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For Contemporary Strategic Issues inManagement
DATED:21st October,2009
By: Swati Jain
Tarun Chopra
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In its purest form, the term "biotechnology"
refers to the use of living organisms or their
products to modify human health and the
human environment. Prehistoric biotechnologists did this as they
used yeast cells to raise bread dough and to
ferment alcoholic beverages, and bacterial
cells to make cheeses and yogurts and asthey bred their strong, productive animals to
make even stronger and more productive
offspring.
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Biotechnology is technology based on biology,
agriculture, food science, and medicine.
Modern use of the term usually refers to geneticengineering as well as cell- and tissue culture
technologies.
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United Nations Convention on Biological
Diversity defines biotechnology as:
"Any technological application that uses
biological systems, dead organisms, or
derivatives thereof, to make or modify
products or processes for specific use."
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Biotechnology has applications in four major
industrial areas, including:
health care (medical)
crop production and agriculture
non food (industrial) uses of crops and other
products (e.g. biodegradable plastics,
vegetable oil, biofuels)
environmental uses.
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Application of biotechnology is the directed
use of organisms for the manufacture of
organic products (examples include beer and
milk products). Another example is using naturally present
bacteria by the mining industry in
bioleaching.
Biotechnology is also used to recycle, treatwaste, clean up sites contaminated by
industrial activities (bioremediation)
And also to produce biological weapons.
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APPLICATION OF
BIOTECHNOLOGYIN THE AREAS OF
GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS
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GM foods refer to crop plants created for
human or animal consumption using the
latest molecular biology techniques
These plants have been modified in thelaboratory to enhance desired traits such as
increased resistance to herbicides or
improved nutritional content
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Source:www.superstock.com/.../1538R-57467
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The enhancement of desired traits has been
undertaken through conventional plant
breeding methods that are very time
consuming and are often not very accurate On the other hand, Genetic engineering, can
create plants with the exact desired trait
very rapidly and with great accuracy
The best known example of this is the use ofB.t. genes or Bacillus thuringiensis in corn
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Pest resistance
Herbicide tolerance
Disease resistance
Cold tolerance
Drought tolerance/salinity tolerance
Nutrition
Pharmaceuticals Phytoremediation
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Source:www.spec.bc.ca/gardens/gmo.php
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The Countries that Grow 99% of the
World's Transgenic Crops
69%
23%
7% 1%
USA
Argentina
Canada
China
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Some examples of these plants include
tomatoes and cantaloupes that have
modified ripening characteristics
soybeans and sugar beets that are resistantto herbicides
corn and cotton plants with increased
resistance to insect pests
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Source:www.columban.org.au/Our-works/peace-ecology-j...
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Unintended harm to other organisms
Reduced effectiveness of pesticides
Gene transfer to non-target species
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Source::www.superstock.com/.../1538R-57483
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Allergenicity
Unknown effects on human health
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Source:isiria.wordpress.com/.../
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Source:katie-humanbio.blogspot.com/2008/03/lay-off-m...
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Bringing a GM food to market is a lengthy
and costly process
Patenting these new plant varieties will raise
the price of seeds, thus widening the gapbetween the wealthy and the poor
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Source:www.eyeondna.com/.../
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To establish a regulatory process to monitor the
effects of and approve new varieties of GM
plants
In Japan, testing of GM food is mandatory In India, policy on GM foods because no GM crops
are grown in India and no products are
commercially available in supermarkets yet
It is highly likely that India will decide that the
benefits of GM foods outweigh the risks becauseIndian agriculture will need to adopt drastic new
measures to counteract the country's endemic
poverty and feed its exploding population
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Some states in Brazil have banned GM crops
entirely
In the last few years Europe has experienced
two major foods scares: bovine spongiformencephalopathy (mad cow disease) in Great
Britain and dioxin-tainted foods originating
from Belgium
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In USA, there are 3 different governmentagencies that have jurisdiction over GM food
EPA- evaluates GM plants for environmentalsafety i.e. the EPA is responsible for regulating
substances such as pesticides or toxins that maycause harm to the environment
USDA evaluates whether the plant is safe to growsuch as drought-tolerant or disease-tolerantcrops, crops grown for animal feeds, or wholefruits, vegetables and grains for human
consumption FDA evaluates whether the plant is safe to eat
i.e. FDA is concerned with pharmaceuticals,cosmetics and food products and additives, notwhole foods
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There are many questions that must be
answered if labelling of GM foods becomes
mandatory
Are consumers willing to absorb the cost ofsuch an initiative?
What are the acceptable limits of GM
contamination in non-GM products?
Who is to be responsible for educating thepublic about GM food labels and how costly
will that education be?
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THANK YOU