e l t e r f o r t h e Homeless o f f e r s a n oppor- t u n i t y t o exchange t h e e x p e r i e n c e s and i d e a s of t h e t e n y e a r s s i n c e Van- couver , t o e v a l u a t e and t o make a c o n t r i b u t i o n towards i n t e r n a t i o n a l un- d e r s t a n d i n g on p o s s i b l e and n e c e s s a r y s t r a t e g i e s and p r o j e c t s f o r r e - ducing hous ing p o v e r t y . "Learn ing from one ano ther" i s t h u s t h e motto of t h e H a b i t a t Forum B e r l i n ' 8 7 .

The l e a r n i n g exchanges w i l l be based on :

. home and community b u i l d i n g by p e o p l e "from t h e bot tom up": o f t e n a s s i s t e d by exogenous non-governmental o r g a n i s a t i o n s , m i l l i o n s of low-income peop le world-wide have shown how much more can be done w i t h s c a r c e m a t e r i a l r e s o u r c e s when peop le a r e f r e e t o do what they a r e a b l e t o ;

a r e s e a r c h on u rban t r a n s f o r m a t i o n p r o c e s s e s : from t h e i n t e r d i s c i - p l i n a r y v i e w p o i n t , l o c a l c u l t u r a l f a c t o r s and i n t e r n a t i o n a l i n f l u - ences and t r e n d s can be c l e a r l y s e e n i n t h e i r h i s t o r i c a l and soc io - economic s e t t i n g s - t h e c o n t e x t s of every-day l i f e and o p p o r t u n i - t i e s f o r community b u i l d i n g .

During t h e H a b i t a t Forum B e r l i n e v e n t , p r o j e c t e x p e r i e n c e s and r e s e a r c h r e s u l t s w i l l be p r e s e n t e d by p a r t i c i p a n t s , e s p e c i a l l y t h e peop le i n - volved i n c a r r y i n g them o u t . E x h i b i t i o n s , v i d e o s , f i l m s , s l i d e shows and o r a l p r e s e n t a t i o n s w i l l c e n t r e on two t o p i c s :

Kabitat ~ccion: a represent~:ive selection of fully documented case histories wiyl highlight :he practical, issues of camnunity-based hi-iusing action, the role d f peoples' organisations dr.d ccmplersen- tary Aovernment supports. Sxperiences of che kinds documented f u r :he conference ahcw how far lacallv self-managed initiatives can serve the poor and reduce homelessness effi^ctivel:?, rapidi!:, and on a laree seal.;. The cases selected ~ i g i n a c e froc 1 .+,id? .:iricty of ccncexts. They Mill i-i-lustrate c n z cormon i-ssues and will ?xi>-51: 3

wide range of approiches, 1nciuding those successfuLLy used t2 or- ganize local 3rci.ps and com.unities; to obtain land and finance, to plan and resign IccalLy appropriate h o m e 5 and neighuourhoodj; ir'-p~riment works ~ n d to manage and aia-Lnt.1i:i chem.

. Urban trdnsfoi-satirn processes: The analysis of :he inpac:: cf L I T -

banisaciol on living and wor~ing conditions 'dill focus on !;he is- sues oi ~irban and rural habitat and settlenent patterns ~risi:* from the contemporary processes of urbanisation world-wide. Inter- pretations of ~rbanisation based on prevailing social relations, economic structures and environmental conditions will be put for- ward. In this way, urbanisation will be seen as che trar!sformation of a give^. ?as[ into a specific urban present.

Documentation: A selection of case histories of cotamunit:?-based non- governmental organisations' habitat projects and urbanisation processes will be documented on poster-format "wallpapersw. Further documentation material will be distributed at the conference.

On che basis of experience and research findings, local initiative and policy options will be discussed with special reference to the following issues:

. housing as community building - home and neighbourhood improvement as an ongoing activity; progressive development and self-management vs centrally administered, prepackaged turn-key projects;

. the ?die ;)f citizens' organisations - non-governmental, non-commer- p--

cial organisations as mediators between people and government pro- moting devolutions vs acting as surrogates for central agencies, reinforcing centralisation;

. the role of women - women as natural leaders in local develoment encouraging the participation of children and elderly vs the con- ventional domination of men with less neighbourhood knowledge;

participation and self-help - the practice of self-management and cooperative partnership between local organisations and central agencies vs cooperative "participationM of local groups in central- ly planned dnd administrered programmes;

. support policies - government policies that promote housing by the masses through increasing access to basic resources and local

i f da dos s i e r 57 '58 . j a r \ ~ e r / a v ~ - i l 1987 l e t t e r s / l e f t r e s / c a r t a s

FROM AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS

I would l i k e t o e x p r e s s my a d m i r a t i o n f o r t h e scope and t h e q ' a a i i t : ~ o f t h e 2 o s s i e r . A s a peace r e s e a r c h e r , L t h l n k i t n a k e ~ a v e r y c a n c r e t s c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t r a n s n a c ~ o n a l i s a and t o n o n - e u r o c e n t r i c knowledge.

D A N T A N A N A R I V O , MADAGASCAR

Penne t t ez -moi de vous r e m e r c i e r pour l ' e n v o i r e g u l i e r de 1'IFDA D o s s i e r d e p u i s p l u s i e u r s a n n e e s , documents q u i m ' o n t e t 6 t r S s u t i l e s pour r+if ic ' - c h i r s u r l e s p rob lemes deS pays du T i e r s Monde.

FROM ARUSHA, T A N Z A N I A

I am a r e g u l a r r e a d e r of IFDA D o s s i e r s i n c e 1 9 8 4 . I am unhappy t o l e a r n t h a t t h e f o u n d a t i o n i s h a v i n g f i n a n c i a l p rob lems . T h i s seems t o b e a common p rob lem w i t h most i n t e r n a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s - i n t e r g o v e r n m e n t a l o r v o l u n t a r y . However, t h e r e a r e some l i k e IFDA which a r e s e r v i n g t h e c a u s e o f g l o b a l p e a c e t h a t w e mus t n o t a l l o w t o d i e . F o r t h i s r e a s o n , I h e r e w i t h e n c l o s e a cheque of $15 a s my humble c o n t r i b u t i o n .

DE A S U N C I ~ N , PARAGUAY

Estamos r e c i b i e n d o p e r l o d i c a m e n t e e l IFDA D o s s i e r . Queremos m a n i f e s t - a r l e s n u e s t r o a g r a d e c i m i e n t o p o r e n v i a r n o s t a n v a l i o s o s m a t e r i a l e s , 10s c u a l e s cuando n o s l l e g a n 1 0 s leemos con much a t e n c i o n .

Centra de educacidn, capacitacidn y tecnologia sampesina

FROM BAGUIO C I T Y , P H I L I P P I N E S

We r e c e i v e d t h e p a c k a g e s c o n t a i n i n g t h e IFDA D o s s i e r s and a r e e a g e r t o o b t a i n more of them. Our c e n t e r h a s a c c u m u l a t e d a s i z e a b l e number of e d u c a t i o n m a t e r i a l s , t h a n k s t o t h e e n c o u r a g i n g r e s p o n s e of i n s t i t u t i o n s s u c h a s y o u r s . T h i s m o t i v a t e d u s t o l a u n c h a "Book id" campaign. Thi-s e f f o r t , t o o u r minds , is a n i m p o r t a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e n a t i o n a l i s t s t r u g g l e s i n c e i t i s a d d r e s s e d t o e d u c a t i o n f o r s o c i a l change . We t h e r e - f o r e e n j o i n I F D A t o s u p p o r t u s by c o n t i n u i n g t o h e l p u s b u i l d o u r l i b r a - r y r e s o u r c e s . E d u c a t i o n m a t e r i a l s which we w i l l b e a b l e t o g e t a r e t o b e

used a l s o f o r o u r p l a n n e d bookmobi l e s and s e l e c t e d works s h a l l be t r a n s - l a t e d i n t h e l o c a l l a n g u a g e .

FROM BANGKOK, T H A I L A N D

We found t h e D o s s i e r s v e r y u s e f u l i n p a r t i c u l a r f o r p r o v i d i n g news from d i f f e r e n t p a r t s of t h e w o r l d . They a r e d i s p l a y e d i n o u r l i b r a r y and from t i m e t o t i m e we t r a n s l a t e a r t i c l e s i n t o l o c a l l anguage and p u b l i s h e d i n t h e l o c a l p a p e r s .

FROM BOMBAY, I N D I A

We a r e a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i s a t i o n of h e a l t h p r o f e s s i o n a l s who a im t o ap- p l y " a p p r o p r i a t e t echno logy" i n o r d e r t o improve h e a l t h c a r e s e r v i c e s f o r t h e p o o r i n Bombay. We a p p r e c i a t e t h a t p r o v i d i n g m e d i c a l c a r e a l o n e c a n n e v e r b e enough and a r e s t a r t i n g programmes f o r a d u l t e d u c a t i o n and income g e n e r a t i o n t o improve t h e l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s of o u r p e o p l e . We t h a n k you f o r s e n d i n g u s t h e IFDA D o s s i e r s o r e g u l a r l y . I t i s a s u p e r b s o u r c e of i n f o r m a t i o n and a d d r e s s e s - and p r o v i d e s c o n s i d e r a b l e food f o r t h o u g h t . We l o o k f o r w a r d t o u t i l i s i n g your r e f e r e n c e m a t e r i a l s i n o r d e r t o improve t h e c a r e and s e r v i c e s we o f f e r .

Dr. C.S. Malpani MD, The Community Health Research P r o g r m e .

FROM BUDAPEST, HUNGARY

I am w a i t i n g i n e v e r y second month w i t h s t r o n g i n t e r e s t t h e new B D o s s i e r numbers . I was s e n s i t i v e t o many p a g e s of number 54 : e . g . Ivan I l l i c h ' s and J a n P r o n k ' s p a p e r s , t h e l i n e s a b o u t PROCESS (and "how they work" ) , a l s o a b o u t "One E a r t h " - S. The A f r i c a D e c l a r a t i o n gave u s a p r o f o u n d a n a l y s i s , and we were v e r y s a d a b o u t t h e t r i b a l B u d d h i s t s i n Bang ladesh - we hope t h a t y o u r a r t i c l e w i l l a l s o h e l p t o s a v e t h i s peo- p l e . IFDA D o s s i e r i s o u r b e s t s o u r c e f o r h a v i n g t h e s e i n f o r m a t i o n s and f o r l e a r n i n g s o l i d a r i t y and " l o y a l t y t o t h e p e r s o n and t h e p l a n e t " ( a s Th. Roszak w r o t e ) .

L. Gyorgy, Et t e Suture Conservation Club.

FROM DAR-ES-SALAAM, T A N Z A N I A

I h a v e been one o f y o u r a v i d r e a d e r s o f IFDA D o s s i e r f o r t h e p a s t t h r e e y e a r s . But f rom l a t e l a s t y e a r a f r i e n d o f mine f rom whom I u s e d t o bo r - row i c h a s l e f t o u r company and i s now work ing i n N i g e r i a . S i n c e t h e n I h a v e b e e n m i s s i n g y o u r i n f o r m a t i v e , e d u c a t i v e and i n t e l l e c t u a l l y p rovoc -

a t i v e p e r i o d i c a l . Had i t no t been f o r t h e f o r e i g n exchange problems i n our coun t ry I would have p a i d t h e s u b s c r i p t i o n f e e . I would l i k e t o con- g r a t u l a t e IFDA f o r making t h e Doss ie r one of t h e most l i v e l y and i n t e r - e s t i n g p e r i o d i c a l s t o r e a d .

FROM DHAKA, BANGLADESH

The IFDA D o s s i e r proved ex t remely impress ive and u s e f u l i n every r e s - p e c t . I c o n s i d e r i t i s ex t remely v a l u a b l e t o a l l t h o s e who a r e concerned w i t h development of t h e Th i rd World and invo lved i n r e s e a r c h , t e a c h i n g and e x t e n s i o n a c t i v i t i e s r e l a t e d .

Abdus S a t a n , Archi tect .

FROM HYDERABAD, I N D I A

Thank you f o r t h e g r e a t s e r v i c e t h a t you r e n d e r i n opening t h e minds and h e a r t s of t h o s e who must know and can do something towards t h o s e who have l e s s and hence a r e unab le t o c o n t r i b u t e t h e i r s h a r e f o r t h e b e t t e r - ment of humanity. Off and on I do come a c r o s s your mankind 's = D o s s i e r ; b u t w i l l you k i n d l y p l a c e u s on your r e g u l a r m a i l i n g l i s t . We w i l l s t r i v e t o t e a c h t h e f a r - r e a c h i n g message t o o u r peop le i n our l o c a l l anguage , Telegu.

R. Raj'aiah, Andhrqradesh VoZuntry Organisations Network.

DE LOUGA, SENEGAL

J e t r o u v e qu11FDA D o s s i e r e s t un document i r r e m p l a e a b l e pour t o u t cher - cheur s ' i n t e r e s s a n t aux probl6mes du T i e r s Monde. J e ne p a r l e pas s e u l e - ment de l a q u a l i t e d e s a r t i c l e s que vous p u b l i e z mais s u r t o u t de l a re - union que vous f a i t e s des d i f f e r e n c e s a u t r e s p u b l i c a t i o n s q u i p o r t e n t s u r l e s problsmes d e d6veloppement dans l e s pays e n v o l e de developpe- ment . Madiodio Niusse, Lycde Malick Sail.

FROM M A N I L A , P H I L I P P I N E S

T h i s i s j u s t a n o t e t o t e l l you how much I l o o k forward t o r e a d i n g t h e IFDA D o s s i e r no m a t t e r how busy I am. Concepts a r e r e f r e s h i n g and un- o r thodox , and i l l u s t r a t i o n s of development a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e i n s p i r i n g . Thank you f o r keep ing me i n t h e m a i l i n g l is t . I always u s e t h e D o s s i e r i n my c l a s s i n Soc io logy of Development.

D E M E X I C O

Aprovecho l a s p r e s e n c e s l i n e a s p a r a r e m a r c a r l a i m p o r t a n c i a que t i e n e e l IFDA D o s s i e r p a r a t c d u s 1 0 s que t r a b a j a m o s a l s e r v i c i o c e l a n e c e s i d a d e s ? o p u i a r e s . Como s u g e r e n c i a p a r a c}. D o s s i e r pensames que s e r z a d e e x t r a - o r d i n a r i o v a l o r p a r a 1 0 s p a i s e s d e America L a t i n a , A s i a y A f r i c a que l o r e c i b e n y que son de h z b i a ! ~ i s p a > a , c o n ~ a r con dna e d i c i 6 n d e l m D o s s i e r t o t a l a e n t e en e s p a n o l . E l D o s s i e r e s c ~ n s u l t a a o ? o r r e c n i c v s med ie s y no s o l o p o r 1 0 s que manejamos i n g l e s o  £ r a n c o s Pensamos que ~ n . 1 e d i c i z n e n e s p a n c l a ' ~ m e n t a r Z a aGn m5s s u e f i c i e n c i a .

F R O M R A N G E L E Y , M A I N E

I ' d l i k e t o b e a b l e t o f i n d a way t o g i v e some f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t t o t h e g r e a t work IFDA i s d o i n g . I t i s a a u c h needed and u n i q u e forum f o r t h e a n a l y s i s of g l o b a l i l l s . No th ing b u t a n o t h e r IFDA c o u l d r e p l a c e i t .

F R O M S T . A U G U S T I N E , T R I N I D A D

Here a t t h i s p a s t o r a l c e n t r e we p u b l i s h f i v e t i m e s a y e a r a p a s t o r a l b u l l e t i n t h r o u g h which we would l i k e t o keep a l i v e i n t h e Church o f t h i s r e g i o n t h e dream o f a n a l t e r n a t i v e s o c i e t y which we b e l i e v e i s i n ac - c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e t e a c h i n g o f J e s u s C h r i s t . I n t h i s work we a r e a l w a y s e n c o u r a g e d and i n s p i r e d by t h e IFDA D o s s i e r . I am e n c l o s i n g two r e c e n t c o p i e s o f o u r b u l l e t i n i n which we e x p r e s s o u r a p p r e c i a t i o n o f y o u r work .

Rev. F r . 'A'Lche1 de V e r t e u i l , Archdiocesan PastomL Centre.

F R O M S A N F R A N C I S C O , C A L I F O R N I A

Thanks s o much f o r s e n d i n g u s t h e b a c k i s s u e s of IFDA D o s s i e r . We a r e h a v i n g a f i e l d day w i t h them. They a r e e x t r e m e l y u s e f u l f o r o u r work , p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r g e t t i n g i n t o u c h w i t h o t h e r g r o u p s . P u t t i n g t h e ad- d r e s s e s o f t h e a u t h o r s i s a b r i l l i a n t i d e a .

Medea. Benjanin, I n s t i t u t e for >od and development Pol icy .

F R O M T I Z I - O U Z O U , A L G E R I A

I h i g h l y a p p r e c i a t e you r IFDA D o s s i e r a n d I f i n d i t v e r y u s e f u l t o my r e s e a r c h work . Thanks f o r y o u r e f f o r t s .

i f d a d o s s i e r 57 /58 . j a n u a r y / a p r i l 1987 f o o t n o t e s / n o t e s / n o t a s

? / . B . d o m e n t s 'nentionea :n t he fot1.oui.nq seatzon are not ava<labLe from IFLA h, ~ e p e n d i n g on the case, fvcm publ ishers , booksnops o r tne s&zess inc icazed a f t e r C& 2escr ip$ion of :he aocwnenz.

