Download - OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

27 February 2010South Central Chile

Earthquake

Professor Scott AshfordOregon State University

Professor Jack MoehleUniversity of California at Berkeley

Professor Pedro ArduinoUniversity of Washington

2April 9, 2023Science Pub: Chile Earthquake Briefing

Acknowledgments for this broad collaborative effort funded primarily by the National Science Foundation• Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI)• Jack Moehle, Team Leader

• Geo-Engineering Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER)• Jon Bray, Team Leader

• Broad participation from Chilean Faculty and Students• Pontifica Universidad Catolica de Chile• University de Chile

• Over 100 other volunteers from around the world

2010 Chile earthquake

3:34 am local time27 February 2010

Mw 8.8

Fault rupture 100km x 500 km

Population affected > 8M*

521 confirmed deaths**

190000 homes severely damaged or destroyed

~800,000 homeless

~$30B damages

* ACHISINA**USAID, 3/25/10

Main shock and aftershocks, Mw 4+, 2/27/10 to 3/27/10(earthquake data after USGS)

Epicenter

Santiago

Concepción

Talca

Valparaíso

Talcahuano

Temuco

Los Ángeles

Constitución

Curicó

Rancagua

Viña del Mar

Chillán

foca

l dep

th, k

m

100 km

Note: The superimposed rectangle has dimensions 600 km by 200 km.

Main shock and aftershocks, Mw 4+, 2/27/10 to 3/27/10(earthquake data after USGS)

Epicenter

Santiago

Concepción

Talca

Valparaíso

Talcahuano

Temuco

Los Ángeles

Constitución

Curicó

Rancagua

Viña del Mar

Chillán

foca

l dep

th, k

m

100 km100 km


Main shock and aftershocks, Mw4+, 2/27/10 to 3/27/10

(earthquake data after USGS)

Epicenter

Santiago

Concepción

Talca

Valparaíso

Talcahuano

Temuco

Los Ángeles

Constitución

Curicó

Rancagua

Viña del Mar

Chillánfo

cal d

epth

, km

100 km


Main shock and aftershocks, Mw4+, 2/27/10 to 3/27/10

(earthquake data after USGS)

Epicenter

Santiago

Concepción

Talca

Valparaíso

Talcahuano

Temuco

Los Ángeles

Constitución

Curicó

Rancagua

Viña del Mar

Chillánfo

cal d

epth

, km

100 km100 km


Pacific Northwest

Concepcion

Talca (AP Photo)

Santiago (AP PHOTO/Carlos Espinoza)

http://www.cbsnews.com/2300-202_162-10002626-34.html

Pelluhue (AP Photo)

Learning from Chile

Geological and Geotechnical Aspects

27 February 2010South Central Chile

EarthquakeJune 28, 2010

http://www.geerassociation.org/

http://www.nsf.gov/

http://www.nehrp.gov/

Typical Subduction Zone

Previous Events - Seismic Gap

1960-M9.5

1985-M8.0

Recent Seismic Events

Measured (GPS) Coseismic Horizontal Displacements

Concepcion moved ~3m towards west

Coseismic Vertical Displacements

Uplift up to ~2m was recorded in Lebu

Uplift Evidence

Tsunami

Ground Failure Overview• Ground Failure

– Site effects & strong shaking– Liquefaction– Lateral spreading– Landslides

• Infrastructure impact:– Dams, tailings dams.– Ports & harbors– Buildings– Transportation (roads & bridges)

20

SITE EFFECTSGround Failure

21

Site Effects: Vespucio Norte & Ciudad EmpresiarialSite Effects: Vespucio Norte & Ciudad Empresiarial

Gravel, Sandy Gravel, Sandy gravelgravelGravel, Sandy Gravel, Sandy gravelgravel

Silty Clay, Silty Silty Clay, Silty SandSandSilty Clay, Silty Silty Clay, Silty SandSand

CollapseCollapseNo collapseNo collapseNo collapseNo collapse

H/V peaks: 0.5-2sec (Bonnefoy et al, 2008)

Damage to 5 to 20-story buildings

QQfnofno: Silt & Clay Layers: Silt & Clay LayersQQfnofno: Silt & Clay Layers: Silt & Clay Layers

Localized Damage – Site Effects?

AAAABBBB

AAAA

BBBB

LIQUEFACTION &LATERAL SPREADING

Ground Failure

23

Lateral Spreading

Lateral spreading near river banks due to liquefaction

Gas Station - Concepción

25

LANDSLIDES & DAMS/TAILING DAMS

Ground Failure

26

Landslides

Few deep seated slides were observed

Dams

Most dams performed well

Approximate area of failure and flow direction

Tailing DamsLas Palmas tailings dam failure

Las Palmas Tailing Dam failure (cont)

Besides this case, most tailings dams performed well

PORTS & HARBORS CASE STUDIES

Impacts of Ground Failure

32

Ports & Harbors• Provide important means for importing &

exporting goods in Chile 95% of exports & 90% of imports are

conducted through ports Country has 35 operational ports (10

state owned, 25 privately owned). 2 are military ports

4 ports were inspected in the period 3/13 to 3/18 by GEER team: Valparaiso, San Antonio, Talcahuano & Coronel

Information & Assistance was provided by EERI team and local engineers.

