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MakingSenseofSensorsConference@SCAQMD
DiamondBar,CASeptember27–28,2017
BelowarenotestakenbySusanGorman-Chang,whoattendedbothdaysofthisconference.Therecordedvideoofthistwodayconferencecanbefoundat:http://www.aqmd.gov/home/library/live-webcast?ms=iiWae9f6iJoforDay1andhttp://www.aqmd.gov/home/library/live-webcast?ms=eQpgu6VPGAwforDay2.Theamountofinformationbelowisratheroverwhelming.Becausewerecognizethatfact,wewilldiscusssmallportionsofthisinformationateverySustainabilityCommitteeMeeting,theagendaofwhichisalwayspostedonprnc.org,atleast48hoursbeforeeachmonthlycommitteemeeting.IfanyoftheinformationisclearlyunderthepurviewoftheAdHocAlisoCanyonGasStorageFacility,whosefocusistocollaboratewithgovernmententitiestosecureapermanent,24hoursaday7daysaweek,independent,fencelinemonitoringsystemaroundAlisoCanyonGasStorageFacility,suchinformationwillbediscussedattheAlisoCanyonGasStorageFacilityAdHocCommitteemeetings.AdHocCommitteemeetingsdonotfallundertheBrownAct,butinconsiderationofourcommunity,wealsopostthosemeetingsandtheagendas48hoursinadvanceonprnc.org.
ExhibitAreaDavidYatesfromAxetris.Axetrismakessmallhandheldmonitors.Theunitisself-contained.ItutilizesTunableDiodeLaserSpectroscopy(TDLS).Ituses“alasertoscanthespecificabsorptionlinesofatargetgaswithanextremelyhigh-resolution,whichenablesaprecisemeasurementofthegasconcentrationwithaveryhighselectivity.”Theunitdoescontinuousemissionsmonitoring.Itcandomethane.Ifthereisexanepresentwiththemethane,thenthatisproofthatthemethaneiscomingfromanindustrial,refineryorstoragesourceandnotanatural(i.e.cowsinapasture)source.Theunitondisplayiscurrentlyabout$5,000,buttheywillbecomingoutwithasmallerunitforlessthanhalfthatpriceinApril2018.AxetrisisalreadyworkingwithSCAQMDforpossibletestingforuseofthesesensorsinPorterRanch.AngelaMitchamfromVaporsensThiscompany’sequipmentdetectschemicalssuchasformaldehyde.TheyfoundacancerclusterinUtah,sotheyputthesesmall,portableformaldehydesensorsaroundinthecommunity.Theyshowedduringweekdays,formaldehydeincreasedsubstantiallyduetoindustryandduetocommutertraffic.KidsMakingSenseThisisaneducationalprogramforkids,mostlygearedtowardmiddleschoolers.Thecompanysellsvariouspackagesandprovidesinpersonteachertrainingfortheprograms.Theprogramconsistsofprovideairsensormonitorstochildrenandteachers,whodoaprojecttrackingtheairqualityintheirarea,graphingthedataandplottingitonline.Thekidsbecomecitizenscientists.Thepricesvary,andusuallyarepaidforbyagrant.Thepackagesvaryinscopeandcostandarecalled:StandardClassroomPackage*SmallGroupPackages*StarterKit*CitizenScientistKit*ComboKit
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PM=ParticulateMatter H2S=hydrogensulfideAQ=AirQuality O3=ozonePWS=PersonalWeatherStation CO2=carbondioxideCOPD=ChronicObstructivePulmonaryDiseaseNOx=nitrogenoxideMOU=MemoofUnderstanding O3=ozone SO2=sulfurdioxide
Day1Conference8:30am:WelcomeWeareatthecuttingedgeoftechnologyforairsensors,andforcommunicatingtheresultstothepublic.Weareatthebeginningofthemovementtohaveaffordablemonitorsinthehandsofcitizenstoaugmentregulatorymonitors.WeallthankDr.AndreaPolidoriandDr.JasonLowforputtingtogetherthisworkshop.TheUSEPAalsoprovidedgrantmoneyforpeopletoattendthisconference.Thereare40AirDistrictsrepresentedherefromaroundCalifornia.Dr.Burkestatedthatishistimetheonlyairqualitysensorswereyellowandwerekeptinacage—canaries.Inmyday,hesaid,wewouldneverthinkofbuyingbottledwater.Idon’twanttoseethedaywhenwehavetobuyairinabottletobreatheincleanair!Inthesummerof2014,SCAQMDwasthenation’sfirstairqualitydistricttotestsmall,localairsensors.ItisjustamatteroftimebeforeourSmartWatcheshaveairqualitysensorsinthem.Wewillhavethemonroofs,bedrooms,schools,workplacesandthesesmall,localsensorswillbemonitoringtheairandsendingoutresults24/7.ThevisionistohaveallthisinformationfedintotheSCAQMDcentralfeedwhereitcanbecompiledandanalyzed.Dr.BurkewasataChristmasPartywithDr.KeithBlack,abrainsurgeon,whosaidtohimthemostterrifyingfactthathewillneverforget.Dr.Blacksaidthatwehavebeenfocusingonlungfunctionandtheeffectairpollutionhasonthat.However,Dr.Blackstressed,wehavenoideawhatthebadairqualityisdoingtoourbrainfunction.Dr.BlackwasinvitedtogivetestimonybeforetheSCAQMD,wherehesaidthattheairapregnantwomanbreathesistransferredfromthemother’sbloodstreamintothefetusandcanactuallycausebraincancerinanunbornfetus.Dr.BurkeendedsayingwetheparticipantsintheconferencemustPUSHpeopletoeducatethemandtotakeACTION.WehavetoPUSHourfamilies,ourfriends,ourchildren.Wehavetoinformandtoact.Dr.JasonLow,SCAQMDDr.LowstatedhowhappyheistobeinfrontofanaudiencerepresentinginterestedpartiesfromnotonlyallovertheUnitedStates,butalsorepresentedarepeoplefrom8countriesincludingChina,Canada,Taiwan,IndiaandNewZealand!Dr.Lowstatedthatthisconferenceiswebcastandvideoswillbemadeavailable.KeynoteSpeaker:KouroshKarimkhany,WeatherUndergroundhttps://www.wunderground.com/sensors/purpleairCurrentlytheWeatherUndergroundisbuildingaglobalenvironmentalsensornetworkforairqualitymonitoring.Ithasitsrootsinweathermonitoring,anditexpandedintoairqualitymonitoring.