INNER S P A C E

. Dermeval CorrSa de Andrade, A p s i c o t e r a p i a de l i b e r t a s z o ... al6m de um sonho, (1984) 127pp; C l l n i c a S o c i a l d e SaGde Mental d e S.Pau10, E r e v o l u c a o na t e r a p z u t i c a , (1985) -??p . ' A n e c e s s i d a d e que temos como t e r c e i r o - m u n d i s t a s , b r a s i l e i r o s , de c r i a n n o s urn m&todo t e r a p & t i c o pro- p r i o , porque num p a l s como o nosso , onde a m a i o r i a da populasao nzo tern a c e s s o s e q u e r 2 c l i n i c a g e r a l , to rna-se r i d i c u l e f a l a r d e uma t e r a p s u t i - c a i n d i v i d u a l , duas a tres vezes por semana. Ou e n t a o , s u b s t i t u i n d o a p a l a v r a "ridicule", 6 uma a f r o n t a ao povo ' . (Cen t ro B r a s i l i e r o d e Pes- q u i s a em SaGde Menta l , I p i r a n g a , Sao Pau lo , B r a s i l ) .

L O C A L SPACE

. Douglas Kahn and Diane Neumaier ( e d s ) , C u l t u r e s i n C o n t e n t i o n ( S e a t t l e : The Rea l Comet P r e s s , 1985) 287pp. ' T h i s book is a c u l t u r a l and p o l i t i c a l g o l d mine. Where e l s e w i l l you f i n d , i n one volume, p r i - mary documents by r a d i c a l a r t i s t s from so wide a p o l i t i c a l and c u l t u r a l r ange o f backgrounds? Where e l s e f i n d such a w e a l t h of i n s i g h t f u l t h e o r y and e x c i t i n g p r a c t i c e a c t u a l l y j o i n e d t o g e t h e r ? No one i n t e r e s t e d i n p o l i t i c a l a r t - i n r e l a t i o n between t h e dominant c u l t u r e and t h e l e f t - w i l l f a i l t o be provoked, e n l i g h t e n e d , and I n s p i r e d by t h e s e e s s a y s , a s v a r i e d i n s t y l e a s they a r e i n a p p r o a c h ' , w r i t e s The Guardian. (932 E i g h t e e n t h Avenue E a s t , S e a t t l e , Washington 98112, USA).

. Rudolf Bahro, B u i l d i n g t h e Green Movement ( P h i l a d e p h i a : New S o c i e t y P u b l i s h e r s , 1986) 219pp. Rudolf Bahro h a s emerged i n r e c e n t y e a r s a s a l e a d i n g f i g u r e i n t h e West German Green P a r t y and a p o l i t i c a l and s o c i a l t h i n k e r w i t h s u b s t a n t i a l i n t e r n a t i o n a l i n f l u e n c e . I n B u i l d i n g t h e Green Movement, h i s most r e c e n t work, Bahro p r o v o c a t i v e l y s e t s f o r t h h i s views on North-South r e l a t i o n s and t h e peace movement, h i s o p p o s i t i o n t o a c o a l i t i o n between Greens and S o c i a l Democrats, h i s i n c r e a s i n g d i s a f f e c - t i o n w i t h p a r l i a m e n t a r y p o l i t i c s , h i s i d e a on t h e renewal of communi- t i e s , and h i s i n s i s t e n c e on t h e need f o r s p i r i t u a l r esurgence . (4722 Ba l t imore Avenue, P h i l a d e l p h i a , PA 19143, USA).

. B r i a n J e n n e r , The Coal S t r i k e : C h r i s t i a n R e f l e c t i o n s on t h e Miners '

. Ramashray Roy and R.K. S r i v a s t a v a , Dia logues on Development (New D e l h i : Sage P u b l i c a t i o n s , 1986) 245pp. I n many ways a pa th -break ing book, Dia logues on Development r e f l e c t s t h e p e r c e p t i o n s of t h e common

man concern ing t h e d e v e l o p n e n t a l p r o g r a m e s be ing implemented i n I n d i a . More t h a n t h a t , i t a r t i c u l a t e s an a l t e r n a t i v e f o r m u l a t i o n of development which i s c l o s e r t o t h e I n d i a n t r a d i t i o n and psyche than t h e e x i s t i n g model. The a u t h o r s have d e l i b e r a t e l y broken away from t h e o n e s i d e n e s s of c o n v e n t i o n a l s o c i a l s c i e n c e r e s e a r c h and have based t h e i r book on a s e t of open-ended and u n s t r u c t u r e d d i a l o g u e s . Th is d i a l e c t i c a l p r o c e s s i s c o - c r e a t i o n of knowledge, no t t r a n s a c t i o n s i n knowledge, and i t i s t h i s v h i c h g i v e s t h i s book a un ique f l a v o u r and a u t h e n c i t y . (32 M Block Mar- k e t , G r e a t e r K a i l a s h I . New D e l h i 110 048, I n d i a ) .

. Georg Sdrensen , Development Through t h e Eyes of a C h i l d , 20pp. (Aalborg U n i v e r s i t y Development Research Group, 11 F i b i g e r s t r a e d e , 9229 Aalborg E a s t , Denmark).

. ICIHI, S t r e e t C h i l d r e n (London: Weidenfeld and N i c o l s o n , 1986) 123pp. There a r e now over 30 m i l l i o n ' s t r e e t c h i l d r e n ' . T h i s r e p o r t t o Sadruddin Aga Khan's Independent Commission on I n t e r n a t i o n a l Hurnanita- r i a n I s s u e s (ICIHI) i s t h e f i r s t comprehensive survey of u n p r o t e c t e d c h i l d r e n on c i t y s t r e e t s . I n New York, Rome, SZo Pau lo , Ca i ro o r Cal- c u t t a , a s i n most b i g c i t i e s , t h e problem - w i t h f r i g h t e n i n g impl ica - t i o n s f o r t h e f u t u r e - i s on ly now coming t o wor ld a t t e n t i o n . S t a r v e d of l o v e and c a r e , s t r e e t c h i l d r e n a r e v i c t i m s , no t of war o r of n a t u r a l d i s a s t e r s , b u t of urban c i v i l i z a t i o n . T h i s r e p o r t emphasizes t h e humane r e s p o n s e s t h a t need t o be deve loped , and p o i n t s t h e way t o a more com- p a s s i o n a t e s o c i e t y . I t a l s o g i v e s t h e warning t h a t i f we f a i l t o a c t , y o u n g s t e r s on t h e s t r e e t w i l l s w e l l t h e f l o o d of v i o l e n c e and e x a c e r b a t e t h e s o c i a l e v i l s which a l r e a d y t h r e a t e n u s . (91 Clapham High S t r e e t , London SW4 7TA, U K ) .

. J o Boyden and Andy Hudson, C h i l d r e n : R i g h t s and R e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s 15pp; I n g r i d A . K i r c h e r , The Kanaks of New Caledonia 20pp; Robert Macdonald, The Maori of New Zealand 16pp. (Minor i ty R i g h t s Groups L td , 29 Craven S t r e e t , London WC2N 5NT, UK).

. I n s t i t u t C a t a l i d ' A n t r o p o l o g I a , Los M i s k i t o s (IEPALA, 1986) 218pp. ( V i l l a l a r 3 , 28001 Madrid, Espafia).

. B i r g i t Brock-Utne, Educa t ing f o r Peace , A Femin i s t P e r s p e c t i v e (Ox- f o r d : Pergamon, 1985) 175pp. ' I b e l i e v e t h a t i t i s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t - . .

ween feminism and disarmament t h a t p r o v i d e s hope f o r change. I f women a r e t o c r e a t e a more p e a c e f u l wor ld and do away w i t h t h e male i n s t i t u - t i o n of war we must g e t more power b e f o r e men have d e s t r o y e d our e a r t h . I b e l i e v e t h a t we can c r e a t e a world of peace , w i t h e q u a l i t y i n s t e a d of h i e r a r c h y , l e a d e r s h i p i n s t e a d of domina t ion , s e l f - m a s t e r y i n s t e a d of mas te ry over o t h e r s , c o o p e r a t i o n i n s t e a d of c o m p e t i t i o n , s k i l l s and t a - l e n t s used t o draw peop le t o g e t h e r r a t h e r than t o wedge them a p a r t w i t h c a r i n g f o r o t h e r human b e i n g s , an imals and p l a n t s . But i n o r d e r t o do a l l t h i s , c e r t a i n requ i rements must be f u l f i l l e d ' .

. Nandini Azad, Empowering Women Workers: The WWF Experiment i n In- d i a n C i t i e s (Madras: Working Women's Forum, 1986) L82pp. The f i r s t micro-study of women workers i n t h e i n f o r m a l s e c t o r i n I n d i a i n 14 v a r i e d o c c u p a t i o n s . Also covers i n b r i e f t h e s t r a t e g i e s of t h e WWF t o combat i t . (55 Bheemasena Garden Rd, Mylapore, Madras 600 004 , I n d i a ) .

. G a i l Omvedt, Women i n Popular Movements: I n d i a and Tha i land d u r i n t h e Decade of Women (GKRISD, Report P 8 6 . 9 ) 65pp. ( P a l a i s d e s Nations, 1211 Geneva 1 0 , ~ w i t z e r l a n d ) .

. AAKORD/AFARD, Women i n R u r a l Development i n A f r i c a / Les femmes e t l e d6veloppement r u r a l en A f r i q u e , 177pp. Avec d e s c o n t r i b u t i o n s d e / w i t h c o n t r i b u t i o n s from h i n a t a T r a o r 6 , Fat ima Oussed ik , F e l i c i a I . Ekej i u b a , Marie-Louise Diouf , Eva Sarak ikya , 'Â¥larie-Anggliqu Savan6 ; Seminar on Research on A f r i c a n \<omen: What Type of Methodology?/ n a i r e s u r l a recherche s u r l e s f e m e s a i r i c a i n e s : q u e l s type de methodo- l o g e s ? 98pp. Avec d e s c o n t r i b u t i o n s d e / w i t h c o n t r i b u t i o n s from Alya Baffoun. F i lomina C. S t e a d y . B e l k i s Wolde G i o r g i s . C h r i s t i n e Obbo; The - C r i s i s i n A f r i c a and i t s I n p a c t on Women: The N a i r o b i Mani fes to , 69 pp; B e l k i s Wolde G i o r g i s , A S e l e c t e d and Annotated Bib l iography on Women and H e a l t h i n A f r i c a , 97 pp. (BP 3304, Dakar , S e n e g a l ) .

. i3m/CETIM, Femmes: Une d6cennie pour s ' e n t e n d r e , 102pp. (37 q u a i Wilson, 1211 Geneve, S u i s s e ) .

. S e i t e b a t s o S e e i s o , Lega l C o n s t r a i n t s on Women i n Development i n Leso tho , 19 pp. ( I n s t i t u t e of Labour S t u d i e s , P r i v a t e Bag, Maseru 100, Lesotho) . . ECO-Andes, Women i n Peru: Voices From a Decade ( A p r i l 1986). A 54 oage b o o k l e t documenting t h e s i t u a t i o n and s t r u g g l e s of Peruv ian women . over t h e p a s t 10 y e a r s . I n c l u d e s 45 photographs and 68 t e s t i m o n i e s of Peruv ian women - workers , p e a s a n t s , f e m i n i s t s , housewives - and an up- d a t e d l i s t of over 20 Peruv ian women's o r g a n i z a t i o n s . Women i n Peru in- c l u d e s c h a p t e r s on women workers , v i o l e n c e a g a i n s t women, h e a l t h c a r e , community o r g a n i z a t i o n , e d u c a t i o n and t h e f e m i n i s t movement. Each chap- t e r i n c l u d e s g e n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n about Peru i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e f o c u s on women and t e s t i m o n i e s . (198 Broadway, Rm 302, New York, NY 10038, USA).

. The C i t y U n i v e r s i t y , La communication a u s e r v i c e des femmes: Ra - -+ p o r t s u r l e s programmes d ' a c t i o n e t de recherche : 1980-1985 ( P a n s : UNESCO, COM 85lWS.1, j a n v i e r 1986) 67pp, b i b l . , annexes .

. ILET, S p o t s a n t i s e x i s t a s en l a TV A r g e n t i n a , l6pp . ( C a s i l l a 16-637, S a n t i a g o 9 , C h i l e ) .

. Margo De Ley and Maria S i l v a , An Annotated Bib l iography o f Spanish- Language M a t e r i a l s on Women i n L a t i n America, i n s t r u c t o r ' s and s t u d e n t s ' v e r s i o n s , 20 & 23pp; Margo De Ley, Women i n French-Speaking A f r i c a : & Annotated Bib l iography of French-Language M a t e r i a l s , i n s t r u c t o r ' s and s t u d e n t s ' v e r s i o n s , 24 & 28pp. ( O f f i c e of Women i n I n t e r n a t i o n a l Devel- opment, U n i v e r s i t y of I l l i n o i s a t Urbana-Champaign, 318 Coble H a l l , 801 South Wright S t r e e t , Champaign, I l l i n o i s 61820, USA).

. RAWOO, Towards Autonomy f o r women: Research and Act ion t o s u p p o r t a Deve l@p~.e~ : t P r o c e s s , 78pp. (POB 90734, 2509 LS The Hague, N e t h e r l a n d s ) .

. Denis C o u l e t , Three R a t i o n a l i t i e s i n Development D e c i s i o n s , 25pp. inst. f o r World Economics, FOB 36, 1531 Budapes t , Hungary).

. Fabrizio Saoelli, Le pouvoir des lignages en Afrique (Paris: LrHar- mattan, 1986) 198pp. Y a-c-il en Afrique des societ6s cue l'on pourrdit qualifier de "comunautaires"? Coments les agriculteurs de la savane negocient-ils les changenents provoques par 1'Gconomie des profits et Ie pouvoir de l1Etac? La production des consitions aaterielles et symboli- ques de la vie comunautaire constitue-c-elle une strategic mise en place par les "habitants de la brousse"? Sur la base d'observations conduites auprss des Dagari du Nord-Ghana, l'ouvrage propose d'approcher la logique des soci6ces lignagsres 2 travers l'espace come construction symbolique; les &changes Sconomiques come instruments d'une politique d'autonomie; les relations de travail come pratiques de communication; les activites rituelles come resistance.

. Jacques Chonchol, Paysans 2 venir: Les societ&s rurales du Tiers Monde (Paris: La Decouverte, 158b) 259pp. Une etude comparative et pro- - spective des enjeux iiconomiques, sociaux, culturels et environnementaux qui se nouent dans les campagnes. Deux realites: la pauvrete sans cesse grandissante des paysanneries et la fragilisation des solidarites villa- geoises. Jacques Chonchol propose de revaloriser l'aspect rural, d'en- courager une industrialisation appropriee aux campagnes et aux paysans, de favoriser l'emancipation des £erne qui sont 2 la base des cultures, de r6tablir les necessaires Squilibres avec 1'6cosystSme. Mais ces di- verses propositions doivent etre restituees dans leur contexts et c'est pouquoi l'ouvrage effectue, chapitre aprgs chapitre, un veritable tour du monde. Le deficit alimentaire, les problemes fonciers, l'intervention de I'Etat, l'enseignement agricole, l'influence du modSIe occidental, les structures familiales, l'echange inegal villelcampagne etc., diffe- rent d'une region 2 une autre. Les rgponses sont 2 formuler et 2 mettre en oeuvre dSs aujourd'hui.

Fernando Rello. Escado v eiidos en Msxico: el caso del cr6dito ru-

. Rafael Baraona, Conocimiento campesino y sujeto social campesino (Santiago: FLACSO, 1986) 33pp. Une fina percepci6n de 10s campesinos y de la vida rural y sugerencias metodol6gicas para andentrarse en la com- prensi6n del mundo campesino. (Casilla 3213 Correao Central, Santiago, Chile).

. Peter Oakley et David Marsden, Vers.la participation dans Ie deve- loppement rural (GenSve: BIT, 1986) 106pp.

. Raul Tusamba, Radio-Cameroun et developpement rural: Etude des emissions "Le Magazine du monde rural" (Gengve: IUED, 1586), 159pp. (24, rue Rothschild, 1211 GenSve 21, Suisse).

. S.K. Saxena, Cooperatives in Developing Countries: A State-Movement Partnership Model (A Study of India's National Cooperative Development Corporation) 50pp. (56 Raymemille Drive, Markham, Ont.,Canada L3P 435).

. Jose~h F. Coates, Issues Xanagement: How you can plan, organize 8 manage for the future (Mt.Airy: Lomond Publications, 1986) 142pp. One of the great myths in the American society is that there is long-range

planning in both government and business. Aside from the rare cases of civil works, military, strategic, and logistic planning, and the rather unique case of NASA, there is almost no long-range planning in govern- ment. In the business community, considering the Fortune 500 corpora- dons, there are perhaps no more than a few dozen that are prominent in true long-term planning. Most business decisions are made on a one to five-year planning horizon. Consequently, horizons are foreshortened and inappropriate for dealing with new complexities. This book deals expli- citly with systems and organizational structures preparing for the fu- ture. (FOB 88, Mt. Airy, MD 21771, USA).

. Swapna Mukhopadhyay (ed), Case Studies on Poverty Programmes in Asia. Drawn from Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Thailand, Korea, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. (APDC, 1985) 271pp. (FOB 12224, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia).

. Markus Spinatsch, Boda: ein Dorf am Rande der Welt (Saarbriicken: Verlag Breitenbach, 1984),292pp. (Postfach 36, 8910 Affoltern a.A., Switzerland).