33

Valparaiso: Outward quay wall movement and pavement cracks

35

San Antonio: Damaged dock

36

St Vincente Port

Fishing Wharf

Fish Packaging Facility

Petroleum Facilities

N

Talcahuano Port Area 37

178m24m42m N

Documented extent of lateral spread

Fishing Pier 39

N

Approx extent of lateral spread

40

Lateral Spreading Effects on Industrial FacilitiesLateral Spreading Effects on Industrial Facilities

Fish Packing Facility, San VicenteFish Packing Facility, San Vicente

N

Fish Packaging Facility

Petrobas Gas Facility

Water rise

Petrobas Gas Facility 42

Approx extent of lateral spread

Coronel: Lateral spread displacements

43

Coronel: Sinkholes (2.2m deep, 3.5m in diameter)

44

Coronel: Rotation of pile due to lateral spreading (not a raked

pile!)

45

EMBANKMENT FAILURESImpacts of Ground Failure

46

Embankment Failures along Highway 5Embankment Failures along Highway 5

Possible liquefaction of thin seams in foundation soils led to translational failures of highwayembankments

Valparaiso, UNESCO Heritage City

FestivalViña del Mar, 14 Stories

MA

SSEQ

Santiago

MA

SSEQ

Concepcion (AP Photo)

Collapsed building in Concepcionop

en

ing

s

solidtypical

unit

Tower underconstruction

park

ing

Plan

A BSection A

Section B

Santiago

Airports

Hospitals and health care

US$2 billion annual sales

Approx. 1 billion liters

70% exported 80,000 full-time

workers

Chilean Wine Industry

Stainless steel tanks

Thank You


Santiago (AP PHOTO/Carlos Espinoza)


Bridge Team Members

Mark Yashinsky, Team Leader•Caltrans

Rodrigo Oviedo•Universidad Catolica de ChileScott Ashford•Oregon State UniversityLuis Fargier-Gabaldon•Universidad de los Andes, Merida.Matias Hube•Universidad Catolica de Chile

Traveled over 2000 km from Santiagoto Temuco and back over 5 days

Nazca Plate

200 mi

Valparaíso

South America Plate

Temuco

Talca

Ruta 5

Ruta 5

Santiago

shear key

Temporary shoring of the

beam


Vert

ical

axis

Rotation or

twisting of the deck

Abutment

Deck

Lateral displacement


Failed shear key

Seismic barsUndamaged shear key


Tubul Bridge

Eight span simply supported steel girders on

pier walls. Collapsed attributed to unseating of

beams


Summary of Observations on Bridges

• Structures with less continuity generally suffered more damage

• Localized damage suggests the importance of local site effects

• Significant liquefaction and lateral spreading along coast greatly impacted mobility

• Widespread fill settlement was easily repaired, but adversely affected traffic.


Summary of other Lifeline Performance

• Electric Power• Immediate blackout to 90% of Chile’s population• Transmission capability to provide power within 24 hours• Distribution system service restored with two weeks

• Telecommunication• Both landlines and wireless service serverly affected• Most cell sites ran out of battery power within 3 hours of

quakes, eliminating communications with repair crews and hospitals

• Most services restored within seven days

• Water and Wastewater severely impacted along coast


Pelluhue (AP Photo)

83April 9, 2023Presentation title

• Maximum inundation 10m

• Maximum run-up 30m• Loss of life limited

thanks to local awareness and good signing

• Most tsunami-related deaths from tourists

Tsunami


NOAA Tsunami wave heights for Feb. 27, 2010, 8.8 EQ


NOAA Tsunami wave heights, May 22 1960, 9.5 EQ


1500 homes destroyed in Dichato from tsunami;only 17 residents killed


Where do we fit in?The Pacific “Ring of Fire”


200 mi

Juan de Fuca Plate

Casc

ad

ia S

ub

du

cti

on

Z

on

e

OregonOregon

WashingtonWashington

CaliforniaCaliforniaGorda Plate

Pacific Plate

North America Plate

Seattle

Portland

Corvallis

Salem

Redding

Medford

Vancouver

I-5

I-5

Nazca Plate

200 mi

Valparaíso

South America Plate

Temuco

Talca

Ruta 5

Ruta 5

Santiago

92April 9, 2023Presentation title

Chile

Haiti

Finite fault models by Gavin Hayes, USGS National Earthquake Information Center

Comparison of Haitiand Chile earthquakes

• Haiti was:• Magnitude 7.0• Shallow Strike-Slip under

urban area• Vulnerable infrastructure

• Chile was:• Magnitude 8.8• Subduction Zone EQ

covering huge area• Over 500 more powerful• Last 6 times as long• Less vulnerable

infrastructure


What are the implications for Oregon?

• 2010 Chile Earthquake• Peru-Chile Subduction

Zone• Magnitude 8.8• Shaking and Tsunami• Modern Building Codes• $30B damages• About 500 dead• 7 EQ M=8.0+ in past 100

yrs• Last M=8.0 in 1995• Occur about every 15 yrs

• Future CSZ Earthquake• Cascadia Subduction Zone• Magnitude 9.0• Shaking and Tsunami• Modern Building Codes• Damages estimated at

$30B*• Estimated up to 5000 dead*• No M=7.0 is past 100 years• Last M=9.0 in 1700• Occur about every 300 yrs

*Source: DOGAMI 2010


What can you do?

Take personal responsibility• Have several days of emergency supplies• Earthquake proof your home • Have a plan

Support earthquake preparedness efforts• Participate in earthquake education • Continue to support State efforts

• DOGAMI tsunami hazard mapping to be completed by 2013• Seismic mitigation of public schools not complete until 2032• ODOT Phase I and II seismic retrofits

Support higher education• Innovative solutions through research and next-generation

engineers


THANK YOU!

For more information:

Earthquake Engineering Research Institute• www.eeri.org

Geo-Engineering Extreme Events Reconnaissance• www.geerassociation.org

Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries• www.OregonGeology.org

Download - OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

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