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Currently,itisthelargestenvironmentalnetworkintheworld.CitizenScientistsandcrowdfundingareutilizedtobringpeopletogetherinthiseverexpandingeffort.Theywereaconsumerinternetcompany,andarenowpartofIBM.TheWeatherUndergroundisactually,historically,anameofwhatbecamearatherviolent,leftistmovementinthe1960soutoftheUniversityofMichigan.TheytooktheirnamefromaBobDylansongthatsaidsomethinglikeyoudon’thavetobeaweathermantoseewhichwaythewindisblowing.ThiscurrentWeatherUndergroundisacompanythathasitsrootsinmeteorologicaldata.Inthe1990sthecompanywastakingthedatafeedfromtheNationalWeatherServiceandputtingitontheinternetforpeopletoutilize.Theythoughtitmightbefunnytonamethisprojectaftertheleftistgroup,andthatiswheretheWeatherUndergroundnamecamefrom.In1995theyhadoneofthefirstcommercialwebsites,andtheyincorporatedunderthenameWeatherUnderground.In1998theymovedtheirheadquarterstoSanFrancisco,andtheretheyfoundthatthecityhasveryaggressivemicroclimates.TheyfoundthegenericfeedfromtheNationalWeatherServicetobeinadequateforthemicroclimates.Theirsolutionwastocreatepersonalweatherstations.Personalweatherstationscostfrom$150to$1,000incost.Eachpersonalweatherstation,collectsdataandisconnectedtotheNationalWeatherService.ThispersonalweatherstationprogramwaslaunchedJanuary1,2001and283individualssighedupfordevises.Thechallengewasthatnointerfacewiththeinternetexistedtogetthispersonalweathersystemdata.In2014theygottheinternetconnectionissuefixedbywayofapartnershipwithsensormanufacturers.Nowtheyhave263,000personalweatherstationsaroundtheworld.Around75%oftheweatherstationsareintheU.S.LessonsLearned:Lesson#1:AgreeonStandardsEarlyForPersonalWeatherStations(PWS)owners:
• Provideauserfriendlydashboard• Providerealtimedataandvisualizationonwebandwithapps• Buildasenseofcommunity
Fornon-PWS:
• Providehyper-localrealtimeinformationnotfoundelsewhere• ProvideanarchiveofData• BuildsenseofCommunity
Lesson#2:GettoKnowyourCitizenScientistsWellWeatherUndergroundfoundthattheowners/operators,akaCitizenScientists,ofthesePWSfitacertaindemographic.Byandlarge,theyare:
• Male• Age:65+• Caucasian• RetiredfromascientificorITindustry• Financiallysecure• Havetimeontheirhands.
Lesson#3:GiveSmallRewards!
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GoldStarProgram:Weashumanbeingsallrespondtopositivereinforcement.WeatherUndergrounddevisedaGodStarProgramtorewardthosewhokeptclosetabsontheirweatherstations.Toearnagoldstar,yourPWSmust:1. Provide5daysofuninterrupteddatatotheonlinesystem2. ThePWSreadingshavetomakesense3. SensorvaluesarewithinareasonablerangeofothersensorsinyourvicinityTheGoldStarProgramwasasmashingsuccessandservednotonlytorewarddiligentPWSparticipants,butincreasedtheaccuracyoftheirreadingsandthustheusefulnessofthedata.Asstatedearlier,TheWeatherUndergroundwaspurchasedbytheWeatherCompanyin2012andthenWeatherCompanywasboughtbyIBM.Theycurrentlyhave250-300millionusersamonthontheInternet.Theywouldliketogrowtoonebillionusers.Indiawantsmoreairqualitymonitorsnotnecessarilyjustweathermonitors.IntheUS,specificallyinLosAngelesbasinarea,Kouroshpulledupasitethatshowedonly3airqualitysensorsfromgovernmentagencies.Weneedmuchmorethanthattoreallymonitorourairquality.WeatherUndergroundisworkingwithPurpleAir,whomakesreasonablypricedairmonitorsensors.InJuly,over400WeatherUndergroundusersboughtPurpleAirmonitors.Theyarestilltweakingtheinterface.Then,theywillsellontheopenmarket.PurpleAirmonitorsmeasurePM(particulatematter).WeatherUndergroundwouldlovetoseeparticulatematterPMmonitorsateveryblockincityofLosAngeles.ItemsWeatherUndergroundisstillchallengedbyare:
• HowdoyoudoqualitycontrolwithAirQuality(AQ)data?• HowdoyoucommunicateAQinformation?• Shouldwecontinuetoprovide“AirQualityIndex”whenairquality,evenwhen“green”levelstill
mayhavedangerousparticulatePMinit?• Howdowecoordinatetheuseoflowcostsensorswithgovernmentresources?
Forcollections,theymaymodelseveralsensorsononedevise,soifonesensorona5-sensordeviseisout,theycanexcludejustthefaultysensor.Forlocation,dataistaggedinrealtimeandbylongitudeandlatitude.ContactInformation:[email protected],SCAQMDAndreastatedthattherearemorethan350peopleinattendancehere.HealsorespectfullycorrectedMr.Karimkhanythattherearenot3,but40airqualitysensorsintheLosAngelesareafromSCAQMD.Andreaintroducedthenextspeaker.Whatisneeded?Inordertogoforwardwithalloftheselocalsensors,wemusthave:
• Sensorperformanceo Quality,durability,longevity
• SuccessfulProofofConcepts
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o PilotPrograms• Standards
o Performancestandards,levels,codifiedo Datastandardso PM(particulatematter)
§ Whatdothevariouslevelsmean?§ Whatistolerable?§ Whatisunhealthful?§ Whatisdangerous?
StateofSensorTechnologyTimDye,President&CEOofTDEnvironmentalWeusedtousecanariestotesttheairqualityinmines.Weonlystoppedthatpracticeabout20-30yearsago!In2008,airsensingpodswereusedbycommunities.TheyhadsomecrowdsourceddatafromIntel&Berkley.In2011,crowdsourcedradiationdatamadeanimpact,duetothenucleardisasteratFukashima,Japan.Thesemonitorsprovedradiationwashigherinsomelocationsthantheirgovernmentwastellingthem.In2012,intheU.S.wehadthefirstlowcostairqualitysensors.In2014,therewasthelowcost“Egg”,whichwascrowdsourced,butturnedouttobeamoneymakingschemebecauseonehadtopayinordertolookatthedatabeingcollected.In2013,theEPAprovidedadviceaboutmonitors,andin2014therewerewearablePMmeasurementmonitors.In2014,theSCAQMDstartedtheirAQ-SPECprogram,andthiswasagamechanger.TheAQ-SPECprogramisoneinwhichtheSCAQMDsetupacomprehensiveevaluationcenterforsensors.Itevaluatestheaccuracyandusabilityofcommerciallyavailableairsensors.Wearegettingtothetippingpointontheseairsensors,whereknowledge,connectivity,desiretomeasure,awareness,hardware&softwareandexpectationshaveallcometogether.Theairsensormarketisdominatedbystart-ups.Therearefewstandard,lotsofinterestandlargelyunknownsensorperformance.SampleProjectsPurpleAir:Theywanttosellmonitorstothepublicandthenaggregatethatdataonaworldwidebasis.AcademiaSinca&NationalTaiwanNormalUniversity:Theyhave3,000airsensorsoutinthepublicandaremonitoringtheairqualityviathesesensors.MinnesotaPollutionControlNetwork:50sensorsweresetuparoundthemetroareaandtheymeasuredlocalconcentrationsofPM,Ozone,CO,SO2andNox.Theywereabletomatchthisdatatoincreaseinasthmaemergencyroomvisits.Groupsinterestedinthisdataincludecities,industries,consumers,regulatorsandresearchers.Contactinfo:TDEnviro.coom707-335-6169or707-310-5541AndreaPolidori,SCAQMDWhyhasSCAQMDinvestedinlowcostsensors?Lowcostssensorsarenowfoundeverywhere.Theycostaround$200,havetremendouspotential,andmultipleapplicationssuchasspatial/temporalairquality,fencelineandcommunitymonitoring.