. Peter Jacobs, Environnement KativikJKativik Environment, proceed- ings Kativik Environment Conference, environment and Inuit life in Northern Quebec1 actes du Colloque sur l'environnement Kativik, environ- nement et qualite de la vie inuit au Nouveau-Qu6bec Kativik, 1985) 319pp.(POB 9, Kuujjuaq, Quebec, Canada).

. M. Thompson, M. Warburton and T.Hatley, Uncertainty on a Himalayan Scale (London: Ethnographica, 1986) 162pp. There is something severely wrong with the Himalaya but we cannot tell what it is. The perceived urgency of the situation calls for action now. The challenge is to fur- nish a non-arbitrary strategic framework for that action. The authors (a cultural anthropologist, an ecologist-turned-historian and a natural resource economist) show how it is the institutions and their contradic- tory problem definitions that continually muddle the hard scientists' efforts to pinpoint what is really going on and why. In an important sense, they argue, the institutions E the facts. The uncertainty is itself the key. (19 Westbourne Road, London N7 S A N , UK).

. J.C. Moughtin, Hausa Architecture (London: Ethnographica, 1985) 175pp. Outlining the use of earth or mud by one group of prodigious builders - the Hausa of West Africa, Professor Moughtin looks at the evolution of settlement from the emergence of the Hausa States to the effects of rapid urbanization and development since 1960. The morphology of the Hausa settlements and their development within the walls of his- toric cities is considered and the relationship between the main ele- ments of the city - market, mosque and palace - analysed. The architec- tural programme of Hausa Society, with Islam as the governing disci- pline, results in a unified and highly organized spatial structure ex- pressing, in built form the significant features of Hausa culture.

. ENDA, Initiatives paysannes au Sahel, S'organiser et lutter contre la fatalit&, 130pp. Des paysans s'interrogent, echangent, disent leurs ex~eriences.,. Pas courant. d'entendre leurs voix - non au'ils n'aient rien 2 dire, mais leur donne-t-on la parole? C'est Ie cas ici. Des pay- sans s&n&galais du Fleuve et de Casamance, du Cayor et du Sine Saloum,

s e s o n t e x p r i m e s , s a n s d e t o u r s . Non p o u r r e p o n d r e i d e s q u e s t i o n s v e n u e s d e I ' e x c S r i e u r . Seu l emen t p o u r r g f l e c h i r s u r l e u r s i t u a t i o n . "Develop- p e u r s " e t " e n q u 5 t e u r s r ' n ' e t a i e n t p a s l i . A l o r s , ur.e r e a l i t 6 vue a v e c l e s yeux d e s v i l l a g e o i s . (BP 3370 , D a k a r , S e n e g a l ) .

. EKDA, E n e r g i e p o p u l a i r e d a n s l e T i e r s Monde (1985) 405pp. La s i t u a - t i o n g n e r g e t i q u e du c o n t i n e n t s e r e v s l e p r e o c c u p a n t e . Non q u e 1 ' ~ f r i q u e s o i t d e p o u r v u e d e r e s s o u r c e s : e l l e a un d e s p o t e n t i e l s m o n d i a l d e s p l u s 6 l e v e s e n e n e r g i e s h y d r a u l i q u e e t s o l a i r e - m a i s p a r c e que 1 ' S n e r g i e m i s e 2 l a d i s p o s i t i o n d e s p o p u l a t i o n s demeure s a n s commune mesu re non s e u l e m e n t a v e c l e s e x i g e n c e s d ' u n deve loppemen t s o u t e n u , m a i s meme a v e c l a s a t i s f a c t i o n d e s b e s o i n s G l C m e n t a i r e s . C2 num6ro d l E n v i r o n n e m e n t a f r i c a i n c o n s t i t u e un p a s v e r s un a u t r e d6ve loppemen t de l ' e n e r g i e e n Af r i q u e .

. Alan S. M i l l e r , I r v i n g M. M i n t z e r and S a r a H . Hoag land , Growing Power: B ioene rgy f o r Development and I n d u s t r y , 100pp . (World R e s o u r c e s I n s t i t u t e , l 735 New York Avenue, til., W a s h i n g t o n , DC 20006, U S A ) .

. S i x p a p e r s f rom t h e LNU Food Energy Nexus Programme d i r e c t e d by Ignacy S d c h s :

- S u s a n a F i n q u e l i e v i c h , Food and Energy i n L a t i n America : e- v i s i o n i n g t h e Urban P o o r , 51pp;

- E m i l i o L e b r e La R o v e r e , Food and Ene rgy i n R io d e J a n e i r o : P r o v i s i o n i n g t h e P o o r , 59pp;

- S e r g i o C a t a o A g u i a r and J a i r e J o s e F a r i a s , P r o n a t u r e : B r a z i l i a n S o l u t i o n f o r I n d u s t r i a l W a s t e s P r o d u c i n g Ene rgy and Food , 24pp ;

- R a j a r a j e s w a r i P a r i s o t , E n v i r o n m e n t a l I m p a c t s o f Food and Energy P r o d u c t i o n i n I n d i a , 42pp;

- V.G. P a n w a l k a r , Food-Energy Nexus E x p e r i m e n t s i n Bombay a n d Yew Bombay, 18pp;

- B i s w a p r i y a S a n y a l , Urban C u l t i v a t i o n i n E a s t A f r i c a , 75pp.

(UNU/FEN, Bureau 311, 54 b l v d R a s p a i l , 75270 P a r i s Cedex 0 6 , F r a n c e )

. P a b l o Gutman and G r a c i e l a Gutman, A g r i c u l t u r a u r b a n a y p e r i u r b a n a e n e 1 G r a n Buenos A i r e s : E x p e r i e n c i a s y p e r s p e c t i v a s ( C e n t r e d e E s t u d i o s Urbanos y R e g i o n a l e s , 1986) 275pp. (AV. C o r r i e n t e s 2835 , 7 'P i so . Cue rpo . - A, 1193 Buenos A i r e s , A r g e n t i n a )

. P i e r r e R o s s e l , Demain l ' a r t i s a n a t ? (Gensve: IUED, 1986) 277pp

. Tauga Vu laono N a c a n a i t a b a , P r o d u c t i o n o f women's h a n d i c r a f t s i n (New Z e a l a n d C o a l i t i o n f o r T r a d e and Development) 72pp. (POB 11-

345 , W e l l i n g t o n , New Z e a l a n d ) .

. C.A. J o s a n d Mol ly J o s e p h , An E v a l u a t i o n S tudy o f t h e Working of P e o p l e ' s D a i r y Development P r o j e c t , 92pp. ( C o l l e g e o f C o o p e r a t i o n & Bank ing , K e r a l a A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y , Mannuthy, T r i c h u r , I n d i a ) .

. J e a n N o l l e , Mach ines mode rnes 5 t r a c t i o n a n i m a t e : i t i n e r a i r e d ' u n i n v e n t e u r a u s e r v i c e d e s p e t i t s p a y s a n s ( P a r i s : pa harm at tan, 1986) 478pp. M i c h e l C6pede e c r i t : Le l i v r e d e J e a n g o l l e d e v r a i t S t o n n e r l e s

1 1 8

l e c t e u r s o u i o r e n d r a i e n t . a i n s i . l e u r p remier c o n t a c t avec l ' a u t e u r . -.- - - . A

Dans Machines modernes 2 t r a c t i o n an imals s o n t d e c r i e s l e s m a t e r i a l s que Jean Nol le a i n v e n t e s , r e a l i s e s e t ? e r f e c t i o n n e s pour i e s a d a p t e r aux c o n d i t i o n s d i v e r s e s d e s e x p l o i t a t i o n s paysanxes du T i e r s Monde: l e Mate- r i e l Agr ico le Moderne i T r a c t i o n Animate, Mamata, p e m e t d e j 5 i de nom- b reux paysans de p a s s e r de La houe ou d e l ' a r a i r e i un m a t e r i e l d o n t l e s pe r fo rmances dgpassen t souven t c e l l e s des t r a c t e u r s m o t o r i s e s , incompa- t i b l e ~ avec l e s s t r u c t u r e s paysannes , i n a c c e s s i b l e s aux p a u v r e s , souven t d e s t r u c t e u r s des s o l s e t en g e n e r a l de l ' env i ronnement ... Tous l e s pay- s a n s e t l e s agronomes q u i p rg tendenc l e s c o n s e i l l e r t r o u v e r o n t dans ce l i v r e d e s s o l u t i o n s p r e c i e u s e s 5 l e u r s problsmes . . . Le Mamata e s t zcono- miquement p l u s p e r f o m a n t que l e s m&thodes de l ' a g r i c u l t u r e i n d u s t r i e l - I e ; Jean N o l l e , dans s e s "conc lus ions" en a p p o r t e l a preuve s u r des exemples c o n c r e t s . Tout au long du l i v r e , J e a n Nol le ne s e c o n t e n t e pas de d e e r i r e s e s machines, il r a c o n t e s a v i e , expose d e s problCmes q u ' i l a r e n c o n t r e s e t p a r q u e l l e s v o i e s il l e s a r e s o l u s , en f o r g e a n t d e s e s mains l e s o u t i l s a d a p t e s . C ' e s t l ' h i s t o i r e de s a v i e q u ' i l nous l i v r e . . . e t c e l a s e l i t c o m e un roman.

. Alioune Watt , Le k a l a n g a l ou p i s g e 5 t o u r t e r e l l e s (ENDA: 19861, 3 lpp . (BP 3370, Dakar , S e n e g a l ) .

. TOOL, B a s i c C a l c u l a t i o n s i n A g r i c u l t u r e and Animal P r o d u c t i o n (1986) 79pp. (EntrepGtdok 6 8 a / 6 9 a , 1018 AD Ansterdam, The N e t h e r l a n d s ) .

. Bernard J . Lecomte, L ' a i d e p a r p r c j e t : L i m i t e s e t a l t e r n a t i v e s ( P a r i s : OCDE, 1986) 147pp. L ' o r i g i n e d e c e t ouvrage e s t un dou te : l ' a i d e p a r p r o j e t e s t - e l l e dans t o u s l e s c a s de f i g u r e une methode r a t i o n n e l l e ? Bernard Lecomte a n a l y s e l e s l i m i t e s d e l ' i n s t r u m e n t - p r o j e t , en p a r t i c u - H e r quand I e succSs d 'une a c t i o n a i d e e depend de l a m o b i l i s a t i o n d e s i n i t i a t i v e s d e s p o p u l a t i o n s ; il s t a p p u i e s u r de nombreux exemples e t p ropose d e s p r o c e s s u s a l t e r n a t i f s d ' a p p u i au developpement .

. C r e a t i o n d ' emplo i s : Guide d e p r e p r a t i o n de p r o j e t pour l e s o r g a n i - s a t i o n s de pe rsonnes hand icapges en Afr ique (1986) 126pp. (Goodwill In- d u s t r i e s of America I n c . , I n t e r n a t i o n a l D e p t . , 9200 Wisconsin Avenue, Be thesda , MD 20814, W ; F e d e r a t i o n Oues t -Afr ica ine d e s A s s o c i a t i o n s pour l a Promotion d e s Personnes Handicapees, PO 2609, Bamako, M a l i ) .

. Fernand Vincen t , Manuel d e g e s t i o n p r a t i q u e d e s a s s o c i a t i o n s de d6veloppement r u r a l du T i e r s Monde, Tome L : " O r g a n i s a t i o n , a d m i n i s t r a - t i o n , communication", 125pp + annexes; Tome 11: "Ges t ion f i n a n c i S r e " , 112pp + annexes (IRED, Case 116, 1211 Geneve 20 , S u i s s e ) .

NATIONAL SPACE

. Rodolfo S tavenhagen , Probl6mes e t p r o s p e c t i v e s des E t a t s 2 e t h n i e s m u l t i p l e s , 26pp. (UNU, Toho Seimei Bldg, 15-1 Shibuya 2-cnome, Shibuya- ku , Tokyo 150 , Japon) . . Khadi ja Haq and Uner K i r d a r ( e d s ) , Human Development: The Neglected Dimension (North-South Roundtable, 1986) 446pp. (FOB 2006, Is lamabad, P a k i s t a n ) .

. ICiHI , Disappeared! Technique of T e r r o r (London: Zed Books, 1986) 107pp. I n r e c e n t y e a r s t e n s of thousands of people have s u f f e r e d t h e o r d e a l of "d i sappearance" : f o r c e d abduc t ion a t t h e hands of t h e a u t h o r i - t i e s of t h e i r own c o u n t r y . During 1985, t h e United Nat ions r e p o r t e d on c a s e s of d i s a p p e a r a n c e i n 36 c o u n t r i e s i n a l l p a r t s of t h e wor ld . a u t , i n c r e a s i n g l y , r e l a t i v e s of "d i sappeared" peop le a r e f i n d i n g a v o i c e , s i n g l y o r i n g roups . I t i s due t o t h e i r b ravery i n speak ing o u t , and i n s p i t e of t h e d e n i a l s of t h o s e r e s p o n s i b l e , t h a t t h e world is beg inn ing t o f i n d ou t what has been going on. T h i s Report t o t h e ICIHI l o o k s a t t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l , l e g a l and p o l i t i c a l c o n t e x t of d i s a p p e a r a n c e s . I t p roposes improvements i n t h e p rocedures and t h e means a t t h e d i s p o s a l of t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l b o d i e s d e a l i n g w i t h t h i s i s s u e , and u r g e s s a n c t i o n s a g a i n s t g u i l t y governments. ( 5 7 Caledonian Road, London N1 9BU, U K ) .

. Will iam U . Chandle r , The Changing Role of t h e Market i n N a t i o n a l Economics, 57p. (Worldwatch I n s t i t u t e , 1776 Massachuse t t s Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA).

. Max Liniger-Goumaz, C o n n a l t r e l a Guinee E q u a t o r i a l e ( E d i t i o n s des Peup les n o i r s , 1986) 235pp. La p remiere monographie de l a Guinee Equa- t o r i a l e j amais p u b l i 6 e en f r a n e a i s . V e s t i g e de v a s t e s t e r r i t o i r e s re;us du P o r t u g a l p a r 1 'Espagne au XVIIIe s i e c l e , mais dEvor6s au XIXe s i e c l e p a r l a F i a n c e , 1 'Allemagne e t l l A n g l e t e r r e , l a Guinee E q u a t o r i a l e compte 28 051km , e n t r e Gabon, Cameroun e t N i g e r i a . S e u l pays hispanophone d ' A f r i q u e n o i r e , La Guinee E q u a t o r i a l e s e c a r a c t e r i s e p a r l a s u c c e s s i o n de d i c t a t u r e s q u ' e l l e a s u b i e s d u r a n t l e XXe s i e c l e . Avec I e s Espagnols , ce f u r e n t Primo de Rivera (1923-1930) e t Franco de 1936 i 111nd6pendan- c e , en 1968. Le p r e s i d e n t Macias Nguema. i m i t a c e s modeles f a s c i s t e s , t o u t e n p r i v i l e g i a n t l e s l i e n s avec La Chine , 1'URSS e t Cuba. En 1979 , l e c o l o n e l Obiang Nguema s e s u b s t i t u a 2 son o n c l e p a r une r e v o l u t i o n de p a l a i s q u i pe rmi t de r e c o n d u i r e l e nepotisme a n t e r i e u r . Pour s u r v i v r e , I e nouveau d i c t a t e u r approcha l f E s p a g n e , l a France e t l e s E ta t s -Unis . La p r o s p s r e economie f o r e s t i s r e e t d e p l a n t a t i o n s , a i n s i que l e hau t n iveau de s c o l a r i s a t i o n d ' a v a n t l ' i n d e p e n d a n c e , one f a i t p l a c e au marasme. An- nse a p r e s annee , l a Commission d e s D r o i t s de 1'Homme des Na t ions Unies denonce l e s v i o l a t i o n s d e s L i b e r t 6 s fondamentales du regime nguemis te .

. Rune S k a r s t e i n and Samuel M. Wangwe, I n d u s t r i a l Development i n Tan- z a n i a : Some C r i t i c a l I s s u e s (Uppsala: Scand inav ian I n s t i t u t e of A f r i c a n S t u d i e s , 1986) 291pp. (FOB 1703, 751 47 Uppsa la , Sweden).

. Akin Fadahuns i , t h e Development P r o c e s s and Technology: A c a s e f o r a r e s o u r c e s based development s t r a t e g y i n N i g e r i a (Scand inav ian I n s t i - t u t e of A f r i c a n S t u d i e s , 1986) 41pp.

. J e a n Rieucau, "De La pzche c o m e a c t i v i t 6 n o u v e l l e , de La mer c o m e n o u v e l l e f r o n t i g r e dans l e s pays du T i e r s Monde, l ' exemple du Senega l , pays pzcheur s u r un c o n t i n e n t t e r r i e n " dans Af r ique contemporaine (?136), 24pp. (CCFD, 4 rue J e a n L a n t i e r , P a r i s , F rance) .

. Omar Osman Mohamed, Probleme des Landl ichen Entwicklung i n d e r De- mokra t i schen Republik Somalia 1974-1980 (1982) 227pp. ( S t i n d e - S t r a s s e 33, 1000 B e r l i n 41 , FRG).

. Armand Mattelart (ed) , Communicating in Popular Nicaragua (New York: international General, 1986) 141pp. This collection of texts, by authors from Nicaragua and the US, is the first critical anthology on the media and culture in Nicaragua. In analysing numerous aspects of the subject - journalism, the press, the radio, fiia, video, mural expres- sion, literacy and social movements in their social-historical dimen- sion, the authors attempt to assess the cultural achievements, problems and future of Nicaragua. In addition to the two unpublished texts by Tomas Borge Martinez, the sole surviving founder of the FSLN and present Nicaraguan Minister of the Interior, the 13 texts, of which many are published here for the first time, includes a bibliography of left stu- dies on the media and culture in Nicaragua and Latin America. (FOB 350, New York, MY 10013, USA) Price US$ 8.95.

. Laura Restrepo, Colombia: Historia de una traicion (Madrid: IEPALA, 1986) 329pp. 'Me llamo Laura Restrepo, soy periodista :/ miembro de la Cornision de Negociaci6n y DiZlogo que fue creada por el Gobierno de Co- lombia para que sirviera de intermediaria en las negociaciones y rela- clones con dos de las organizaciones guerrillas que firmaron la tregua en el a60 1984. Como consider0 que 10s testimonios de las personas que como yo fuimos nombradas, precisamente para darlos, no deben ser actas dormidas en el fondo del caj6n de algGn funcionario pGblico, que es 10 Gnico que han sido hasta ahora, hoy doy y conocer el mid a la opinion publica'. (Villalar 3, 28001 Madrid, Espafia).

. RaGl Prebisch, La crisis del desarrollo argentino: De la frustra- ci6n a1 crecimiento vigoroso (Buenos Aires: El Ateneo, 1986) 195pp. El ultimo libro del illustre economista argentino, muerto a 85 asos, ei 29 de Abril 1986. (Florida 336140, 1005 Buenos Aires, Argentina).

. MSnica Baer, A internacionalizaczo financeira no Brasil (Editora Vozes Ltda, 1986) 160pp. (Rua Frei Luis 100, 25689 ?etr6poiis, RJ, Bra- sil) . . Gonzalo Falabella. La diversidad sindical en el regimen militar (chileno), 105pp; "Entre-Muros": Une expresion de cultura autoritaria en Chile post-colonial, 37pp. (FLACSO, Santiago, Chile).

. Hugo del Granado Cosio, Transnacionales y naci6n: El capital petro- lero y la exueriencia boliviana (CEDOIN, 1986) 25pp. (Casilla 20194, La Paz, Bolivia).

. UNIDO, Industrial Development Review of Cuba (Vienna: UN doc. IS.615) 52pp. (FOB 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria).

. Nadji Safir, Essais d'analyse sociologique, Tome I: "Culture et d6veloppement". 276pp; Tome 11: "Emploi, industrialisation et dsveloppe- ment", 372pp. (Alger: OPU-ENAL, 1985).

. Eric Carlsson, Housing Finance Development in China: An Overview of Issues and Prospects (Chicago: international Union of Building Societies and Savings Associations, August i986) 50pp.

. A u t a r S. D h e s i and Anju M a l h o t r a , " F o r e i g n D i r e c t I n v e s t m e n t i n M a n u f a c t u r i n g f rom a n LDC: I n d i a " , I n d i a n Economic J o u r n a l ( V o l . 3 2 , ? 3 , 1985) pp.36-41 ( P u n j a b S c h o o l of Economics , Guru Nanak Dev U n i v e r s i t y , A m r i t s a r , I n d i a ) .

. M . S . Swamina than , S u s t a i n a b l e N u t r i t i o n S e c u r i t y f o r A f r i c a : s o n s f rom I n d i a (The Hunger P r o j e c t P a p e r s , 1986) 35pp. (1388 S u t t e r S t r e e t , San F r a n c i s c o , CA 94109 , USA).

. Georg S d r e n s e n , I n t e r n a l and E x t e r n a l I n t e r w i n e d : 5 O b s t a c l e s t o Development i n I n d i a , 24pp ( A a l b o r g U n i v e r s i t y , Denmark).-

. M a r i Z l O t t e n , T r a n s m i g r a s i : I n d o n e s i a n R e s e t t l e m e n t P o l i c v 1965- 1985 (IWGIA Document, 1986) 254pp. ( F i o l s t r a e d e 1 0 , 1171 Copenhagen K , Denmark).

. I n t e r n a t i o n a l P e a c e R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e , P r o s p e c t s f o r P e a c e i n S r i Lanka, r e p o r t of a s e m i n a r h e l d i n O s l o , 24 O c t o b e r 1986 ( R a d h u s g a t a n 4 , 0151 O s l o l , Norway) 56pp . A l s o a v a i l a b l e f rom PRIO: The N e g o t i a t i o n s P r o c e s s i n S r i Lanka 1983-1986, A s e l e c t a n n o t a t e d b i b l i o g r a p h y , 120pp. The b i b l i o g r a p h y i s b a s e d on p u b l i c a t i o n s a n d documen t s a c t u a l l y c o l - l e c t e d till 15 Sep tember 1986. E n t r i e s i n c h r o n o l o g i c a l o r d e r ; s u b j e c t i n d e x ; a u t h o r i n d e x . I n c l u d e s i m p o r t a n t monographs , documen t s and com- men t s on t h e v a r i o u s p o l i c y p r o p o s a l s made by t h e i n v o l v e d p a r t i e s t o s o l v e t h e e t h n i c c o n f l i c t i n S r i Lanka.

. A l f r e d F. A n d e r s e n , L i b e r a t i n g t h e E a r l y American Dream: A way t o t r a n s c e n d t h e C a p i t a l i s t / C o m m u n i s t dilemma n o n v i o l e n t l y ( O x f o r d : C l i o D i s t r i b u t i o n S e r v i c e s , 1985) 272pp. S a u l M . M e n d l o v i t z w r i t e s : R e t r i e - v i n g , r e v i t a l i z i n g , a n d u s i n g a s a b a s e t h e s o c i a l v i s i o n s o f Eu ropean s e t t l e r s of t h e N o r t h American C o n t i n e n t (The E a r l y American Dream) , Ande r sen s k i l l f u l l y a n d p a i n s t a k i n g l y e x p l o r e s t h e p r o m i s e o f j u s t i c e / f a i r n e s s f o r a l l human i ty . I n t h e p r o c e s s h e c h a l l e n g e s t h e r e a d e r t o r e t h i n k c o n v e n t i o n a l l y h e l d v i e w s on u n i v e r s i t i e s and t h e i r c r e a t i o n of knowledge , p o l i t i c a l economy ( c a p i t a l i s m and communism), v i o l e n c e and c o e r c i o n , and c o n s e n s u s and g o v e r n m e n t a l s t r u c t u r e . A c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h o u g h t and a c t i o n f o r anyone i n t e r e s t e d i n p r o m o t i n g r a d i c a l e v o l u t i o n i n t h e s t r u g g l e f o r a humane g l o b a l s o c i e t y . (55 S t . Thomas' S t r e e t , Oxfo rd OX1 l J G , U K ) .

. UNIDO, I n d u s t r i a l Development Review of S r i Lanka (V ienna : UNIDO, UN document I S . 6 1 3 ) , 109pp. (FOB 300 , 1400 Vienna , A u s t r i a ) .

R E G I O N A L SPACE

. P a r t h a C h a t t e r j e e , N a t i o n a l i s t Thought and t h e C o l o n i a l Wor ld : A D e r i v a t i v e D i s c o u r s e ? (London: Zed Books , 1986) 181pp. A l e a d i n g I n d i a n p o l i t i c a l p h i l o s o p h e r c r i t i c i s e s Wes t e rn t h e o r i e s o f T h i r d World na- t i o n a l i s m - b o t h l i b e r a l and M a r x i s t . H e d e m o n s t r a t e s how W e s t e r n t heo - r i s t s , w i t h t h e i r e m p h a s i s on t h e power o f r e a s o n , t h e p r imacy o f t h e h a r d s c i e n c e s and t h e dominance of t h e e m p i r i c a l me thod , h a v e assumed t h a t t h e i r p r e s u p p o s i t i o n s a r e u n i v e r s a l l y v a l i d , a n d , t h r o u g h t h e im- p a c t o f W e s t e r n e d u c a t i o n , h a v e imposed c o n c e p t s of n a t i o n a l i s m on non-

Western peop les t o t h e d e t r i m e n t , i f n o t d e s t r u c t i o n , of t h e i r own world-views. The a u t h o r e x p l o r e s t h e c e n t r a l c o n t r a d i c t i o n cha t n a t i o n - a l i s m i n A f r i c a and Asia has consequen t ly e x p e r i e n c e d : s e t t i n g ou t t o a s s e r t i t s freedom from European domina t ion , i t y e t remained a p r i s o n e r of European posc-Enlightenment r a t i o n a l i s t d i s c o u r s e . Using t h e c a s e of I n d i a , P r o f e s s o r C h a t t e r j e e goes on t o show how I n d i a n n a t i o n a l i s m d i d e f f e c t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i s p l a c e m e n t s i n t h e framework of modernis t t h i n k - i n g imbibed from t h e West. Ye t , d e s p i t e c o n s t i t u t i n g i t s e l f a s a d i f f e r - e n t d i s c o u r s e , i t remained dominated by the ve ry s t r u c t u r e of power i t sought t o r e p u d i a t e . And s o the h i s t o r i c a l outcome g e n e r a l l y has been t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of T h i r d World n a t i o n a l i s m by r u l i n g c l a s s e s i n t o a s t a t e ideo logy l e g i t i m i s i n g t h e i r own r u l e , a p p r o p r i a t i n g t h e l i f e of t h e n a t i o n , and p r o p e l l i n g i t a long t h e p a t h of ' u n i v e r s a l nodern i sa - t i o n ' . But t h e s p u r i o u s i d e o l o g i c a l u n i t y proclaimed by t h e s e c l a s s e s , and t h e i r f a i l u r e t o subsume comple te ly t h e l i f e of t h e n a t i o n i n t h e l i f e of t h e i r new s t a t e s , r a i s e s t h e h i s t o r i c a l p r o s p e c t t h a t a c r i t i q u e of s t a t e n a t i o n a l i s m w i l l emerge.

. Tor Ska lnes and J a n Egeland ( e d s ) , Human R i g h t s i n Developing Coun- t r i e s 1986 (Norwegian U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1986) 312pp. What a r e t h e aims and means of development a i d ? How can such a i d b e s t r each t h e poor and t h e o p p r e s s e d ? What c o n d i t i o n s may donor c o u n t r i e s p u t on a i d ? Such q u e s t i o n s a r e i n t i m a t e l y connected w i t h t h e d i s c u s s i o n about human r i g h t s f o r p e o p l e ' s development and w e l l b e i n g . T h i s year-book documents human r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n i n Botswana, Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzan ia , Zambia, Bangladesh, I n d i a , P a k i s t a n , S r i Lanka and Nicaragua . Equal coverage is g i v e n t o c i v i l r i g h t s , p o l i t i c a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n , s o c i a l and economic r i g h t s and t h e s i t u a t i o n of e t h n i c m i n o r i t i e s .

. Bib l iography of ICPE 1982-1984 ( L j u b l j a n a : I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r P u b l i c E n t e r p r i s e s i n Developing C o u n t r i e s , 1986) 187pp. T h i s second Bib l iography of ICPE a p p e a r s i n t h e form of a th ree -year (1982-1984) c o m p i l a t i o n of t h e p u b l i s h e d and semi-published m a t e r i a l s g e n e r a t e d by t h e c u r r e n t r e s e a r c h , t r a i n i n g and c o n s u l t i n g a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n ICPE programme a r e a s and p r o j e c t s and by e x p e r t group m e e t i n g s , workshops and s e m i n a r s , and i n c l u d e s a r t i c l e s p u b l i s h e d i n t h e ICPE j o u r n a l P u b l i c E n t e r p r i s e . (T i tova 104, 61000 L j u b l j a n a , Yugos lav ia ) .

. K . L . K . Rao ( e d ) , Market ing P e r s p e c t i v e s of P u b l i c E n t e r p r i s e s i n Developing C o u n t r i e s ( L j u b l j a n a : ICPE, 1986) Z l l p p .

. Jon McLin, S o c i a l and Economic E f f e c t s of Pe t ro leum Development i n Non-OPEC Developing C o u n t r i e s : S y n t h e s i s Report (Geneva: I L O , 1986) 104pp. The non-OPEC T h i r d World pe t ro leum producers - c o u n t r i e s such a s B r a z i l , China, CSte d ' l v o i r e , Egypt , I n d i a , M a l a y s i a , Mexico - have on ly modest pe t ro leum r e s o u r c e s bu t t h e i r growing c o l l e c t i v e o u t p u t i s having an i n c r e a s i n g impact on i n t e r n a t i o n a l marke t s . T h i s r e p o r t , t h e outcome of a l a r g e - s c a l e r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t , examines t h e broad e f f e c t s which o i l and g a s p r o d u c t i o n s a r e hav ing , and can have , on n a t i o n a l economic and s o c i a l development i n t h e s e c o u n t r i e s .

. P h y l l i s Johnson and David M a r t i n ( e d s ) , D e s t r u c t i v e Engagement: Sou thern A f r i c a a t War (Hara re : Zimbabwe P u b l i s h i n g House, 1986) 378pp. South A f r i c a , a t war w i t h i t s own p e o p l e , i s waging an undec la red war

a g a i n s t i t s ne ighbours - t h e independent b l a c k - r u l e d s t a t e s which have t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l m i s f o r t u n e t o s h a r e i t s b o r d e r s . While t h e i n t e r n a t i o n - a l community a r g u e s about whether a p a r t h e i d r e p r e s e n t s a t h r e a t t o ' i n - t e r n a t i o n a l peace and s e c u r i t y ' , t h e i n h a b i t a n t s of t h e r e g i o n m o b i l i z e t h e i r d e f e n c e s . As t h e world d i t h e r s o v e r s a n c t i o n s a g a i n s t South A f r i - c a , Sou th A f r i c a imposes economic s a n c t i o n s a g a i n s t t h e r e g i o n . The S c o s t i s enormous, t h e l o s s of l i f e u n q u a n t i f i a b l e , and t h e s o c i a l c o s t i n c a l c u l a b l e . Washington c a l l s i t s s o u t h e r n A f r i c a p o l i c y ' c o n s t r u c t i v e engagement ' . Once you have read t h i s book you w i l l be l e f t i n no doubt t h a t what i s r e a l l y o c c u r r i n g i s ' d e s t r u c t i v e engagement' on a s t a g g e r - i n g s c a l e ; and you w i l l s e e why t h i s d e s t r u c t i o n w i l l c o n t i n u e f o r a s Long a s a p a r t h e i d e x i s t s . (FOB BW-350, H a r a r e , Zimbabwe).

. A.P. Smits ( e d ) , Food S e c u r i t y i n Developing C o u n t r i e s , K i j k d u i n Seminar 28-29 March 1985 (RAWOO, 1986) 86pp. (FOB 90734, 2509 L3 The Hague, The N e t h e r l a n d s ) .

. APRACA, Repor t on t h e TCDC Workshop on S t r e n g t h e n i n g I n s t i t u t i o n a l C r e d i t S e r v i c e s t o Low-Income Groups, Nanjing, China 26-30 Hay 1986, 45pp. (FAO, Maliwan Mansion, Phra A t i t Road, Bangkok 10200, T h a i l a n d ) .

. German Development I n s t i t u t e , S t r u c t u r a l D i s t o r t i o n s and Adjustment Programmes i n t h e Poor C o u n t r i e s of A f r i c a : A Cha l lenge f o r Development P o l i c y (1985) 377pp. ( F r a u n h o f e r s t r a s s e 33-36, 1000 B e r l i n 1 0 , FRG).

. Anna Mrozek, S o c i a l Func t ions of Black I s lam, 41pp; and . Henryk S z l a j f e r , Nine teen th Century L a t i n America: Two Models of C a p i t a l i s m , The Case of H a i t i and Paraguay (Warsaw: P o l i s h Academy of S c i e n c e s , Cen- t r e f o r S t u d i e s on Non-European S o c i e t i e s ) , 50pp.

. J u l i o Ciisar P i n t o , Ra ices H i s t o r i c a s d e l Estado en Cent ro America (Univers idad de San C a r l o s de Guatemala, 1980) 83pp.

. Augusto Varas , Fuerzas armadas y t r a n s i c i o n a l a democracia en Am&- r i c a d e l S u r (San t iago : FLACSO), 24pp.

. Fernando Bustamante, Los paradigmas en e l Es tud io d e l M i l i t a r i s m o en America L a t i n a ( Sant iago : FLACSO), 37pp.

Jean-Max Baumer and A l b r e c h t von Geich w i t h Renace H e i e r l i and Kars ten J a s p e r s e n , T r a n s n a t i o n a l C o r p o r a t i o n s i n L a t i n America - I n t e r - a c t i o n s between Nation S t a t e s and T r a n s n a t i o n a l C o r p o r a t i o n s : The Case of German and Swiss Frims o p e r a t i n g i n Colombia, B r a z i l and Mexico (Ver lag RCegger, 1982) 175pp. (8253 Dissenhofen , S w i t z e r l a n d ) .

. Thomas P. Fenton and Mary J . Hef f ron ( e d s ) , L a t i n America and Ca- r i b b e a n : A D i r e c t o r y of Resources , 142pp; Asia and P a c i f i c : A D i r e c t o r y of Resources , 137pp. ( O r b i s Books, Maryknol l , NY 10545, USA).