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TheAQ-SPECProgramstartedinthesummerof2014.Thegoalistoprovideguidanceandpromotesuccessfulevolutionofanduseofsensortechnology,andtominimizeconfusion.Therearethreetypesofsensors:Optical,ElectricalandChemical.AQ-SPECdoesfieldingtesting,labtesting,andthensummarizestheresults.TheSCAQMDwebsiteisaclearinghouseforvendors,AQOfficialsandtheCommunity.FieldTestingcostsaround$2,000.LaboratoryTestingisdonehereontheSCAQMDheadquartersinourlaboratory,andmanyofyouarescheduledtotakeatourofthatlab.Inourlab,wedoanAerosolTestwithtwotypesofparticlegeneratorsandaGasTestusingCO,NOxO3SO2HxSandothers.Seewww.aqmd.gov/aq-specformoreinformation.Whenyouclickon“sensors”youwillseeeachonehasbeentestedbySCAQMDandthereisaYouTubevideoyoucanwatchaswell.MostPM(particulatematter)sensorsshowedminimaldowntime,moderateinter-modevariabilityandsmogcorrelationwiththeEPA.However,therearesomechallenges.First,sensorcalibrationisneededinmostcases.Second,verysmallparticles,lessthan.5ppmarenotdetectiblewithlowcostsensors.Third,thereisabiasinalgorithmsusedtoconvertparticlecountstoparticlemass.MostGasSensorsshowedacceptabledatarecovery,widerangeofintra-modalvariability,CO,NO,O3hadgoodcorrelations,andSO2,H2SandVOCaredifficulttomeasure.Whatisnextforcertification?Theyareworkingoncertificationforfencelinetypemonitorswith2.5ppmparticlemeasures.Theyareworkingonsurveytoolsaswell.Thecertificationprocessisveryexpensivetoimplementcorrectly.Today,over60lowcostPMsensorsaredeployedbySCAQMDinLosAngelesandSanBernardino.TheyarePurpleAirsensorsandcostaround$200each.TheyareworkingwithMicrosoftAzurefortheinterface,andthereisgrantmoneyfromNASA.Oneusefulapplicationismonitoringandservingwildfireevents.ThereisaU.S.EPASciencetoAchieveResults(STAR)Project,whichistoprovidecommunitieswithknowledgetoselect,useandmaintainsensors.Theaimsaretodevelopeducationalmaterialforcommunities,evaluate/identifycandidatesensorsfordeployment,anddeployselectedsensorsinCaliforniacommunities.Atotalof530willbedeployed,with430measuringPM(particulatematter)and100measuringforotherpollutants.Dr.StephenFeinberg,EPADenver:EPAhashadfieldstudieswithdeployedairsensors.HewantedtohighlightaprojectdoneinDenver.CairsensewasthenameoftheprogramwhichtookplaceinDenver’shighaltitude,lowhumidity,andlowtemperatureenvironment.Thesensorswere$2,500eachandtheyusedsensorsapplicabletoEPAstandardsfromSeptember2015throughFebruary2016.ThePM(particulatematter)sensorswerelightscattering,TS1AirAssureandaircastingairbeantechnology.ThePMlaserparticlecounterwasanAlphaseOPC-N2for$500andtheT2OAPMResearchSensorwas$600.Theirevaluationchallengeswereintheareasofdatalogging(sinceitcouldnotbecloudbased),dataprocessingandweatherevents.TheyhadhourlyPMcorrelation,andmostsensorshadstrongcorrelation.Inlowerhumidity,thereislessnoiseinthedata.Each10degreeofwindwasanalyzedfortrends.Thewinddirectionmaynothavethesamehumiditydifferenttimesoftheday.TherelativehumidityappearedtoimpactPMsensors.
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KansasCity,KS:ThisiscalledtheVillageGreenProject.https://www.epa.gov/air-research/village-green-projectThesearesolarpoweredairmonitoringstationsbuiltintoaspecialparkbench.Thebenchmonitorcollects,everyminute,pollutionbaseddataanditiscomparedtoareferencesite.Ozonecomparedwilltothereferencesite.Thefoundthatinonearea,showninred,windpassesoverandtherearehigherPMrates.10:45amSensorNetworkDevelopmentandDataAcquisition-PartIJesseKroll,MITSeanBonner,SafecastMichaelHeimbinder,HabitatMapAdrianDybwad,PurpleAirJessetalkedaboutaprogramofsensorstheyhaveintheBigIslandofHawaiinearvolcanicSO2hotspots.TheBigIslandhas200,000peoplelivingthere.ThepollutionisspecificallySO2anditisonlyfromonesource,whichisthevolcano.Vogisamajorhealthconcern.Thereare8monitoringstationstotal.(Hilo,KonaandMountainViewhavemonitoringstationsplus5otherareas.)Thewindtypicallyblowssouthwestoffthevolcano.ThiswasfundedbyUSEPASTARgrantprogram.TheymonitoredforSO2andforPM.Theprimaryobjectiveswere:
• Characterizeairqualitysensorsinthisidealizedcondition• Providepopulationwithhighlocalizedairquality(AQ)monitoring
Sensorswillbeatschools,toengagestudentsaswellasthecommunitiessurroundingtheschools.SofartheyhavedonetheProof–of-ConceptNetwork,andmeasuredSO2.Thesensorsaresolarpoweredandsenddataovera3Gnetwork.Thesensorsare$400abox.The$5relativehumiditysensorsstartedtogivethemproblems.Theyusedco-locationcalibration,andmovedsomeofthesensors2kilometersnorthofvolcanosataschool.Thesesensorsread200ppmandthisisalargevolumeofSO2tobeexposedto!Whentheyhittheupperthreshold,theyuselinearregressionandparametricapproach.Thesesensorsandthereadingsprovidedata,fromwhichtotakeactionableitems.Forexample,whenreadingsarehightheycancancelrecessandplayindoorsinstead,andifthelevelsofSO2getveryhigh,theymaychoosetoevacuate.Thisisaverygoodexperimentwithgroupsofsensorsbecausethereisonlyone,indisputablesourceoftheSO2(thevolcano)theyareonlymeasuringonetypeofgasthatbeingSO2,andtheycancalibrateallsensors.Intheendthehumiditysensorwasthechallenge,nottheSO2sensor.SeanBonner:Safecast.orgSafecastcreatessensorsthatdetectPM,CO2,Ozoneandmethane.Seewww.safecast.org.Safecastisaverysuccessfulcitizenscienceproject.ItgotitsstartinFukashima,Japan,in2011inthewakeoftheearthquake/tidalwave/nuclearpowerplantdisaster.Safecastbuiltthehardwareandthesoftware.Theyarepocketsizedevisesandtheycollecteddatafromeachpersonwhohadadevise.Due