. JZnos Korna i , C o n t r a d i c t i o n s and Dilemmas: S t u d i e s on t h e S o c i a l i s t Economy and S o c i e t y , (Budapest : Corv ina , 1985) 165pp. "Hungarian econo- m i s t s a r e i n a ~ r i v i l e e e d o o s i t i o n " . w r i t e s J5nos K o m a i . " t o observe an ~ ~ - . exper iment un ique i n h i s t o r y . I f e e l t h a t i t i s our du ty t o p r o v i d e i n - fo rmat ion on t h e e x p e r i e n c e of t h i s exper iment , and n o t on ly on the

s p e c t a c u l a r s u c c e s s e s b u t on t h e l e s s consp icuous d i f f i c u l t i e s a s w e l l . " Kornai w r i t e s of s h o r t a g e i n t h e economy, t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s of e r f i - c i e n c y and s o c i a l i s t m o r a l i t y , and p a t e r n a l i s m i n t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p . He a n a l y s e s t h e p o s i t i o n , development , p r o s p e c t s and f e a t u r e s of t h e Run- g a r i a n economic reform. "Ghat 1 have under taken t o do", wri te: ; t h e au- t h o r , " i s n o t t o g l o s s over t h e c o n f l i c t s o r r e a s s u r i n g l y r e s o l v e t h e dilemmas. I have t r i e d t o t r a c e ' s m a l l ' c o n t r a d i c t i o n s t h a t show an [he s u r f a c e back t o ' b i g ' c o n t r a d i c t i o n s h idden i n t h e d e p t h s (and even t h i s h a s been ex t remely d i f f i c u l t ) . Thereby I have a l s o t r i e d t o t r a c e t h e s m a l l , everyday dilemmas b a c k t o c h o i c e s between u l t i m a t e v a l u e s . " (1051 Bp. Vorosmarty t e r 1 , 1364 Budapest L. P f . 108, Hungary) .

. P e t e r Hayes, Lyuba Zarsky and Walden E e l l o , American Lake: Xuc lea r P e r i l i n t h e P a c i f i c (Melbourne: Penguin A u s t r a l i a , 1986) 529pp. The New M i l i t a r i s t s who c o n t r o l L'S t o r e i g n p o l i c y s p e n t $ 47 b i l l i o n i n 1985 t o keep US f o r c e s i n t h e West P a c i f i c . T h i s was 200 t imes t h e ' JS economic a i d t o Eas t As ia i n 1983. Th is i n c l u d e s a b u i l d u p t o a 600-ship navy; t h e a d d i t i o n of Tomahawk and T r i d e n t sea- launched m i s s i l e s t o t h e e x i s t - ir,g a r s e n a l ; t h e maintenance o f a network of m i l i t a r y b a s e s and s i l i c a r y a i d a n d / o r p o l i t i c a l p r e s s u r e f o r t h e armament of such ' f r o n t - l i n e ' a l l i e s a s Japan , S Kcrea o r Tha i land . The Northwest P a c i f i c t h u s becomes a p o t e n t i a l n u c l e a r f l a s h p o i n t . There a r e fewer c o n s t r a i n t s upon US m i l i t a r y a c t i o n i n t h e r e g i o n than i n Europe where m u l t i l a t e r a l a r r a n g e - ments and p o l i t i c a l t i e s demand t h a t t h e US c o n s u l t wi th i t s a l l i e s . T h i s book d e s c r i b e s t h e h i s t o r y of t h e n u c l e a r arms r a c e i n t h e P a c i f i c , documents t h e n u c l e a r and c o n v e n t i o n a l f o r c e s of t h e superpowers t h e r e , p r o v i d e s a f i c t i o n a l s c e n a r i o i n which t h e Korean p e n i n s u l a becomes t h e f l a s h p o i n t f o r a g l o b a l n u c l e a r war. I t conc ludes w i t h a number of con- c r e t e p r o p o s a l s on what r e g i o n a l powers shou ld do t o e x e r t p r e s s u r e on t h e US and USSR n u c l e a r f o r c e s t o d i sengage from one a n o t h e r i n t h e Northwest P a c i f i c . (FOB 2 5 7 , Kingwood 3 1 3 4 , A u s t r a l i a ) .

GLOBAL SPACE . World Resources 1986: An Assessment of t h e Resource Base t h a t Sup- p o r t s t h e Globa l Economy (Washington: World Resources I n s t i t u t e , 1986) 353pp. T h i s book c o n t a i n s c o n c i s e a c c o u n t s of t h e l a t e s t g l o b a l , r eg ion- a l and n a t i o n a l r e s o u r c e t r e n d s , w i t h dozens of c h a r t s , maps, f i g u r e s , and d a t a t a b l e s f o r 146 c o u n t r i e s . I t h i g h l i g h t s s i x emerging i s s u e s t h a t s e r i o u s l y a f f e c t t h e human c o n d i t i o n and demand u r g e n t remedia l a c t i o n : m u l t i p l e p o l l u t a n t s and widespread f o r e s t d e c l i n e i n Europe and North America; t h e environment and human h e a l t h ; t r o p i c a l d e f o r e s t a t i o n ; t h e atmosphere a s a shared r e s o u r c e ; s o i l d e g r a d a t i o n ; and p o p u l a t i o n growth and r e s o u r c e u s e , e s p e c i a l l y i n A f r i c a . I n t h e e a r l y 1970s, w r i t e s Mohammed K a s s a s , we fe1.t t h e s p e c i a l need f o r c r e a t i n g a means t o r e p o r t p e r i o d i c a l l y t o t h e world on t h e s t a t e o f our p l a n e t ' s r e s o u r c e s , env i ronment , and g e n e t i c d i v e r s i t y . The World Resources s e r i e s w i l l f i n a l l y f i l l t h a t n e e d ' . ( 1 7 3 5 New York Avenue, NW, S u i t e 400, Washing- t o n , DC 20006, L'SA).

. WVF Conserva t ion Yearbook 1¡85/85 A review of t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n s e r v a t i o n p r o j e c t s suppor ted bv 'w%F i n 198h and 1985, and a s e l e c t i o n of r e p o r t s from WWF N a t i o n a l O r g a n i z a t i o n s , 587pp. (1196 Gland, Swi tze r - l a n d ) .

. Sandra Postel, "Altering the Earth's Chemistry: Assessing the Risks", Worldwatch Paper 71, 66pp. (Worldwatch Institute, 1776 Massa- chusetts Avenue W , Washington, DC 20036, USA).

. ICIHI, The Encroaching Desert: The Consequences of Human Failure (London: Zed Books. 1986) 1 3 2 ~ ~ . More and more fertile land is being . . - turned into barren waste-land - not just in the Sahel but in practically every part of the world, endangering the lives and livelihood of hun- dreds of millions of people. Why? And what are the consequences? "Ã 'ha went wrong after the Plan of Action was painstakingly elaborated by the W Conference on Desertification in 19777 What hindered its implementa- tion? and , The Vanishing Forest: The Human Consequences of Deforestation (1986) 89pp. Not an ecological treatise, this report focuses on the suf- fering endured by people immediately dependent on dwindling forest land and how this process is affecting their health and livelihood. It stresses the urgent need for policy changes that will make forest-con- version a vehicle of sustainable development and enable human civiliza- tion in the tropics to continue.

. Arthur H. Westing (ed), Global Resources and International Con- flict: Environmental Factors in Strategic Policy and Action (Stockholm: SIPRI. 1986) 280pp. This book shows how the geographical distribution, . . availability, and degradation of the world's natural resources influence the international security perceptions that govern strategic policies and the use of military force. Global deficiencies, coupled with uneven distribution of resources, can lead to unlikely, and therefore unstable, alliances, to national rivalries, and event to war. (Pipers vag 29, 171 73 Sona, Sweden).

. M a i n Joxe, Tribulations du "Garde-Paix": Mx "Peace-Keeper", un ICBM americain en quzte de strategic (Paris: CIRPES, 1986) 181pp. Gene- - se, evolution et effacement d'un systSme d'arme americain: la grosse fusee intercontinentale .5 10 tStes autonomes, Ie MX baptise "Peace- keeper" par Ie President Reagan lui-meme, c'est-i-dire "Garde-Paix". Cette chronique se deroule sur quinze ans, dans une periode de mutation entre MAD et la guerre des etoiles. On la suit 2 travers les debars et rapports du CongrSs et du gouvernement des Etats-Unis, qui se sont accu- mules en longs argumentaires souvent contradictoires dans lesquels se refietent toutes les r&alit&s et aussi tous les reves propres la Logi- que de la strategic nucleaire. La Technologie dicte ici ses choix 2 la Strategic, non l'inverse. Elle risque d'entrainer Ie monde vers l'af- frontement de deux systSmes nucl6aires antiforces dangereusement "capi- des 2 la detente" et reduisant la politique 2 la portion congrue. ( 5 4 bd Raspail, 75006 Paris, France).

. ICIHI, Modern Wars: The Humanitarian Challenge (London: Zed Books, 1986) 195pp. This report highlights the progress made in the codifica- tion and the development of humanitarian law and points to its short- comings and weaknesses. It examines the reasons behind the multiple violation of law and suggests the means to achieve a realistic humani- tarian strategy.

. ICIHI, Refugees: Dynamics of Displacement (London: Zed Books, 1986) 152pp. There are over 13 million refugees in the world today, and their numbers are rising remorselessly. In addition, as this Report shows, there are millions more who are victims of rcass expulsion, forcible re- location programmes, and internal flight within their own countries. What are the causes of these mounting sources of human suffering? What conditions do these most vulnerable of people face? And what, beyond the already extensive humanitarian actions of the international community, needs to be done to deepen our understanding of this human tragedy, strengthen international law, and improve the effectiveness 01 the agen- cies involved? These are the questions taken up in this Report. Drawing on examples from every part of the world, it is concerned to point the way forward to realistic and effective ways of anticipating and prevent- ing - as well as providing immediate assistance to and long-term solu- tions for - the rising tide of displaced people. It draws attention, in particular, to the hardening attitudes of Western governments under the double pressure of economic migration and political refugees; the cen- tral responsibility governments bear for so many forms of involuntary migration; and the gaps and weaknesses in international law and action which must be remedied if the human rights of refugees and other dis- placed persons are to be properly protected.

. Friedhelm Solms et Marc Reuver, Quelle paix? Un debat essential au sein des Eglises (CETIM, 1986) 142pp. (37 quai Wilson, 1201 Geneve).

. United Nations, The Blue Helmets: A Review of United Nations Peace- keeping (New York: UN Sales No E.85.1.18) 350pp.

. Earl W. Foelle and Richard A. Nennenman (eds), How Peace Came to the World (Zurich: The Christian Science Monitor, 1986) 257pp. Nothing threatens us today more than the 50,000 nuclear warheads that stand in a state of near readiness around the globe. Yet in the year of 2010 the world is at peace and the threat of nuclear devastation has vanished. How did this come about? Through the imaginative ideas of forty men and women - lawyers, doctors, professors, conflict research specialists - we see a wide variety of scenarios explaining how the world learned to pre- vent warfare. How can these amateurs fix up the world? By not accepting that war is inevitable, by forcing their leaders to take bold step, and by becoming an informed citizenship. Their peace scenarios are grouped into several main approaches - awakening through disaster, playing the superpowers, improving the machinery of peace, changes of consciousness, action groups, and citizen exchanges. (Merkurstrasse 4, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland).

. Gunnar Adler-Karlsson, "The Efficiency of Embargoes and Sanctions", in Economic Warfare or Detente: An Assessment of East-West Relations in the 1980s (Boulder : Westview Press, 1985) pp.281-293.

. Klaus Jurgen Gantzel und Jijrg Meyer-Stamer (Hrsg), "Die Liste der Kriege 1944/5 bis 1984" Auszug (Kap. 1-3) aus Die Kriege nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg bis 1984; Michael Brzoska, Arms Resupply in the Iraq- Iran War, 25pp (Institut fur Politische Wissenschaft, Universitat Ham- burg, Allende-Platz 1, Hamburg 13, FRG).

. G i l b e r t R i s t e t F a b r i z i o S a b e l l i ( e a s ) , I 1 e t a i t une f o i s Ie deve- loppement ... (Lausanne: E d i t i o n s d ' e n b a s , 1986) 155pp. Ce l i v r e s ' o u v r e s u r un con te ph i losophique 2 l ' a n c i e n n e , q u i n o u r r i t p l u s i e u r s a n a l y s e s e t r e f l e x i o n s s u r l e s dimensions mythiques du " d e v e l ~ ~ p e m e n t " (Case p o s t a l e 304, 1017 Lausanne 1 7 , S u i s s e ) .

. La D e c l a r a t i o n de Berne, Visages du Tiers-Monde: S e l e c t i o n de 300 s u g g e s t i o n s d e l e c t u r e (Lausanne, 1986) 123pp.

. A r i Serkko la and C h r i s t i n e Mann ( e d s ) , The C u l t u r a l Dimension of Development ( P u b l i c a t i o n of t h e F i n n i s h N a t i o n a l Commission f o r UNESCO, N033, 1986) 290pp.

Consumers' A s s o c i a t i o n of Penang, Drui

. APPEN, The Bhopal Tragedy: One Year a f t e r (Penang: S A M , 1985) 235pp. T h i s r e p o r t was compiled i n an e f f o r t t o c a l l f o r a n i n t e r n a t i o n - a l condemnation of t r a n s n a t i o n a l c o r p o r a t i o n s who pu t p r o f i t b e f o r e hu- man l i v e s . I t c o n t a i n s r e p o r t s , i n t e r v i e w s , a c t i o n s taken by v a r i o u s o r g a n i s a t i o n s on t h e Bhopal d i s a s t e r , l e g a l documents and pho tos . (37 , Lorong B i r c h , 10250 Penang, M a l a y s i a ) . USS 8 .

. P a r t i z a n s , D i r t y Bizness (London, 1986) 34pp. The P a r t i z a n s a l t e r - n a t i v e r e p o r t on RTZ f o r 1986 i n c l u d e s new r e v a l a t i o n s about p o l l u t i o n from B r i t i s h p l a n t s of RTZ, n o t a b l y Anglesey Aluminium, compiled by La- bour Research Department . Most of t h e r e s t 01 t h e r e p o r t i s w r i t t e n by peop le d i r e c t l y a f f e c t e d by RTZ's o p e r a t i o n s around t h e world. A r t i c l e s on E l l i o t Lake, Argy le , Rossing, t h e ABC c o u r t c a s e and Maori a c t i o n i n New Zealand. (218 Liverpoo l Road, London N1 ILE, UK).

. CCFD/Solagral, L a pzche , e n j e u Nord-Sud, Tome I: "La p i rogue e t l e c h a l u t i e r " , 117pp; Tome 11: "PScheurs d e s Tiers-Mondes", 127pp. I1 n ' e x i s t a i t j u s q u ' i p r e s e n t aucun document de s y n t h e s e en f r a n c a i s s u r l a peche e t l e s pzcheurs dans I e T i e r s Monde. Ces deux tomes comblent c e t t e l acune . Le p remier e s t c e n t r e s u r l a p l a c e d e l a pzche dans I e T i e r s Monde e t l e s en jeux q u i en d 6 c o u l e n t : importance dans l ' a l i m e n c a t i o n , g a s p i l l a g e d e s r e s s o u r c e s , peche a r t i s a n a l e c e n t r e peche i n d u s t r i e l l e , r o l e du commerce i n t e r n a t i o n a l . Les t e x t e s s o n t s u r t o u t i s s u s d e l a Con- f e r e n c e d e s t r a v a i l l e u r s du p o i s s o n (Rome, j u i l l e t 1984) . Le second tome p o r t s s u r l e s pzcheurs e t l e u r s o r g a n i s a t i o n s dans I e T i e r s Monde. Que s e s o i t en A s i e , en Afr ique ou en Amerique L a t i n e , l e s s o c i e t 6 s de pzcheurs s o n t en e v o l u t i o n c o n s t a n t e , pour t e n t e r de s u r v i v r e . Aux a g r e s s i o n s e x t g r i e u r e s c r o i s s a n t e s , l e s p e t i t s pzcheurs a r t i s a n s repon- d e n t en s ' o r g a n i s a n t , en deve loppan t l e u r s t e c h n i q u e s , en l u t t a n t pour i a d e f e n s e de l e u r s d r o i t s . Q u ' e l l e s s o i e n t spon tanges ou encouragzes de l ' e x t g r i e u r , l e s a c t i o n s d e c r i t e s concorden t : r e n f o r c e r I e pouvoir des communaut6s de pZcheurs , l e u r r e n d r e l e u r autonomie, f a i r e e n t e n d r e l e u r vo ix au n iveau i n t e r n a t i o n a l s o n t l e s caches p r i n c i p a l e s . (CCFD, 4 r u e J e a n L a n t i e r , 75001 P a r i s ou S o l a g r a l , 5 rue F r a n c o i s B i z e t t e , 35000 Rennes, F r a n c e ) . .

. E. Philip English, The Great Escape? An Examination of North-South Tourism (The North-south Institute, 1986) 89pp. (185 Rideau, Ottawa, Canada KIN 5x8).

. United Nations, Transnational Corporations in South Africa and Na- mibia: United Nations Public Hearings, Reports of the Panel of Eminent Persons and of the Secretary-General (New York, UN sales No E.86.II.A.6) 242pp.

Dieter Ernst, US-Japanese Competition and the Worldwide Restruc-

. Ted Wheelwright (ed), Consumers, Transnational Corporations and Development (1986) 390pp. (University of Sydney, Australia).

. Marjan Svetlicic with Matija Rojec, Investment Among Developing Countries and Transnational Corporations (Draft 1986) 162pp. (RCCDC, FOB 97, 61109 Ljubljana, Yugoslavia).

. Richard E. Feinberg and contributors, Between Two Worlds: The World ~ank's Next Decade, 1 8 4 ~ 1 ; Theodore H. Moran and contributors, Invest- ing in Development: New Roles for Private Capital? 194pp (Overseas Devel.Counci1, 1717 Massachusetts Ave.,NW, Washington,DC 20036, USA).