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tothisproject,theJapanesegovernmentwasforcedtoexpandtheevacuationzoneforradiationpoisoningbecausethesepocketsizedevisesmeasuretheactualradiationtheywerebeingexposedto!EverystreetinJapanisnowcoveredbythesesensors.TheyhadasmallerprograminWashington,D.C.whichexposedaradiationhotspotthereduetothegraniteusedinsomebuildingsasitcontainsuranium.TheU.S.NuclearDepartmentwouldnotreleasetheirinformationonradiationlevelstheyhadmeasuredbecauseitwasa“NationalSecurityIssue.”AfterSafecastreleasedtheirinformationontotheweb,thentheU.S.NuclearDepartmentreleasedtheirs,too!Safecastnowhas80milliondatapointsworldwide,with100%isinthepublicdomain.TherewasaprogramcalledAirQualityEggthatfailedmiserably,becauseitwasdevisedtomakemoneyfortheowners.ItwasNOTopendataopentothepublic.Togetthedatayouhadtopaya“fee”.Safecast,bycontrast,is100%freeand100%opendata.Itisindependentmonitoringatitsbest.Itiscommunitycentric,becauseeachcommunitydecideswhatitneedstomeasure.CommunitiescometoSafecast,nottheotherwayaround.Safecastworkswith:
• Citizens• Kids• Press• OfficialAgencies• ScientificCommunity
Safecasthasanannualreportthatcanbefoundatblog.safecast.Solarcast,whichisSafecast’snewestmonitor,issolarpoweredandcanmeasurePM,airqualityandradiation.Eachunitis$500,andtheyaredesignedto“dropandforget.”Thereare20deployedinLosAngeles.Seemapathttp://realtime.safecast.org/map/MichaelHeimbinder,Habitatmap.orgHabitatmapisanon-profittoprovidelowincomeneighborhoodsandschoolswithinformationfrompollutedsitesandbuildingstowheretheycanrecycleintheircommunity.(Seehttp://www.habitatmap.org/markersandclickonVOC(VolatileOrganicCompounds)andyoucanseeinNewYorkwheretherearebuildingsthathaveVOCIntrusionissuesandotherissues.Ittellsthehistoryofeachbuilding/site,andthelevelofdetailsandrelevantpollution/chemicalinformationisphenomenal.Aircasting(seewww.aircasting.org)isanopensource,endtoendsolutionforcollecting,displayingandsharinghealthandenvironmentaldatausingyourSmartPhone.WearablesensorsdetectchangesinyourenvironmentandthereisapalmsizedairqualitymonitorcalledAirBeam.Fromthewebsite:“Currently,theAirCastingplatformconnectsaseriesofwearabledevicestoanetwork,notablyanArduino-powered,portable,palm-sizedairqualitymonitorcalledtheAirBeam.TheAirBeammeasuresfineparticulatematter,alsoknownasPM2.5.Youmaybesayingtoyourself,“Whyisthisimportant?”Answer:TheUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgencymonitorsandregulatessixcriteriaairpollutants,one
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ofwhichisPM2.5,andtheEPA’smeasurementsindicatethatPM2.5levelsposeasubstantialhealthriskincitiesacrossthecountry.”TheyhadaBiking&BreathingProgramatColumbiaUniversityinNewYorkCitywheretheyhadvolunteerswearveststhatmeasuredphysiologicalchangesandairqualitytowhichbikerswereexposed.Aircastinghasaneducationalprogramwithmonitorsforhighschoolstudents.Seehttp://www.takingspace.org/aircasting-youth/TheGlobalClimateHealthAlliance(seewww.unmaskmycity.org)didaprogramwithLEDwearablesintheformofmasks.Smalllightsinthemaskchangecolortoindicatetheairqualitybeingbreathedin!Severalcitieshavetakenpartintheunmaskmycitycampaign,includingSaltLakeCity,Utah.Thiseffortunmasksthepollutionincities,scientifically,sothatpressurecanbeputonpublicofficialstodosomethingaboutitbecauseitisaffectingconstituents’health.InFrance,theyleaseoutphonesandmonitorstopeopletocollectairqualitydata.KidsMakingSense(seekidsmakingsense.org)isanentireeducationalcurriculumsoldtoschooldistrictstoeducatethestudentsonairpollutionandhowtomonitoritusinghandheldsensors.EPA’sSTARgrantprograminstalledaVillageGreen(https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-installs-new-village-green-air-monitoring-bench-jane-addams-elementary-school)atanElementarySchool.ThisisabenchthatissolarpoweredandmeasuresPMandozonelevels.ClearingtheAirisaprograminBrooklyn,NY(https://macaulay.cuny.edu/eportfolios/rodberg15/class-projects/clearing-the-air/)thatseekstoeducatethepublicabouthowthecityintotalisaffectedbyairpollutionregardlessofincomelevel,becausetheyallbreathethesameair.TheTransformDon’tTrashprogramhasimprovedthewayNYChandledsolidwaste.ThisTransformDon’tTrashhttp://transformdonttrashnyc.org/programorganizedcitizenstocountgarbagetrucksinonehour,andtheycounted300,andthenmeasuretheairquality,andthepollutantsinthathourinthatareaandtheywereseventimesgreaterduetothepollutionfromthegarbagetrucks.AdrianDybwad,PurpleAirTheyhadaprograminBluffdale,Utah,whereahousingdevelopmenthadagravelpitbehindthehomes,andtheywereconcernedabouttheairqualityduetothedust.(Seearticleaboutthisathttp://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=3116059&itype=CMSID).TheydeployedtheirPurpleAirPM(particulatematter)sensors,scatteredstrategicallytocollectthebestdata.Initialfindingswerethatparticlesvaryalotmorethanexpectedfromplacetoplaceandchangesinairqualitycanhappenfast.PurpleAirSensorsare$220persensor.TheyuseduallasercountersanduseWi-Fitoconnectanduploaddataorcanuseacellularhotspot.PartII:SensorNetworkDevelopmentDataAcquisitionBrianMiles,CGILEARN:LafayetteEngagementandResearchNetworkandtheEPASmartCityAirChallengegottogetherinLafayette,Louisianainanareathatgrowssugarcane.Onceayeartheyburnoffthefields,andthis