. P e ~ e r Korner, Gero Maass, Thomas Siebold and Rainer Tetzlaff, IMF and the Debt Crisis: A Guide to the Third World's Dilemmas (London: Zed Books, 1986) 226pp. This is a well-documented, up-to-date and read- able guide to the Third World's debt crisis, the IMF's new role in pre- scribing domestic economic policies on a more or less permanent basis, and the destruction of long-term development prospects this entails. The debt crisis is comprehensively covered: the various ways in which coun- tries get into debt and the causes - both those resulting from external events in the world economy, and those caused by the self-interested policies of Third world ruling classes. The authors explain the workings of the IMF; its principal instrument of policy today - the stabilization of programme; and its new role in debt rescheduling on behalf of Western banks.

. Howard M. Wachtel, The Money Mandarins: The Making of a Suprana- tionai Economic Order (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986) 254pp, shows how in the world economy a private supranationalism, energized by the tech- nological revolution in information and communication, has overwhelmed public institutions and found its ideological home in the "free-market monetarism" lauded today. In carefully describing how the emerging sup- ranationalism led to the conservative revival and an attack on liberal- ism and the welfare state, Wachtel suggests why their convergence is fueling the risk of economic collapse, as governments are unable to re- store monetary stability in an increasingly unmanageable world economy. Wachtel concludes with specific proposals for bringing the suprantional economy under a degree of public control, and he shows how to avoid glo- bal economic crisis and rebuild a more humane social vision at home.

. Brendan Lovett, &before death (Quezon City, 1986) 120pp. This book compresses into brief compass a sustained and nuanced critique of

modernity. The emphasis is on the cultural dis-values which underlie the longer cycle of decline in which we are still situated. The concluding chapters articulate the outline of what constitutes creative adequate response. ( Claretian Publ., UP FOB 4, Diliman, Quezon City 3004, Phi- lippines).

. Ego Stornaiolo, Homo deraens: antropologia del10 stenninio (1984) 302pp; Umberto Melotti, Ego e i suoi cugini (1986); Sergio Manghi e Vittorio Parisis (a cura di), La dimensione bioculturale (1986) 136pp. (Centro Studi Terzo Hondo, via G.3. Morgagni 39, 20129 Milano, Italia).

. Paul Ekins (ed), The Living Economy: A New Economics in the Making (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986) 3 9 8 ~ ~ . Economics is in trouble. . - Its policy instruments are blunt, its experts disagree and its theories are in disarray in the face of global economic disorder: unprecedented levels of indebtedness, endemic inflation, high unemployment, deepening world poverty and gross environmental degradation. The Living Economy analyses conventional economic theory in the light of contemporary eco- nomic problems and finds its basic premises and assumptions flawed and its methodology suspect in several important respects. The Living Eco- m is the first expression of a coherent, consistent economic frame- work, which incorporates the collective wisdom of those who, like E.F. Schumacher, have perceived modern industrial development to be humanly unsatisfying and environmentally unsustainable. The book is based on the first two years' work of The Other Economic Summit (TOES) and draws on the insights and experience of over forty contributors, the pioneers of this new kind of economic thinking, including Herman Daly, Johan Galtung, Susan George, Hazel Henderson and James Robertson. (11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE, U K ) .

. Science Gconomique et developpement endogsne, avec, notanment, des chapitres par Ignacy Sachs, Oscar Pino Santos, J6zsef Bognzr et Abdel Aziz Belal (Paris: UNESCO, 1986) 272pp.

. Huynh Cao Tri et al. Administration participative et developpement endogsne (Bruxelles: USA/UNESCO, 1986) 267pp. Les auteurs traitent des dimensions socio-historiques, culturelles et psychologiques du processus d'adaptation de l'administration et de la gestion aux differents con- textes socio-culturels en vue du developpement endogsne et centre sur I'homme. Cette adaptation vise 2 favoriser la participation des popula- tions au developpement de leur sociGt6. (rue Defacqz, L Bte 11, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique

. Roy MacLeod (ed), Technology and the Human Prospect, Essays in ho- nour of Christopher Freeman (London: Frances Pinter, 1986) 256pp. During the last twenty years, the field of technology policy has become esta- blished within many universities' curricula. Among the founders of this field is Christopher Freeman, Professor of Science Policy at the Univer- sity of Sussex. Professor Freeman has broken new ground in the study of technology and industrial innovation. in the measurement of sciences and technology and in the relationship between technology and employment. In this process, Freeman has represented the problems of shaping policy to fit human aspirations, in ways which economic and social theorists have yet fully to assimilate. This book provides an opportunity to consider

t h e ' a g e n d a ' t h a t pol icy-makers and academic t h e o r i s t s have y e t t o com- prehend f u l l y (25 F l o r a l S t r e e t , London WC2E 9DS, L%).

Krishna Ahooia-Patel . Anne Gordon Drabek and Marc N e r f i n ( e d s ) , ;or]-d Economy i n T r a n s i t i o n : Essays p r e s e n t e d t o Surendra F a t a l on h i s s i x t i e t h b i r t h d a y (Pergamon P r e s s : 1986) 293pp. Essays by such peop le a s Raul P r e b i s c h , Gamani Corea, Johan Gal tung , Miguel Wionczek, Muchkund Dubey, Fred C l a i r m o n t e , Reg Green, Godfrey G u n a t i l l e k e , Enrique I g l e s i a s t o honour t h e work of Surecdra P a t e l , who, s i n c e i t s i n c e p t i o n more than a decade ago , h a s been D i r e c t o r of t h e L'nited Nat ions Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Technology d i v i s i o n , which has made t h e p i o n e e r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e a d o p t i o n o f an e n t i r e l y new approach t o t h e r o l e of t echnology i n t h e development p r o c e s s . They r e f l e c t t h e c o n t r i - b u t i o n t o development t h i n k i n g of S. P a t e l , i n c l u d i n g t h e n o t i o n o f eco- nomic d i s t a n c e among n a t i o n s , how i t h a s a r i s e n , how i t can be measured and how i t can be overcome.

. GZrard G r e l l e t , S t r u c t u r e s e t s t r a t e g i e s du developpement Gconomi- E ( P a r i s : PUF, 1986) 451pp.

. Georges P e t e r s , Racismes e t r a c e s : H i s t o i r e , s c i e n c e , pseudo- s c i e n c e e t p o l i t i q u e (Lausanne: E d i t i o n s d ' e n h a s , 1986) 135pp.

. Michel A c h i l l i ( a c u r a d i ) , Formazione p e r 10 s v i l u p p o (ICEI, 1986) 1 5 p p . ( v i a S a l v i n i 3 , 20122 Milano, I t a l i a ) .

. A r i S e r k k o l a ( e d ) , Teaching about A f r i c a South of Sahara 210pp. (LDS. Annankatu 42 D , 00100 H e l s i n k i , F i n l a n d ) .

. RITIMO, Guide p r a t i q u e de l a c o o p e r a t i o n d e c e n t r a l i s e s : A l ' u s a g e d e s e l u s (1986) 68pp. (20 r u e Rochechouart , 75009 P a r i s , F r a n c e ) .

. P i e r r e Maurer , Le r o l e de l a Yougoslavie au s e i n du mouvement des p a y s non a l i g n e s (Gensve: IUED) 31pp.

. O d e t t e Jankowi t sch and K a r l P. Sauvant , The T h i r d World Without Superpowers: The C o l l e c t e d Documents of t h e Non-Aligned C o u n t r i e s (New York: Oceana P u b l i c a t i o n s I n c . , 1986) Vol.VI1, 562pp.& Vol .VII1, 588pp. These new volumes of t h e Jankowitsch/Sauvant un ique compendium c o n t i n u e t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of p a p e r s r e l a t i n g t o t h e Havana Summit and b r i n g t h e c o l l e c t i o n t h r o u Sep t .1980 . An i n d i s p e n s a b l e r e f e r e n c e t o o l f o r s t u d e n t s and a c t o r s of Non-Alignment a l i k e . (Dobbs F e r r y , New York, USA).

PERIODICALS

(The addresses o f t he 101 peri.odicaZs rnentionned below appear, i n alpila- ba t i ca t order, a t t he end o f the s e c t i o n . )

Human r i g h t s : I n A l t e r n a t i v e s (Vol XI , No 3 ) , Asbjorn Eide d i s c u s s e s ' t h e human r i g h t s movement and t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r d e r ' . I n The Arab A l t e r n a t i v e F u t u r e s D o s s i e r (No 1 8 ) , 'An e r a f o r t h e d e f e n s e of human r i g h t s ' by S h e r i f H a t a t a . I n g, Human R i g h t s I n t e r n e t

R e p o r t e r (Vol 1 1 , No 4 ) : 'On t h e p a u c i t y of Human Righ ts MGOs i n A f r i c a ' by Richard Kiwanuka, and 'Comments on t h e Ban ju l C h a r t e r ' ( t h e A f r i c a n C h a r t e r on Human and P e o p l e ' s R i g h t s ) by J u s t i c e Lihau E b u a .

E t h n i c i t y , m i n o r i t i e s : C u l t u r a l S u r v i v a l Q u a r t e r l y (Vol 1 0 , No 2 ) o f f e r s a r i c h i s s u e on 'Land r i g h t s s t r a t e g i e s f o r s u r v i v a l ' and So 3 f e a t u r e s 'Mountain people - a s e a r c h e r ' s g u i d e ' . A l i r a n (V01 VI, Xo 9 ) examines 'The 1986 e l e c t i o n and e t h n i c r e l a t i o n s ' i n Malays ia . The Voice of t h e V o i c e l e s s (No 2 5 ) a n a l y z e s ' A f t e r c i t i z e n s h i p t o t h e E s t a t e Tami l s ' i n S r i Lanka. In S u r v i v a l I n t e r n a t i o n a l (No 1 5 ) , 'The World Bank and t r i b a l p e o p l e ' .

I n Ko'eyu l a t i n o a m e r i c a n o (No 3 9 / 4 0 ) , 'Re- in te rp re rac i i5n de 10s i i t o s f u n d a c i o n a l e s g u a r a n i e s ' por Ruben B a r e i r o S a g u i e r .

C u l t u r e s : I n t e r c u l t u r e (Nos 9 0 & 91 ) d e c r i t ' l e Cen t re i n t e r c u l t u r e l Monchanin, un i n s t i t u t d ' s d u c a t i o n e t de r e c h e r c h e - a c t i o n pour l a convi- vance des c u l t u r e s ' . Avec I e No 9 2 comence une s g r i e s u r 'La f a m i l l e v ie tnamienne h i e r e t a u j o u r d ' h u i ' . Also a v a i l a b l e i n E n g l i s h .

Four a r t i c l e s on Is lam: 'On deve lop ing l i b e r a t i o n theology i n I s l am ' by Asghar A l i (Human R i g h t s Forum, No 5 ) , 'Towards an I s l a m i c economy: c u l - t u r a l i d e n t i t y , b i n d i n g r u l e s and t h e s t r u g g l e f o r a workable i n t e r p r e - t a t i o n ' by D i e t e r Weiss (Economics, Vol 3 3 ) , ' P l u r i f o m i t y i n t h e deve l - opment of I s l am i n I n d o n e s i a ' by Dawam Rahardjo and ' I s l a m i n Malaysia: r e s u r g e n c e and r e s p o n s e ' by Chandra Muzaffar (New Asian V i s i o n s , Vol 2 , No l ) .

Mujeres * Eemmes * Women : En H u j e r e s i n a c c i o n (Suplemento No 6 1 , ISIS c o n t i e n e n o t i c i a s , comenta r ios de l i b r o s y r e v i s t a s s o b r e l a red femi- n i s t a international, inc luyendo , en e s t e numero, una ampl ia informacion s o b r e e l movimiento de muje res en F i 1 i p i n a s . E n Edic iones d e l a s Mujeres (No 5 ) , 'America L a t i n a y e l Car ibe : Movimiento feminists, Balance y p e r s p e c t i v a s ' . La Escoba, B o l e t i n d e l Cen t ro de in formac i6n y d e s a r r o l l o de l a rnujer en La Paz , B o l i v i a (Ano 1 , No 3 ) : ' P a r a que l a h i s t o r i a sea n u e s t r a ' , una r e c e n s i o n d e t r a b a j o s r e c i e n t e s s o b r e l a s muje res a n d i n a s . Cuentame t u v i d a , r e v i s t a de muje res d e C a l i , Colombia (No 9 ) h a b l a de ' l a v i o l e n c i a como e j e r c i c i o d e l poder a u t o r i t a r i o ' . B r u j a s , Las mujer- e s e s c r i b e n (No 6 ) , r e v i s t a d e muje res de Mede l l in , Colombia, t r a d u c e un c e x t o d e Nawal A1 Sadawi s o b r e l a c l i t o r i d e c t o m i a . Hujer /Fempress (No 6 6 ) o f r e c e a r t i c u l o s d e s u s c o r e s p o n s a l e s en Mexico, Ecuador, B r a s i l , Colombia, P e r u , Paraguay, Venezuela y C h i l e y s u s r e c o r t e s d e l a p r e n s a l a t i n o a m e r i c a n a .

Dans La Tr ibune ( No g ) , ' La p a i x , c ' e s t a u s s i l ' a f f a i r e des f e m e s ' , avec une masse d ' i n f o r m a t i o n s s u r marches e t m a n i f e s t a t i o n s pour l a p a i x . INSTRAW Nouvelles (No 6 ) e s t consacre aux femmes d t A f r i q u e .

ISIS keeps up w i t h i t s good work: Women i n a c t i o n a s a channe l f o r wo- men around t h e world t o s h a r e e x p e r i e n c e s , i d e a s , i n f o r m a t i o n s and mate- r i a l s . Women's J o u r n a l (No 5 ) d e a l s w i t h 'The L a t i n American Women's movement' and i t s r i c h No 6 o f f e r s a review on 'Women s t r u g g l e s and s t r a t e g i e s : Th i rd World p e r s p e c t i v e s ' . Women's World d e v o t e s i t s Nos 10

1 1 t o a p p r o p r i a t e echnology and women; L i s t e n Real Loud (No 3 ) has a paper on ' S a n c t u a r y : t h e r e f u g e e s a r e t h e r e a l s t o r y ' and d e s c r i b e s t h e F i l i p i n o women's movement a f t e r Marcos. S e v e r a l c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o =c,

a p u b l i c a t i o n of the Lutheran World F e d e r a t i o n , (no 2 7 ) r e l a t e t o wo- men's p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n church and s o c i e t y . Shadab, t h e bimonthly p u b l i - c a t i o n of t h e Rura l Development Foundat ion of P a k i s t a n (Vol IV, No 5 ) i s a s p e c i a l i s s u e on women, a s i s Vol 4 , No 1 of t h e Tha i Development N e w s l e t t e r . ARENA'S Asian Exchange (Vol V, No 1) i s devoted t o 'women's s t u d i e s ' w i t h papers o n , among o t h e r s , Hong Kong, Malaysia and Tha i land .

Work and workers * T r a v a i l e t t r a v a i l l e u r s : The 3 e w s l e t t e r of I n t e r n a - t i o n a l Labour S t u d i e s (No 28-29) p r e s e n t s seven reviews of r e c e n t books on l abour t h e o r y , A f r i c a , A s i a , L a t i n America and i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m . The I n t e r n a t i o n a l Labour Report (No 1 8 ) , t r u e t o i t s n o t t o ( ' t h e magazine p r o v i d i n g unique coverage of i n t e r n a t i o n a l l a b o u r movements news ' ) has a s e c t i o n on 'Unions i n E a s t e r n Europe ' wi th p a p e r s on Poland ( ' S o l i d a r - nose on t h e move a g a i n ? ' ) , Hungary, GDR a s w e l l a s on women i n t h e USSR.

News (from t h e ) European C e n t r e f o r Work and S o c i e t y (No 11) p u b l i e un a r t i c l e d e George Spyropoulos s u r ' l e r 5 l e des s y n d i c a t s dans un monde en muta t ion : t endances e t p e r s p e c t i v e s ' . Temps l i b r e (No 1 4 ) , t o u j o u r s a u s s i p l a i s a n t 2 l ' o e i l ( a t 2 l t e s p r i t ) examine ' m a r g i n a l i c e e t innova- t i o n s o c i a l e ' .

Rura l development: The Forum f o r I n t e g r a t e d A g r i c u l t u r a l Management (FIAM) has s t a r t e d a n e w s l e t t e r , FIAM A l t e r n a t i v e s , which r e p o r t s on i t s a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e s p i r i t of ' s m a l l i s b e a u t i f u l ' . The IDS B u l l e t i n (Vol 1 7 , No 3) i s devo ted t o ' S e a s o n a l i c y and p o v e r t y ' . The N e t h e r l a n d s ' Royal T r o p i c a l I n s t i t u t e now p u b l i s h e s A b s t r a c t s on Rura l Development i n t h e T r o p i c s .

Ciudades * C i t i e s * V i l l a s : En e l G e t i n de medio ambiente y u rban iza - -p-

c i 6 n d e l a Comisi6n de d e s a r r o l l o urbano y r e g i o n a l de CLACSO (Ano 4, No - 1 3 / 1 4 ) , Ignacy Sachs y s u grupo 'Nexos e n t r e e n e r g i a y a l i m e n t a c i o n ' d i s c u t a n l a c r i s i s en l a s g randes c i u d a d e s y buscan nuevas r e s p u e s t a s . En e l No 15, ' E l n ino y e l h a b i t a t urbano' y ' E l n ino y La c i u d a d ' .

I n t h e Scand inav ian J o u r n a l of Development A l t e r n a t i v e s (Vol V , No 4 ) , Adedokun Jagun examines t h e ' hous ing p a r t i c i p a t o r y p o l i c y f o r t h e urban . ~

poor i n ~ i ~ e r i a : a l t e r n a t i v e s t r a t e g i e s ' . ~ s p ~ a c o & Debate-s o f f e r s i n i t s t h r e e l a t e s t i s s u e s ( i n p o r t u g u e s e ) ) a w e a l t h of s t u d i e s . Among them D i v i d a , desenvolvimento e meio-ambience' by Osvaldo Sunke l ; 'Espacao e poder : a c r i a c a o d e territories na c i d a d e ' by F e l i x G u a t t a r i (No 1 6 ) ; Mudanca economica e t e c h n o l o g i c a e a nova d i v i s a o e s p a c i a l do t r a b a l h o ' by Manuel C a s t e l l s (No 1 7 ) ; and ' C r i s e dos meios de consume c o l e t i v o urbano e c a p i t a l i s m o p e r i f e r i c o ' by Samuel J a r a m i l l o (No 18).

La L e t t r e u r b a i n e de 1'ENDA (No 10) d 6 c r i t l e s p r g p a r a c i f s pour I e Forum s u r I e r 5 l e d e s ' O N G s ' dans l ' h a b i t a t en A f r i q u e francophone o r g a n i s e dans Le c a d r e de 1'AnnGe i n t e r n a t i o n a l e du logement pour l e s s a n s - a b r i .

Hea l th : ' Ind igenous medicine: Th i rd World a l t e r n a t i v e s t o d r u g s ' i n B a l a i (No 1 5 ) ; 'At1 ayurved ic view on AIDS' i n h c i e n t Sc ience of L i f e (Vol V, No 3 ) ; 'Making t h e b e s t u s e of t r a d i t i o n a l knowledge systems: a - . c a s e f o r I n d i a n sys tems of medic ine ' i n Lok Swasthya Parampara Samithy Samvardhan News L e t t e r (V01 l , No 2 ) .

Environment: The c loud from Chernobyl is s t i l l on us : 'Chernobyl , t h e end of n u c l e a r power?' (The E c o l o g i s t , Vol 16. No 4 1 5 ) ; ' L e t t e r from

Chernobyl' (Peace News for Non Violent Revolution No 2278); 'Chernobyl' (E, 30 2 5 6 ) . In Wajibu (V01 l , Xo 25) 'The environment under threat'; in Prisma (Xo 391, 'Environmental degradation: a call for action. Ecologist (Vol L6, No a) features four studies on fluoridation; Yagazine (No 4 ) suggests 'a red flag for the automobile'. (Yo G3) suggests 'how to reduce environmental illiteracy.

Ld Revue internationale des sciences sociales [No 109) traite de '1'im- pact de l'environnement' avec, notanmenc, un article d1Osva1do Sunkel, L e s sciences 6cononiques et l'environnement dans la perspective du d6- veloppeaent' .

Ciencia y tecnologias apropriadas * Science et technologies appropriiies: Red, periodical newslstter of the Mesoamerican Centre for the study of appropriate technology - CEMAT ( Vol 2, No 21) tackles 'Biomass combus- tion'.

Minka (No 20) enfrenta el estudio y promoci6n de practicas y conocimien- tos utiles de las familias campesinas en el manejo de cosecha, selection y clasificacion de papa para consume y semilla. El Grupo de investiga- ci6n y extension de tecnologia popular Talpuy tambien public6 su lindo Calendario agricola Minka 1987 que se refiere a 10s aspectos m& repre- sentativos de las fiestas agricolas-costumbristas del Valle del Mantaro, Peru. En Tecnologias campesinas de Chile (no 5 1 ) , 'Calentador solar de agua' . Vraagbaak (Vol. 14, No 4) resume 10 ans d'experiences avec les pompes a corde tandis quTUnata-Presse (No 5, juin 86) presence un dossier sur la production artisanale d'huile de tournesol.

Peace: Agenor (No 97) is 'talking peace: the inside story of the Euro- pean Nuclear Disarmament Conventions'. In Socialist Affairs (No 2/86), Bernt Carlsson, now Under-Secretary for Nordic Affairs in the Swedish government, examines 'Nuclear deterence - Everybody makes mistakes...'. 'Disarmament (Vol IX, No 1) includes articles by Inga Thorsson, 'The relationship between disarmament and development: the Swedish follow-up study' and Bernard Chidzero, 'Disarmament and development: the implica- tions for Africa'.

World economy * Economic-monde * Economia mundial: From Vol 14 of Development, in addition to the now regular book review of Guy Gran, author of Development by people, Construction of a Just World (New York: Praeger, 1983), 'Corruption, delivery systems and property rights' (? 1) ; 'The methodological foundations of development economics' (No 2); 'Agri- cultural plans for Brazil's Grande Parajas program: Lost opportunity for sustainable development?'(No 3); 'Confronting an unsolvable problem: deforestation in Malawi' (No 4); 'The concept and measurement of sub- sistence: a survey of literature' (No 5); 'The hidden economy: a new view of remittances in the Arab world' (No 6); 'State, capital and the transformation of dependence: the Brazilian computer case' (No 7); 'Ba- lance-of-payments adjustment in the 80s' (No 8, special issue); 'The determinants of military expenditures in developing countries' by Maizels and Nissanke and 'The functioning of the international monetary system: a critique of the perspective of the industrial countries' by Arjun Sengupta (No 9); 'The global impact of information technology' by

Sam Cole (No 1 0 / 1 1 ) . Raw M a t e r i a l s Report (Vol 4 , No 3 ) c o n t i n u e s t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of 'The emergence of s e r v i c e cong lomera tes ' by Cla i rmonte and Cavanagh, who a l s o w r i t e on 'The s p e c t r e of T h i r d World d e b t ' i n Vol 5 , No l ) . I n Trends i n t h e World Economy (No 5 5 ) , P roceed ings of a p a n e l of e x p e r t s on 'Europe i n t h e world economy' h e l d i n Budapest i n May 1986, e d i t e d by J . Bognar and B. Balkay. The CTC R e p o r t e r (So 21) p u b l i s h e s t h e Repore and recommendations of a p a n e l of eminent pe rsons on TSCs i n Sou th A f r i c a and Namibia. Rehman Sobhan and Debapriya Bhatcacharya d i s c u s s ' C o u r t i n g p r i v a t e f o r e i g n inves tment : The Sangla- desh e x p e r i e n c e ' i n Development P o l i c y Review ( Vol 4 , No 3 ) . Develop- ment, t h e SID j o u r n a l , d e v o t e s i t s No 1986:3 t o ' L i m i t s t o economics ' .

Sous l a d i r e c t i o n d e Yoises I k o n i c o f f , T i e r s Monde c o n s a c r e son No 107 5 l a n o u v e l l e i n d u s t r i a l i s a t i o n du T i e r s Monde'.

Las 600 p a g i n a s d e Pensamiento ibe roamer icano (No 9 ) t i e n e n como tema c e n t r a l 'Inflation, a c e l e r a c i o n y c o n t e n c i 6 n 1 con v a r i e s a r t i c u l o s sob- r e e x p e r i e n c i a s n a c i o n a l e s l a t i n o a m e r i c a n a s . En Comercio E x t e r i o r , 'Las impresas t r a n s n a c i o n a l e s y 10s s e r v i c i o s : La u l t i m a f r o n t e r a ' por Cla i rmonte y Cavanagh ( Vol 36 , No 4 y 6 ) . En C a p i t u l o s d e l SELA (no 13) S e r g i o B i t a r aborda 10s ' r i e s g o s y d e s a f i o s de l a insertion de America L a t i n a en l a economia m u n d i a l ' . El mismo a u t o r p u b l i c a en Cono Sur (No 5 ) l a p r imera p a r t e de t r e s a r t i c u l o s 'La i n v e r s i o n e x t r a n j e r a d i r e c t a en e l nuevo c o n t e x t 0 i n t e r n a c i o n a l ' .

C o l l e c t i v e s e l f - r e l i a n c e : I n Development & South-South Coopera t ion ( Vol 11, No 2 ) , a r i c h c o l l e c t i o n on a r t i c l e s on South-South economic c o o p e r a t i o n by S t a n o v n i k , S i n g e r , Morse, P a p i c , Reg Green, Issam El- Zaim, Abdus Salam and manv o t h e r s . In t h e OAPEC Monthly B u l l e t i n ( Vol 1 2 , Nos 8 & 9 ) , a d i s c u s s i o n on 'South-South c o o p e r a t i o n ' w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o t h e r o l e of OPEC c o u n t r i e s ' between J a s s i m Mohamed Al-Kharafi and A l l A t t i g a .

C~municiici.ones * C o m u n i i : a t i o n s : En S d c i a i ~ s m o y p a r t i c i ? a c i 6 n ,S(I 3 5 1 , ' 1 3 f ~ r m a c 1 5 n y 2ducaci6n 2 5 e: Terce r Yundo' por He133 J d w ~ r s ~ i . E? & t e r n a t i v a s , ~ r o m o c i o n c u l t u r a l , c r e a t i v i d a d y cambio ( B o l e t i n NO 4 7 ) ; V i o l e n c i a y medios de comunicacion ' .

Mimar, A r c h i t e c t u r e i n development (No 20) among s e v e r a l b e a u t i f u l l y i l l u s t r a t e d a r t i c l e s p u b l i s h e s ' B a s i c t echnology , communication f o r s e l f - r e l i a n c e ' by Yona Friedman. Globa l F u t u r e s D i g e s t (Vol 3 No 1 & 2 i s devoted t o ' g l o b a l t e l e v i s i o n ' . D i r e c t i o n s (V01 2 , No 2 ) i s 'watch- ing t e l e v i s i o n w i t h L a o t i a n r e f u g e e s ' : ' i s i t r e a l ? ' .

La L e t t r e d e S o l a g r a l (No 55) p r e s e n t s une f i c h e pgdagogique 'Medias e t T i e r s Monde: apprendre 5 l i r e une i n f o r m a t i o n ' .

S t a t e * E t a t * Estado: ' C h a l l e n g e s t o t h e p u b l i c s e c t o r i n t h e 80s by A. Vra tusa , i n P u b l i c E n t r e p r i s e (Vol 7 , No 1 ) .

Dans l a Revue i n t e r n a t i o n a l e des s c i e n c e s s o c i a l e s (No 1081, ' L ' e t u d e des p o l i t i q u e s p u b i i q u e s , Approches compara t ives , c o n t e x t e i n s t i t u t i o n - n e l e t a p p l i c a t i o n ' ,

En David y G o l i a t h (No 5 0 ) , 'Movimientos s o c i a l e s , t r a n s f o r m a c i 6 n so- c i a l , democracia y d e s a r r o l l o e n A f r i c a ' por M . Mamdani, Th. Mkandawire y Wamba-dia-Wamba.

Peoples' power * Democratic: Two articles by IFDA co-chairman Rajni Khotari: ' Masses, classes and the State' (Alternatives, Voi XI. No 2) and 'On the non-party political process' (Lokayan (Vol 4, No 5). 'A framework for the study of democracy in the Arab world' by Mustapha Kalem El-Sayed ( The Arab Alternatives Futures Dossier, No 18). Dans Alternatives non violentes (No 62), 'Guatemala, Boiivie, Uruguay, Bresil ... Resistances civiles en Amerique latiner Participation * Participation: 'Ecodevelopment - a tool for involving people' by Taghi Farvar (Ecoforum (V01 1 1 , Nos & & 5). 'Local plannlng for people's participation in the Umbrian region of Ital-y' by Victoria Bawtree ( Ideas and Action (No 169).'Participating in development or envelopment?' by Gus Polman in Earthkeeping (Vol 2, No 3).

En la Revista Iberoamericana de Autogestion y Accion Comunal, 'Demo- cracia y participaci6n1, 'Movirniento ecologists espanol' y 'Las organi- zaciones economicas populares' (en Chile) ( No 7); 'Cooperaci6n y parti- cipaci6n popular en America Latina y ei Caribe', 'El cooperativismo en Peru', 'Pensamiento cooperativo y autogestionario iberoamericano' (No 8-9). En (No 3 ) , 'Los problemas de 10s dirigentes: una senal de alarma'. En Dinamica cooperativa (No 96), en separata, ' Une propuesta para el medio rural: Asientamentos familiares cooperativos'.

Third system * Tiers systsme * Tercer sistema. In Transnational Asso- ciations (1986, No 5 ) , Peter Waterman, the Hague-based editor of the Newsletter of International Labour Studies outlines 'the Intercom pro- ject: research and action project on international labour communica- tion'. Thai Development Newsletter ( Vol 4, No 2 ) deals with health and ngos' and Social Change ( Vol 15, No 4) observes 'NGO research in Bangladesh'. IRED Forum (No 21) offers its usual and useful agenda: the life of the IRED network; forum for other networks; technologies, tools, methods and documents for action; and dossiers, studies, strategies.

Dans &I& (No 41), 'Enjeux associatifs, enjeux de soci&teT, actes d'un colloque tenu en mai 1986.

Las Notas del CLAEH (No 45) examinan las 'organizaciones populares ur- banas en la democracia, y el Boletin de medio ambience y urbanization ( A 5 0 4, No 16) ofrece un suplemento 'Los asientamentos populares y el papel de 10s organismos no gubernamentales en America Latina'.

Global problems and the United Nations: Johan Galtung on 'International organizations and world decision-making' in Transnational Associations (1986, No 4); Jan Pronk on 'Xeed for reform of LT agencies' in International (Vol 5, No 9); Robert Johansen, 'The Reagan Administration and the UN: The costs of unilateralism' in World Policy Journal (Fall 86) and 'Reforming the UN: Alternative to any more Irangates' in Options (No 34). Plus a special double issue of Development (1986: 1/2) on 'We the peoples of the United Nations' with, among others, Don Mills, Idriss Jazairy, Jean-Pierre Cot, Chad Alger, Maj id Rahnema, Jan Pronk, Kilkka Pietild and Theo van Eioven.

Philippines. The 'People's power' revolution has suscitated not only hopes, but also many articles. Of special interest are Kasarinlan ( Vol 1, No 4) ' On the post Marcos Philippines' with Randy David, Alex Magno,

Eduardo Tadem and o t h e r s a s w e l l a s i t s Vol 2 , No 1 w i t h ' T h e o r i z i n g t h e t r a n s i t i o n ' , f e a t u r e s , views and comments; Lokayan (Vol 4 , SOS 3 / L ) w i t h Randy D a v i d ' s ' Revolu t ion w i t h o u t t e a r s : on t h e February u p r i s i n g i n t h e ~ h i l i p p i n e s ' ; (V01 8 , Xo 3 ) wi th Valden Belle's ' I n i t i a l s r e f l e c t i o n s ' on 'Aquino ' s e l i t e popul i sm ' ; A l t e r n a - t i v e s (V01 X I , So 4 ) w i t h L e s t e r E. J . R u i z ' s ' P h i l i p p i n e p o l i t i c s a s p e o p l e s ' q u e s t f o r a u t h e n t i c p o l i t i c a l s u b j e c t h o o d ' . Breakthrough (Vol 7, No 3 ) h a s a s p e c i a l s e c t i o n on t h e P h i l i p p i n e s and P h i l i p p i n e I n s i g h t (Vol I , No 2 ) examines 'The c e a s e f i r e n e g o t i a t i o n : p r o s p e c t s and r e a l i t i e s ' .

Af r ique : Guy Mar t in examine ' I d e o l o g i e e t p r a x i s au Burkina Fasso ' dans Geneva A f r i q u e ( Vol XXIV, No 1).

Caribbean: In a ' forum on Caribbean and C e n t r a l L4aer ica ' i n t h e Scandi- nav ian J o u r n a l of Development A l t e r n a t i v e s , (Vol V , Nos 2 & 3 ) , Maurice Waters s t u d i e s ' I n t e r v e n t i o n a s a Th i rd World dilemma: Grenada ' . Homines ( Vol X, No 1 ) o f f e r s a l o t i n t h e 388 pages of i t s l a t e s t i s s u e . Among many o t h e r t o p i c s , 'The emergence of a r e f o r m i s t ideo logy o r i e n t a t i o n among t h e Peruv ian o f f i c e r s c o r p s 1948-1968' and , i n a s e c t i o n ' S o b r e l a M u j e r ' , 'Towards an a n a l y s i s of P u e r t o Rican women and t h e i n f o r m a l eco- nomy ' . New p e r i o d i c a l s :

A l t e r n a t i v e is a magazine on l e g a l r e s o u r c e s development p u b l i s h e d by P r o c e s s ( c f . IFDA D o s s i e r 54) which i n t e n d s t o promote a g r e a t e r r o l e of law and lawyers i n s o c i a l change. I n Vol 1 , No 1 (October 1986). C la rence Dias and James P a u l from t h e I n t e r n n a t i o n a l C e n t r e f o r Law i n Development w r i t e abou t ' deve lop ing l e g a l r e s o u r c e s f o r p a r t i c i p a t o r y o r g a n i z a t i o n s of t h e r u r a l p o o r ' . 38 pp. S u b s c r i p t i o n US 5 15 f o r 4 i s - s u e s ( 2713 Ma. Aurora S t . , Maka t i , Metro Mani la , P h i l i p p i n e s ) .

Eden - Environment , development , energy news. The h e i r t o Eco- Develop- ment News p u b l i s h e d by CIRED ( 54 b l v d R a s p a i l , 75 270 P a r i s Cedex 06 ( F r a n c e ) . I n No 1 , ' The French p h o t o v o l t a i c i n d u s t r y on t h e wrong f o o t ? ' by A . Nicolon.