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createsalotofpollution.Theydeployed250-500airqualitysensorstomeasureozoneandPMplacedontelephonepoles.Theytargetedtheknownpolluter,thesugarcaneburning.Dr.AnnaScott,JohnHopkinsUniversityHerresearchwasonurbantemperaturesandheatwaves.TheypartneredwithSierraClub,BaltimoreOfficeofSustainabilityandcreatedtheGreaterBaltimoreOpenAirProject.Theaimwastodesignandbuild300airqualitymonitorsandcreateateamofCitizenScientists.ThesensorswereWiFienabled.Theirwebsiteisnotyetonline.TheyuseaWeatherCube,whichcontainsfourgassensors,threethermometers,onefanandonesolarpanel.Theydeployed450sensors.At40ppmtheinstrumentstoppedoutandshowedanerrorreading.Theyfoundthereisadiurnalcycleofozonelevels.Hercontactinformationisbmoreopenair@[email protected],OpenAQ.orgOpenAQ.orgfightsairinequalitythroughopendataandcommunication.Hercontactinformationischrista@openaq.org.Theyuseopendataforfightingairpollution.Theyaggregateairqualitydatafromgovernmentsworldwide.Theyhavefound:
• Airpollutionisoneoftheglobe’sbiggestkillers• Airpollutionisahumanrightsissue• Change=SustainedPoliticalWill+APlan
Thereare3globaldatagaps:
1. GeographyGap2. AccessibilityGap3. The“SoWhat”Gap
RealtimemapsshowingPMreadingscanbeseenonhttps://openaq.org/#/map?_k=zpfv0q.Adaptersreachoutfornewdataevery10minutes.Validationistechnical,notadataqualityjudgement.TheparticipantshavevirtualmeetingsusingSlack.InIndiayoucanseemapsonurbanemissions.info.Theyarecollaboratingwithreopenaq,python,andjavascript.Theyarecollaboratingwithjournalists.NicholasMasson,QSenseTheydoenvironmentalmonitoring.TheywantAQsensorstobeubiquitous.Challengesinclude:
• Highvolumeofdata• Dataquality• Continualevolution
Thestatusquolookslikethis:
• 43SCAQMDmonitorsinLosAngeles• Houraveraged• 4variables,so43x4=730,000datapoints
Thefuturelookslikethis:
• Amonitorlocatedevery10squarekilometers
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• Minuteaveraged• Onemonitorforevery50inhabitantsinLosAngeles
SensorsdeployedinQueens,NYfoundthatinvariousareas,thePM(particulatematter)increasedordecreasedasfollows:
• Bywaterways,PMdecreased• Bybridges,PMincreased• Bytrafficareas,PMincreased
Protocols,standardsandinterpretiveframeworkshavetobeputintoplace.Trafficsourcedataandairqualitydatamustbeanalyzedtogether.Dr.MelissaLunden,AclimaInc.Youcan’tmanagewhatyoudon’tmeasure.Aclimadesignsanddeploysairmonitors.Dataleadstoanalysiswhichleadstoinsightwhichleadstochange.TheyusegooglecarsandequipthemwithmonitorstomeasureAQ(airquality).TheyalsomeasureindoorAQandhaveoutdoorstationarymonitors.Wespend90%ofourtimeinsideandinside,andairpollutioninsidecanbe10to100timeshigherbecauseitisconcentrated.TheyareworkingwithGSA(thefederalagencythatprovidesworkplacesbyconstructing,managing,andpreservinggovernmentbuildingsandbyleasingandmanagingcommercialrealestate)intestswheretheymeasureCO2levelsspecificallyinconferencerooms.TheyhavefoundiftheCO2levelsinaroomincreases,cognitivefunctiondecreases!TheydotestswheretheycomparetwoconferenceroomsforlevelsofCO2andhavefoundthatspaceutilizationmatters.Peoplecanupseteventhemostwelldesignedbuildings.PoorIndoorAirQuality(IAQ)hasprovedtobeaparticularprobleminschoolswithlikelyimpactstocognitivefunctionofstudents.HighertheCO2levelinaclassroom,thelowertheabilitytolearn.HighconcentrationsofCO2are3500ppm(partspermillion).AclimaiscollaboratingwithGoogleandwithEnvironmentalDefenseFund.Environmentaltransparencycaninformcommunitiesandpolicymakers.MappingInsightscanshowtheblackcarbonvariabilityaroundaschool,forinstance,andthisvariationisafunctionofpollutants.Dr.EdmundSeto,UniversityofWashingtonThereareworkingwiththreetypesofsensors:
1. Trailers:Usuallyregulatorymonitoring,veryhighend,expensiveinstrumentsinaveryfewlocation
2. CommunitySensors:Usuallyaround$2,000,portable,solarpowered&transmitdata3. PersonalSensors:around$200
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Wewouldliketoseealldatausedtogether.
Airpollutants,wehavefound,concentratearoundroadwaytraffic,wildfires,industrialsources,agriculture,portsandfreight.Theydidastudycalled2013BayAreaNearRoadwayStudy(BARNS)tomeasurepollutionaroundportandtrucktraffic.ItwasdoneinOakland,CA.Thestudylastedfor10monthsandtheydidaco-locationoflowcostssensors.AnotherstudycalledtheIntegratedAirQualityMovementwasdoneinSeattle,WA.Therewere100communityairsensorssitesand300peopleusedpersonalmonitorsandthiswasmatchedtohealthoutcomes.
KatjaKrivoruchko,ERSIERSIusesGIStovisualizeandanalyzesensordata.GISisacomputersystemcapableofassembling,storing,andgeographicallyreferencinginformation.Oneexampleisanasthmaanalysis.Theycantakethenumberofdeathsfromasthmainacertainzipcode.Theninthissamezipcodetheycananalyze:
• Distancetomajorroadway• PM• Ozone• Distancetoocean• Seasonality• Age
DataAnalysis,InterpretationandMapping-Part2BartCroes,CARB(CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard)CARB’sgoalsaretodecreasePMby85%anddecreaseCO2inthestateofCalifornia.TheyalsohavegoalsinrelationtoEnvironmentalJustice,withparticularconcernforPM2.5andtoxicDieselPM.AllmonitoringsitesshowPMandDiesellevelsarestillincreasinginEnvironmentalJustice(EJ)Communities.