Eden, Envlronnement, dSveloppement, 6 n e r g i e - Nouve l les e s t i e succes - s e u r d e s Nouve l les de 1'Eco-dgvelopement p u b l i e e s d e p u i s des annges p a r l e CIRED ( 54 b lvd R a s p a i l , 7 5 270 P a r i s Cedex 0 6 ) . Au sommaire du pre- mie r numero, ' L ' i n d u s t r i e p h o t o v o l t a i q u e f r a n c a i s e mal p a r t i e ? ' p a r A. Nicolon.

E x t r a c t a . E l C e n t r e de i n v e s t i g a c i 6 n y promoci6n amazonica (CIPA), en CO-ed ic i6n con C u l t u r a l S u r v i v a l ha ven ido t r a d u c i e n d o y pub l icando e l ' q u a r t e r l y ' b a j o l a denominaci6n de E x t r a c t a . F x t r a c t a aborda temas de i n t e r e s r e f e r e n c e s a s o c i e d a d e s i n d i g e n a s y m i n o r i a s e t n i c a s como r e l i - g i o n , m i g r a c i o n e s , r e c u r s o s n a t u r a l e s , medicina p o p u l a r , de rechos humanos ... Cada e d i c i S n t i e n e una de te rminada t e m s t i c a c e n t r a l . 48-56 pag inas con c u a d r o s , g r s f i c o a e i l l u s t r a c i o n e s . S u s c r l p c i o n e s : CIPA, Rica rdo Palma 666-D, Lima 18, Peru.

Pana pana, an international M i s k i t o , Sumo and Rama s u p p o r t group pub- l i s h e s a n e w s l e t t e r under t h i s t i t l e , a s a p r o j e c t of t h e N a t i o n a l In -

dian Youth Council. Pana pana, a miskito expression, means 'to help each other'. Vol I, No 1 includes a background on the conflict between Mana- gua and the Miskitos. ( 318 Elm S.E., Albuquerque, XM 87102, USA).

Razvoj Development International is a new biannual 'journal for pro- blems of socio-economic development, developing countries and interna- tional relations' published by the Zagreb Institute for Developing Coun- tries. In the first issue (268 pp), papers by Puhovski ('The philosoph- ico-historical concept of development'), Paul Streeten ('Inter-genera- tional responsibilities'), Babic ('The crisis of the European type of development', Susan George ('The right to food and the politics of hun- ger'), Surendra J. Pate1 ('an educational 'miracle' in the Third World', etc. Every article is usefully accompanied by a summary in French and Spanish. Also includes a substantial book review section. Subscription (annual) US$ 16 (FOB 303, 41000 Zagreb, Yugoslavia).

Rudoc News is a new quarterly publication of the Rural Development Do- p-

cumentation Centre, whose first six years of experiences is analyzed in the first issue ('Documentation and rural development'). Vol l, fo 2 features 'The quest for self-reliance of Thai NGOs. (Subscription L'S$ 10 (North), US$ 6 (South). (6114 Soi Tinnakorn, Din Dang Rd., Phyathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand).

Winay Marka ('Pueblo eterno' en aymarakheswa) es el organo de informa- ci6n de la Oticina de Apoyo a1 Movimiento Indio en Barcelona (Paisos Catalans). En el primer numero, 'Movimiento revolucionario Tupac Katari de Liberaci6n (Bolivia). Suscripcion: US$ 5 (Calle Saint Vicenc 3 pral.2, S-08001 Barcelona).

. Abstracts on Rural Development in the Tropics, KIT, Mauritskade 63, 1092 AD, Amsterdam, Netherlands

. Acid Magazine, POB 1302, 171 25 -, Sweden

. Agenor, Rue de Toulouse 22, 1040 Bruxelles, Belgique

. Aliran, FOB 1049, 10830 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

. Alternativas, Quilca 431, &, Peru

. Alternatives, 29 Rajpur Rd, 110054, India / 777 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA

. Alternatives non violentes, 16 rue Paul-Apell,42000 St-Etienne, France

. Ancient Science of Life. Journal of International Institute of Ayur- veda, 366 Trichy Rd, Coimbatore 641 018, TN, India

. The Arab Alternatives Future Dossier, Third World Forum, FOB 43, Orman, -, Egypt

. Asian Exchange, ARENA, A4, 2/F, G-block, Hung Horn Bay Centre, 104-108 Baker Str, Hung Horn, Kowloon, Hong Kong

. Balai, Asian Journal, POB SM-366, klanila, Philippines

. B o l e t i n de medio ambience y urbanization, C o r r i e n t e s 2835, 6'B, Cuerpo A, 1193 Buenos A i r e s , Argen t ina

. Break through , Globa l Educa t ion A s s o c i a t e s , S u i t e 570, 475 R i v e r s i d e Dr ive , New York, NY 10115, VSA

. B r u j a s , Las mule res e s c r i b e n , AA 49015, X e d e l l i n , Colombia

. C d p i t u l o s d e l SELA, Apartado 17 035, Caracas l010 A , Venezuela

. Comercio E x t e r i o r , Cer rada d e M a l i n t z i n 28 , Col . Carmen, Coyoacan, Mexico DF 04100, Mexico

. Cono S u r , FLACSO, C a s i l l a 3213, Correo C e n t r a l , S a n t i a g o , C h i l e

. The CTC R e p o r t e r , United X a t i o n s , New York, NY 10017, CSA

. Cuentame t u v i d a , AA 3021, U, Colombia

. C u l t u r a l S u r v i v a l Q u a r t e r l y , 11 D i v i n i t y Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

. David y G o l i a t h , AV. C a l l a o 875, 3 E, 1023 Buenos A i r e s , Argen t ina

. Development, SID, Pa lazzo d e l l a C i v i l t i d e l Lavoro, 00144 W, I t a l i a

. Development & South-South Coopera t ion , FOB 97, 61109 L j u b l j a n a , Yugos lav ia

. Development P o l i c y Review, O D I , Regen t ' s Regen t ' s P a r k , London W 1 4NS, UK

C o l l e g e , I n n e r C i r c l e ,

. Dinamica Coopera t iva , Dante 2252, Montevideo, Uruguay

. D i r e c t i o n s , PCDS, Nor thwes te rn U n i v e r s i t y , Annie May Swif t B ldg . , Evanston, I l l i n o i s 60 201, USA

. Disarmament, Uni ted N a t i o n s , New York, N Y 10017, USA

. Ear thkeep ing , 115 Woolwich S t r , Guelph, O n t a r i o NlH 3V1, Canada

. Ecoforum, POB 72 461, N a i r o b i , Kenya

. The E c o l o g i s t , Whiteway, W i t h i e l , Bodmin, Cornwall PL30 5NQ, LX

. Economics, Landhauss t r . 18, 7400 Ttibingen, FRG

. Edic iones de l a mujer , c f . ISIS

. La Escoba, C a s i l l a 3961, La Paz , B o l i v i a

. Espaco & Debates , Caixa p o s t a l 11028, Sao Pau lo , SP 05499, B r a s i l

. FIAM A l t e r n a t i v e s N e w s l e t t e r , 9 / 2 7 S o i Somboon P a t t a n a , S u t t h i s a r n , Bangkok 10310, Tha i land

. FONDA, 18 r u e de Varenne, 75007 e, France

. Gencve-Afrique, Case 136, l211 GenSve 2 1 , S u i s s e

. Globa l F u t u r e s D i g e s t , 73 M i t t a l Tower, A wing, Nairman P o i n t , m 400021, I n d i a

. Homines, Apartado 1293, Hato Rey 00919, P u e r t o Rico

. - HRI, Human R i g h t s I n t e r n e t R e p o r t e r , Harvard Law School , Pound H a l l , Rm 401, Cambridge, HA 02138, USA

. Human R i g h t s Forum, J l n Diponegoro 74, J a k a r t a l 0 320, I n d o n e s i a

. Ideas and Action, FAO, T e m e di Caracalia, 00100 W, Italy

. IDS Bulletin, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RE, UK

. INSTRAW Nouvelles, FOB 21 747, S Domingo, Rep. Dominicans

. Interculture, Centre Honchanin, 4917 rue St Erbain, Montr6a1, GuGbec H2T i'a'l, Canada

. International Labour Reports, 2/i Oxford Rd, Manchester M1 5QA, LK

. IRED Forum, Case 116, 1211 Gengve 20, Suisse

. ISIS, Via S Maria dell'Anima 30, 0018b W, Italia / Casilla 2067 Correo Central, Santiago, Chile

. Kasarinlan, P0B 210, Vniversity of the Philippines, Dilhan, guezon m, Philippines

. Ko'eyu, Apartado 18 164, Caracas, Venezuela

. La Lettre de Solagral, 5 rue Francois Bizette, 35000 Rennes, France

. Lettre urbaine, ENDA, BP 3370, W, SSnggal

. Listen Real Loud, AFSC, 1501 Cherry Str. Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA

. Lokayan, 13 Alipur Rd, 110054, India

. Lok Swasthya Parampara Samvardhan Samithy News Letter, Pathanjalipuri PO, Coinbatore 641 108, Tamil Nadu, India

. Mimar, Architecture in development, 1 Grange Rd 05-11/12, Orchard Bldg., Singapore 0923

. Minka, Apartado 222, Huancayo, Peru

. Mujer/Fempress, ILET, Casilla 16 637, Santiago 9, Chile

. Mujeres in acciOn. cf. ISIS

. New Asian Visions, FOB 210, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines

. New Options, FOB 19324, Washington DC 20036, USA

. News (from the) European Centre for Work and Society, FOB 3073, 6202 NB Maastricht, Netherlands

. Newsletter of International Labour Studies, Galileistraat 130, 2561 TK The Hague, Netherlands

. e, CIPEP, Avenida T6pac Amaru 70h5 San Martin de Porres, g, Peru

. Notas del CLAEH, Casilla 5021, Montevideo, Uruguay

. OAPEC Monthly Bulletin, POB 20501, a, Kuwait

. Peace Sews for Non Violent Revolution, 8 Elm Ave,Nottingham NG3 4GF,UK

. - Pensamiento Iberoamerica~, I C I , Avda de 10s Reyes CatOlicos 4, 28 040 Madrid, Espana

. Philippines Insight, EPIC, Rm 403, FMSG Bldg 9, Balete Drive cor 3rd str., Quezon City, Philippines

. Prism, The Indonesian Indicator, POB 493, Jakarta 10002, Indonesia

. Public Enterprise, FOB 92, 61 109 Ljublana, Yugoslavia

. Raw Materials Report, FOB 81 519, 104 8: Scockholn, Sweden

. Red Newsletter, FOB 1160, Guatemala, Guatemala

. Revista iberoamericana de autoeesti6n y acci6n comunal, c/ Antonio Colomer Viadel, Faculdad de Derecho, Universidad dutonoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28 049 >ladrid, Espana

. Revue internationale des sciences societies, Unesco, 7 place de Fontenoy, 75 700, W, France

. Scandinavian Journal of Development Alternatives, FOB 7339, 103 90 Stockholm, Sweden

. Shadab, FOB 1170, Islamabad, Pakistan

. Share International, FOB 41 872, 1009 DB Amsterdam, Netherlands

. Social Change, 53 Lodi Estate, New Delhi 110003, India

. Socialismo y participaci6n, Apartado 11-0201 11, Peru

. Socialist Affairs, Maritime House, Old Tovn, Clapham, London SW4 OJV

. Survival International, 29 Craven Str., London WC2N 5NT, LX

. Tecnologias campesinas de Chile, CEAAL,Casilla 6257,Santiago 22, Chile , Temps Libre, 30 rue de Cond6, 75 006 G, France . Thai Development Newsletter, 121190 Near Chaloemla Bridge, Phyathai Rd, 10 400 Bangkok, Thailand

. Third World Quarterly, New Zealand House, 8 Haymarket, London SWlY 4TS, UK

. Tiers Monde, 58 bd Arago, 75 013 e, France

. Transnational Associations Transnationales, rue Washington 40, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique

. Trends in the World Economy, FOB 36, Budapest, Hungary

. La Tribune, Int. Women's Tribune Centre, 777 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA

. Unata-Presse, Heuvelstr. 13, 3140 Ramsel, Belgique

. Voice of the Voiceless, 30 Pushapadana Mawatha, S, Sri Lanka

. Vraagbaak, FOB 41, 6700 Wageningen, Netherlands

. Wajibu, POB 32 4b0, Nairobi, Kenya

. WISE, FOB 5b27, 1007 AP Amsterdam, Netherlands

. Women, POB 66, 1211 GenGve 20, Switzerland -

. Women in action, and Women's Journal, cf. ISIS

. Women's World, FOB 2471, 1211 Geneve 2, Switzerland

. World Development, Suite 501, 1717 Mass. Ave NW, Washington DC 20030

. World Policy Journal, 777 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017

. W F News, 1196 W, Switzerland.

NOW AVAILABLE

URBAN SELF-RELIANCE D1 RECTORY

prepared by IFDA for the UNU Food Energy Nexus Programme

Copies may be o b t a i n e d from U N U I I F D A Urban Se l f -Re l iance P r o j e c t , Room 311, 5 4 bd R a s p a i l , 75270 P a r i s Cedex 0 6 , F rance .

c o n t i n u e d from page 1 3 d )

r i g h t s over t h e i r l o c a l u s e s v s mass-housing supply p o l i c i e s t h a t i g n o r e t h e b a s i c i s s u e s of l a n d , f i n a n c e , technology and human r i g h t s ;

a p p r o p r i a t e t e c h n o l o g i e s - t h e p r o d u c t i o n and use of m a t e r i a l s , t o o l s and methods f o r b u i l d i n g and communication t h a t can be appro- p r i a t e d b y p e o p l e , e n a b l i n g them t o make f u l l use of l o c a l r e - s o u r c e s v s t h o s e t h a t c o n t r o l p e o p l e , was te r e s o u r c e s and p o l l u t e t h e environment;

. j o b c r e a t i o n - t h e use of l o c a l development t o p rov ide income-gene- r a t i n g work f o r r e s i d e n t s v s t h e s p a t i a l and s o c i a l d i v i s i o n s of l a b o u r c r e a t e d by c o n v e n t i o n a l p o l i c i e s ;

. c o p i n g ' w i t h d i s a s t e r s and reduc ing v u l n e r a b i l i t y - t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of s u p p o r t p o l i c i e s and a p p r o p r i a t e t e c h n o l o g i e s f o r self-managed p r o t e c t i o n and recovery v s imposed r e l i e f ;

enhanc ing t h e environment - ways and means of r a i s i n g awareness of t h e impact on t h e environment and e n s u r i n g a h e a l t h y r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e human h a b i t a t and t h a t of l i f e a s a whole;

communication and urban s t r a t e g i e s - i n t e r n a t i o n a l communications i n f a v o u r of urban s e l f - r e l i a n c e v s i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d i z e d u r - ban s t r a t e g i e s .

(Habitat F o m Ber l in ' 8 7 , Trabenerstr. 22 , ^.000 Berl in $3, Gezfiany).

ifda dossier 57/58 materials received for publication

'1.3. Li s t i ng a paper betou does nor i ~ i - J t ha t i t A', be published. 3ec i s i cns in t h i s respect are based on the need f s r a c e r t a i n balazce

- 3 betueen thenes, ac to r s , regions and languages. .ne e d i t o r s r egre t zkaz time makes it i npos s ib l e t o erqaqe in d i r e c t so r re sy~ndence u i t h authors about papers. Pipers nay be obtained i i r e c t t y frcn the author.

L O C A L S P A C E . Cristina Bosio de Ortecho, Algunas ideas sobre evaluacion particip- ativa, 4pp; Experiencia de evaluacion participativa, 5pp. (AsociaciOn - Vivienda Economics, Igualdad 3600 Villa Siburu, Estafeta 14, 5000 C&- doba, Argentina).

. John Friedman et al. The Barrio Economy and Collective Self- Empowerment in Latin America: a Framework and Agenda for Research (Urban Planning Progr., California University, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA) 51pp

. Roque Furtado and Matanhy Saldanha, Fisheries & Fishing Community, Socio Economic Conditions of Traditional Fishermen of Goa (POB 318. Panjim Goa, India) 20pp.

. Geraldo A. Lobato Franco, The Desertification Process of the Amazon River Basin: Some Human Implications (Visc. de Piraja 300/C-01, 22410 Ipanema Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brasil) 14pp.

. Celestin Nkou Nkou, Creer autrement pour lutter contre la pauvrete (BP 5842, Akwa, Douala, Cameroun) 8pp.

N A T I O N A L S P A C E . Afolabi G. Akerele, The Gabrielic Economic Base Concept Bandele, CAC, Oke-Isegun, FOB 48, Kabba, Kwara State, Nigeria)

(c/o J . A . 16+18pp.

R E G I O N A L S P A C E . Umar Juoro, The Economic Crisis and Opportunities for Regional Co- operation in Southeast Asia (Kompleks Kostrad, Jalan Dharma Putra 11/21, Jakarta 12240, Indonesia) 5pp.

. Bichara Khader, L'industrialisation arabe: presentation statistique et examen critique (CERMAC, Universit: catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique) 28pp.

G L O B A L S P A C E . Ashok Bapna, Summary & Recommendations of the International Confer- ence on International Interdependence: Global Underdevelopment, &pp;

. Franco Gesualdi, Una proposta del "Centro Nuovo model10 di svi- Progrettiamo insieme l'alternativa (Via delle Berre 32, 56019

Vecchiano, Pisa, Italia) 5pp.

. Inga Thorsson, The Disarmament-Development Relationship: the cur- rent situation (Malmg2rdsvagen 59C, 116 38 Stockholm, Sweden) 12pp.

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