RegulatoryRegionalairquality
trends
CommunityEnvironmentalJustce
CommunityEngagement
CommunityActon
PersonalIndividualExposureBehavioralAspectsof
exposureHealthrelatonshipsCitzenScientst
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Tofindpollutionhotspots,CARBisutilizing:• MobilemonitoringusingEV(electricvehicles)• Harbor(ports)communitymonitoring• Satellitedata• Maps&Analyzedata• HealthInterpretation
CARBhas150PM2.5sitesandCaliforniahasthemostmonitorsofanystateintheUSA.TheyalsohaveairborneremotesensorsinpartnershipwithJPL.TonyThurmanisinvestigatingthe350,000methanesourcesinCalifornia.TheyareinpartnershipwithNASA,CECandJPLtodomethaneimagesin1mileswaths.Phase1iscomplete,andthedraftisdueoutnextweek.Seehttps://www.arb.ca.gov/research/methane/CA_CH4_Survey_Phase1_Report_2017.pdf.Phase2isfundedbyCAEnergyCommissions(CEC).Phase1resultsarefrom329highemittingmethanesources.SunshineCanyonDump(inGranadaHills)wasatopleakerofmethane,andtheylookedintoitand4majorleakswerefixedinSunshineCanyondump.Methaneoftenhasbenzene,acarcinogen,asaco-pollutant.Theyarefundingfluxandfluenceofmethaneandco-toxinsatfacilitiestomonitorcommunityexposure.UCBerkleyisresearchingbirthoutcomesathotspotsofmethaneleaks.AnotherprojectismodelingdieselPMandcancerriskalongthe710freewayand60freeway,whichisafreightcorridorhereinsouthernCalifornia.WhatpercentofPMendsupinpeople’slungs?iF=ExposurexBreathingRateTotalEmissionsCARBhasbackpackstomeasurepollutionlevelsduringcommutesandalsoindoors.LightrailisthecleanesttransportationandtrainshavehigherPM.Whatcanwedotoreduceexposure?Pushtrains,wheretheengineisattheendpushingallthecarsreducesPMsignificantly.ZivLautman,BreezometerThiscompanyisasoftwarecompanyandtracksairqualitydataaroundtheworld.Whoneedsthedata?Medicare,forexample,needsthedatatotrackCOPDandasthma.Changesinairqualitycanbemapped.Theyusemultipledatasourcessuchasgovernmentsensors,satellites,meteorologicaldata,andtrafficcongestion(whichisthemainsourceofpollutioninurbanareas).Theycollect1.6terabytesofdataeveryhour.Theyfillinmissingdata.Theyprocess420milliongridpointsfor17differentpollutants.Breezometerusesgovernmentsensordataandoverlaysthatwithweather,satellitesandtrafficdata.Seetheirwebsiteathttps://breezometer.com/whereyoucanputinyouraddressandseetheairqualityhourbyhour.Contactinfo:[email protected]
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MattScholl,EnviroSuiteEnviroSuiteisanactionorientedmanagementsystem.Stakeholdersincludecommunities,regulators,industryandcommercialentities.Theyareapredictivemanagementforecastingcompany.Theusefencelineandcommunitymonitoringfortrajectoryanalysisandrealtimesourceidentification.Theirinformationcanbeusedforemergencyresponseandcommunityengagement.Thecanpredictthefloworplumeofareleaseandtakeactionandcommunicatewiththecommunity.Theycanmanageandviewsmellcomplaints.Theycanpredictairqualitybythehour.Theycansetoutalerts.Theyaredesignedtobeusedbyandaroundindustrialfacilitiesandminesanddustpiles.Theycanidentifythesourceofaproblem.Thisisaninteractivemappingprogramthatvisualizedvariousriskfactorsandscenarios.Pollutionchangesbythehouranditvariesbystreetandblock.TheirnewprojectistoprovidepersonalvehicleswithPMsensorstoautomatetheairconditioning&filteringsysteminyourcar.Panel:PerspectivesandExpectationsModerator:AndreaPolidori,SCAQMDPanelists:JosephLyou,CoalitionforCleanAirEricStevenson,BAAQMDLuisOlmedo,CCVJanetWhittick,CCEEBWehaveaprobleminthatwedonothavehealthstandardsforemissions.Wheredoesthisleadus?WeareinoneofthemostpollutedairbasinintheUSA!WeneedtohaveEnvironmentalJusticewhichcallsforaccesstoinformationandtousethisinformationforadvocacy.TorranceRefineryisoneexamplewhereacoalitionwasputtogethertoputmonitorsoutaroundtherefineryandtogetdatafromthatfencelinesystemtothecommunity.CitizensbroughtpdfoffencelinetoSCAQMDmeetingandconfrontedthemwithit.ThisinformationonAQwillbeopensourcedandtheyarenotsureoftheplatformasofyet.AnotherareaofconcernwasNewportBeach.ThePMreadingswerehugeduetothefirepitsonthebeachesthatpeoplewereusing.PurpleAirSensorsweretheonesthatpickeduponthis.In2006,aUSCprofessorwantedtoresearchthepollutionatLAXairport.Sotheysetupmonitoringsystems,andthennoticedahugespikeofSO2outintheoceannearshore,andrealizedthatwastheChevronMarineTerminal.AfewyearsafterCARBmandatedlowersulphurfuels,thisspikedisappeared.Typically,AQMDhasbeeninthemodeofPermitting,Inspecting,andEnforcing.However,agingfacilities,refineryissues,leakingincidents,releaseincidents,undergroundpipesandstoragefacilitiesfornaturalgasandoilallcallforanewparadigm,namely,Observing,ReportingandFixing.EricStevensonfromBayAreaAQMDaskedwhattheAQmeasurementsmean.Whatisthetruth?Whatcanwedo?Whatarethelimitations?ItisfrustratingwhenAQMDinspectorsshowup,aftercomplaints,andthenfindnothingbecausetheydon’tsmellanythingbythetimetheygetthere.Itisimportantforwhatthesensorsaremeasuring.Weneedtoleveragetheseadditionalresourcesoflowcostmonitorsalongwithcommunityparticipation.Trustislackingbetweenindustryandgovernmentandcommunities,sothesesensorcomingintothehandsofcommunitymembersisreallysuchagamechanger.Everymemberofthepubliccanbeapartofthis.
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LuisOlmedofromCCVstatedthatherepresentsanon-profitcalledComiteCivicoDeValle.TheyhaveapartnershipwiththeUniversityofWashington.Thegota$2milliongrantfromNationalInstituteofHealth(NIH)calledResearchtoAction.TheywereconcernedwithPM10andBM7.1.Theymeasuredparticulateswith40sensorsscatteredthroughoutthecommunity.TheyhadaCommunityAdvisoryCommitteetooverseethisproject.Theirexpectationwasanairmonitoringnetworkthatisscientificallyvalid.Thecommunityinvolvementovercametrustissues,sotheywereabletocollaboratewithgovernmentagenciessuchasCARBandSCAQMD.Theyco-locatedthecommunitysensorswiththeCARBandSCAQMDsensorsforcalibrationpurposes.ThisprojectwasintheImperialValley.ItwasabenefitineducationofthecommunityandallthoseinvolvedbecameCitizenScientists.AsprojectsrolloutunderSB617CARBandAQMDmustworkwithcommunitymembers.Thisbringsupissuesoflanduse,dispersionmonitoringandcitingcriteria.Nodatawillbeproprietary;alldatamustbeavailabletothecommunityinrealtime.Thisisatruedemocratizationofdataandinformation.Wecancatchviolationsaheadoftime.Wecanactproactivelyinsteadofreactively.Luisstressedthatthecommunityneedsaccesstothefullspectrumfromtheuse,management,andactionstotakeonthedata.Datahastobeopenandwehavetobetoldwhatthesourceofthatdatais.SB617willbringwithitthebenefitoftechnicalassistance.JanetWhittick,CCEEBstatedthatindustrywantstocreategooddata.ShesaidAB617requiresimplementation.CCEEBdidsupportAB-617.Theyneeddatainterpretation.AB617willbeaparadigmshift.Thiswillbeamassivedeploymentoffencelinesinthestate.WouldlikeotherforumstohearalltheseideasregardingAB617.Questions:Whataboutindoorairquality?Answer:SCAQMDdoesnothavejurisdictiontomonitorindoorair.Anotherpanelmembersuggestedgettingsensorsforparentsofchildrenwithasthma.Luisstatedhehasprogramsforcommunitiesthatgointohomes,andsometimespollutionandirritantscanbesourcedfrompeople’sowncleaningproductsorotherissuessuchasmold.Therearemonitors.Wecan’tseparatehealthformoutdoor&indoorairquality.Thereareindoorairfiltrationsystems.Question:Canwebenefitfromcheapersystemsandtakeimmediateaction?Answer:AB617requirescommunitymonitoring.Facilitieswillhavetodisplaytheirsystems.
DAY2ConferenceDeanBethke,MicrosoftDeangraduatedfromCalPoly.HeisheretotalkabouttheInternetofThings(IoT)whichrepresentsthings+connectivity+data+analysis.RaspberryPiesare$10devisesthatcanmeasureAQ.TherearealsovariouswaystocollectthedataincludingSigFox($1perdeviseperyear)andsmallrangesystemssuchasLauraaswellastraditionalWiFi,cellularandsatellite.
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Therehasbeenanexplosionofdata,increasingpowerofthecloudtostoredata,anddemocratizationofadvancedanalytics.BusinessesdrawfromtheIoTtoimproveyield,increasequality,reducedowntime,lowercosts,andenhancehealth/safetyandregulatorycompliance.OneIoTexamplewasaclientwhowasarancherwithcowsandheneededtoimprovehisyield,whichwasthebirthofnewcalves.Theycreatedmonitors,likeacowFitBit,andputthemonthecowsandcollecteddata.Fathymoutfitssensorsonvehiclestorecordweather,includingmicroclimatesandroadconditions.Thereisapilotforsensorsontrucksfortruckingcompaniestopredictdelivery.MicrosoftAzureplatformstrategycanweave100servicestogether.Togetstartedyouneedto:
• Defineyourbusiness&usecase• Identifykeydatasets• Startsmallconnect,collect,visualize,alert• Learn,refine,scale• Evolvefromreactivetoproactivetopredictive
Dr.MichaelHannigan,UniversityofColoradosetupsmallsensorsnetworkedtomeasureO3(ozone)andmethane.TheystartedAQ-IQ(AirQualityInquiry),aneducationalprogramforcollegestudents.Itwasaprojectbasedlearningcurriculum.Itwasatechnologycheck-outprogramandtherewereuniversitymentorsassigned.ThequestionthisprojectwantedtoanswerwasCanO3sensorsbeusedtohelpsiteregulatoryozonemonitors?Aretherehotspotsbetweenregulatorymonitors?Localindustry,trafficandtreesallaffectedreadings.Equipmentprocedures:
1. Co-located2instruments2. Comparedatabetween2instruments3. Calibratethe2sensors4. Spreadoutinstruments
DeployedthesensorsinRiverside,CA.TheywereO3podswithsensorsat6sites.SensorlabelledD3wasatanindustrialparkandhadalargerspread.SensorlabelledDAhada“claw”patternat9:00am.O3levelschangebythetimeofdayby5–10ppm.Cansensorsmeasuremethane?TheydidatonofmethanemonitoringinColorado5to10yearsago.Canweusesensorsincommunities?Yes,NeuralNetworksarehelpingquantifymethane.Closetoafacility,theyuselinearnotneuralnetwork.TheyareworkingwithcommunitiesinSouthLAonVOCandO3levels.WilliamGriswold,UCSanDiegoisheretotalkaboutCiciSenseandMetaSense.Mobilepersonalsensingispossibleforthemostbenefitandtheleastcosts.CitiSenseiscrowdsourcing.CitiSenseconsistsofpersonalsensorsthatiscombinedwithEPAdata.Theycombine,extrapolateandsharedatawithpolicymakers.CitiSenseisfromAlphaSensesensors,plusanappplusmachinelearning.In2012,
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UCSDdidacommuterstudy.TheirfindingswerethatpollutionlevelsvariedwidelybylocaleandindividualexposuresvariedwidelycomparedtotheEPAAQI(AirQualityIndex).MetaSensewasdesignedtoimproveaccuracy.Lowcostsensorsaredifficulttocollaborate,sotheydecidedinthefieldtoco-locatesensorstocalibratethem.NewmodularplatformmeasuresCO1,NO2andO3.Machinelearningisawayoffittingamodeltoyourdata.Simpleexampleofthisislinearregression(leastsquaresfit).Inconclusion,mobilesensingandmachinelearningenablescrowdsourcingexposuremaps.Mobilelearningcanalsoimproveaccuracy.R.Subramanian,CarnegieMellonUniversityTheywerefundedbyHeinzEndowmentandanEPASTARgranttodeploymonitorsaroundPittsburgh,Pennsylvania.Ittakesavillagetodocommunitymonitoringeffectively.Pittsburghwasknownforitssootandbadairfromsteelmills,COKEovensandEnvironmentalJusticeareas.TheyneededtomeasureCO1,C,O2,O3,NO2SO2TandRh.Theyused$250PurpleAirmonitors.Lowcostsisgenerallyunder$4,500.ThereisapaperpublishedonthisatZimmer.netfor2017called“ClosingtheGapinLowCostAirQualityMonitoring.”50RAMPunitsweredeployed.RAMPSstandsforRealTimeAffordableMulti-Pollutants).Datawastransmitted4timesaminuteandaveragedto15minutesor1hour.Guardianmagazine,May17,2016hadanarticleentitles“GlobalAirPollutionBlindSpotsAffecting1BillionPeople.InRwanda,cookingemissionsatnightaffectsairqualityverydramatically.Deployingandmaintainingalargenetworkoflowcostsensorstakesalotofeffort.Dr.VasileiosNasis,NetronixstatedthatIoTisthefifthIndustrialRevolution.Lauraisalowcostnarrowbandcommunicationsystemthatcosts$2-3perdevise.Thiamis1,000,ThiamisX,earthinx,arealldeviseswhiletopoisanappbyEnvironex.Ethaneandpropanearetypicallyfromanoiland/orgasfacility.Ifethaneispresentwithmethane,thenitisfromanindustrialfacilityand/oroil/gasfacilityorstoragesite.DavidDinerfromJPL/NASAtalkedaboutairbornePM.Ithasaheartattack,stroke,lungdisease,cancer,aggravatesasthma,lowbirthweight,andpre-termdelivery.Whenmonitorsaresparselydistributed=Berksonerror.SatellitesensorsarecurrentlybeingoperatedbyNASA.ModerateResolutionImagingSpectrodometer(MODIS)hasawidefieldandglobalcoveragein2days.Multi-AngleImagingSpecroRadiometer(MISR)hasa9dayglobalcoverageandtakes275millionsamples,at9anglesperobservation.Wearetakingphysicalradiomeasurementusingopitcals.TheymeasureatmosphericcolumnsofPM.Theyusesurfacemonitorstocalibratewithsatelliteobservations,andthenuseacalculation:4preffPM~_____________3QextH
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GlobalproductgeneratesamapofPM.Lessunderstoodisparticulatespeciationanditsimpactonhealth.Therearenotmayspeciationmonitors.SatellitecanclassifyPMbysizeandiftherearespeciationmonitorsinLosAngeles,forexample,wecoulddothisusingacalculationandregressiontofigureoutwhatthePMismadeupofchemicalwise.ThefutureforNASAisMAIA,whichisMultiAngleImagerforAerosols.Thiswillhitcharideonacommercialsatiatein2021andMAIAwillbetargetingonlyandwillselectspecifictargetsaroundtheworld.TheywilluseshortwaveinfraredplusUV.MISP=visibleplusinfraredopticspluspolarization(reflectingoflight).PTA,whichstandsforprimetargetarea,isyettobedetermined.MAIAteamwillincludeepidemiologists.Agoodtargettoselectwillbeamajorpopulationcenter,withhighPPM,mixtureofPM,anareathathassurfacemonitorswithspeciationandaccesstohealthdata.Calibrationofsatelliteretrievalswithsurfacestationsisessential.Contactinformationjpl.nasa.govDr.PetrosKourtrakis,fromHarvard,talkedaboutsatellitedatacanbecompromisedbyclouds,snowandotherweatherevents.SoldiersreturningfromthefirstGolfWarinaSoldierHealthStudycamebackwithwheezing,asthma,COPD.TheytriedtofigureoutthePMsources,intheareasthesesoldiersserved,andfoundthefollowing:
• Duststorms• Anthropogenic(manmade)sources
o Openpitrefuseburningo Aircraftengineso Dieselengines
TheyusedmilitaryairportvisibilitydataandthenusedacalculationtodeterminePM2.5amountandexposure.PEIRSisanewprojectthattakessatellitedataandpredictsemissions.Dr.RonaldCohen,UCBerkeleyLowcostssensorscanmeasureAQatneighborhoodscale.Controlandcleansitesisimperative.3GrostationsSatellitestobelaunched:
1. TEMPO–hourlyNO2,O3,formaldehyde2. Sentinel4-hourly3. GEMS–hourly
Neighborhoodsensorswillprovidegroundtruthforsatellites.AlphasenseB4sensorsare$216each.Sourcesemitmultipleaerosolsandcompounds.
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Dr.DeShazo,UCLAstatedcommunitieswanttoknowtheirexposure.AB617willtransformthewayweengagewithregulators.WearenotincompliancewiththeCleanAirActbecausetheLAbasinairisstillsopolluted.VeronicafromCARBstatedthemoredeeplythecommunityisinvolvethegreatertheconfidencetheywillhaveinthedata.AB617saysSCAQMDmustdoairmonitoringandfencelinemonitoring.Transparencyandaccountabilityarekey.PartnershipsputtingtogethergroundingprinciplesandanMemoofUnderstanding(MOU)isnecessary.Trustedexpertsinthecommunitymustbeinvolved.Regularcontactthroughoutstudymustbedone.Seekingguidancefromthecommunityisnecessary.Sharingdataoutassoonastechnicallyfeasibleisimperative.Providingtechnicalassistanceisnecessary.Whatisnext?EndgameisreducingpollutantsincommunitiesofAB617.In2018therewillbean“AirSensorsInternationalConference”aboutoneyearfromnow.Contactinformationisveronica.eady.arb.ca.gov(IaskedVeroniaafterthepanelhowAB617woulddeterminewhichindustrial,refinery,oroil/gasstoragefacilitiesinthestatewouldgetafencelinesystem.Veronicasaidthattheyhaveyettocomeupwithcriteria,buttheywillbedoingso.Also,acommunitymaybeabletopetitionforafencelinesystem,providingevidenceandrationaleforwhythesystemshouldbeintheircommunity.)PaulEnglish,CaliforniaDepartmentofPublicHealth(CDPH),talkedaboutagranttheygotfromNationalInstituteforHealth(NIH)andtheCenterforDiseaseControl(CDC).TheyhadanareaeastofSanDiegowithincreasedratesofasthma,andthatareahadveryfewregulatorymonitors.Theydeployed40PMmonitorsinthiscommunity.Theyestablishedacommunityparticipationstructure,designed/deployedairmonitoringnetwork,access,analyzed,interpretedthedata,thendisseminatedtheresultsandimplementedcommunityactionstrategies.BestPracticesincluded:
• Fundedequitablecommunitypartnerships• Establishedcommunityadvisorygroups• Engagedtechnicalexperts• Carefullyselectionofmonitorsandevaluationofdata• Communityownershipandaccessofdata
IVANairmonitoringisthewebsitethatshowedlocationofsensorsandtheyutilizedameaningfulcolorschemeforvariouslevelsofPM.However,therearecurrentlynothresholdsofhealthforPManditisactuallynothealthytobreathanylevelofPMatall!Earlycommunityengagementiscritical.Trainingmustbeintegratedtobuildcapacityandsustainability.Communityshouldguidedecisionmaking.Dr.AndreaClements,USEPA,statedEPAdoessensorevaluationandhasanairsensortoolbox.http://www.epa.gov/air-sensor-toolbox.
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VillageGreenProjectisanEPAprojectthathas8benchesacrosstheU.S.andtheymeasurePM,ozone,blackcarbon,VOCandarepoweredbysolarpanelsandbackupbatteries.TodoVillageGreenyouneedapartnershipwithcitiesandstates.Thisisrealtimedata.Seeairnow.gov/villagegreen.EPAsensorscalescanbeviewedatwww.epa.gov/air-sensors-toolbox/what-do-my-sensor-readings-mean:sensor-salce-pilot-projectAirMapperProgramisacarryon,portable,smallairsensorthatyoucanwalkaroundapollutionsource.CitizenScientistAirMonitorsareprogramsthatenablescitizenstoestablishasmallnetworkofmonitorstoinvestigatecommunityairqualityissues.DataInterpretationToolsincludeaco-locationguideandwillbeinthetheEPAtoolbox.MacroAnalysisToolisaneasytousespreadsheetbasedonmacrotoolsforperformingdatacomparisonsandinterpretingresults.Therearetimeseriesgraphsavailable,too.RETIGOworkswithanysensordataandcomparestothefederalmonitors.Seewww.epa.gov/retigo.AbhijitRSisfromtheEnvironmentalDefenseFundandindatadisseminationyoumustdetermine:Purpose:awareness,policy,calltoaction.Audience:identifyandknowyouraudienceTiming:nottooearly,nottoolateContent:rawdata,analyzeddata,historicaldataFormat:StaticorinteractiveDataQuality:accurate,reliable,datasource&lineage,andsensorselection&maintenance.Mustalsobalancetimetomarketandthemessage.ThereisanEDFairsensorworkgroup.Seeww.edf.org/asw.Theyaretryingtostandardizedataandbuildadataplatform.SCAQMDhas7morepilotswithUCLAandcommunitybasedmonitoring.Howwillcommunitymonitorchangeregulators?Communitymonitorwillfindmoreepisodesofincreasedpollutants.MaybethiswillforceregulatorsNOTtothrowoutthe“exceptionalevent”andforcethemtopayattentiontoit!ForCARBpurposes,communitymonitorswillmorequicklyidentifyhotspots.Communityexpertsmustincludenotonlyscientistsbuthealtheducationsandriskcommunicators.EPAhasaSensorLoanProgramwherecommunitygroupscanproposeaproject.BenBenoit,Vice-Chairman,ExecutiveDirectorofSCAQMDClosingRemarks:Wecanactinanintelligentmanner,developstrategiesandseveralscientificdata.HeremembersgoingtoacommunitymeetingwherearesidentlistednameofpeoplehowhadalreadyDIEDduetopollutionandshoutedathim“WHEREWEREYOU!!!???”
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Wearenowallresponsibleforutilizingthetoolswelearnedaboutatthisconference.Hesaidthelongerwetake,thelesstrustedweare,andthatistrue.Newcomplaintsfrombeachcommunitieshasrevealedpollutionfromoceangoingvessels.WeneedpartnershipswithcommunitiesandSCAQMD.Holdusaccountable!Dr.GoshisourSCAQMDHealthOfficial.
