genetically modified france genetically modified france marguerite marguerite
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Genetically Modified France Genetically Modified France
MargueriteMarguerite
YearYear Percentage of Percentage of
Farmers in U.S. Farmers in U.S.
Work ForceWork Force
17901790 90%90%
18401840 69%69%
18801880 49%49%
19001900 38%38%
19301930 21%21%
19501950 12.2%12.2%
19701970 4.6%4.6%
19901990 2.6%2.6%
20102010 ‹‹1%1%
Machinery Machinery
Imports from other countriesImports from other countries
Transport within the U.S.A.Transport within the U.S.A.
Synthetic fertilizers and pesticidesSynthetic fertilizers and pesticides
Better plants?Better plants?
Characteristics of Genetically Characteristics of Genetically Engineered CropsEngineered Crops
Resistance to environmental stressResistance to environmental stress
Resistance to herbicidesResistance to herbicides
Resistance to insectsResistance to insects
Increased yieldsIncreased yields
Higher nutritional values Higher nutritional values
What is a Genetically Modified What is a Genetically Modified Organism?Organism?
Definition:Definition: The formation of new combinations of The formation of new combinations of
heritable material by the insertion of heritable material by the insertion of nucleic acid molecules, produced by nucleic acid molecules, produced by whatever means outside the cell, into any whatever means outside the cell, into any virus, bacterial plasmid or other vector virus, bacterial plasmid or other vector system so as to allow their incorporation system so as to allow their incorporation into a host organism in which they do not into a host organism in which they do not naturally occur but in which they are naturally occur but in which they are capable of continued propagation.capable of continued propagation.
(1) DNA (1) DNA
↓ ↓
← ← ← ← ← ← Vector Vector
↓ ↓ (virus, gene gun, enzyme)(virus, gene gun, enzyme)
↓ ↓
(2) DNA (2) DNA
→ → → → PlantPlant
↓ ↓
SeedsSeeds
MonsantoMonsanto
Spends about $2.6 million a day Spends about $2.6 million a day producing GMOsproducing GMOs
Product patents Product patents
Out-crossing: results from cross-Out-crossing: results from cross-pollination pollination
The European UnionThe European Union
In 1950 European countries began to In 1950 European countries began to unite economically and politically unite economically and politically
• Open border policyOpen border policy
• The euroThe euro
• Agricultural policyAgricultural policy
The European Union’s Policy The European Union’s Policy
A genetically engineered crop must be A genetically engineered crop must be approved by the E.U. before cultivation in approved by the E.U. before cultivation in member statesmember states
Approval on a case by case basisApproval on a case by case basis
1997: First genetically engineered crop 1997: First genetically engineered crop approved by the European Unionapproved by the European Union
Health and Environmental ConcernsHealth and Environmental Concerns
““There is more than a casual association There is more than a casual association between GM foods and adverse health between GM foods and adverse health effects. There is causation…”effects. There is causation…”
- American Academy of Environmental Medicine
Health and Environmental ConcernsHealth and Environmental Concerns
“ “ [Any] risk lies in not using[Any] risk lies in not using
biotechnology.”biotechnology.”
- - Dr. Luciana Di Ciero Dr. Luciana Di Ciero Researcher Researcher
1999 – 2004: The European Union de 1999 – 2004: The European Union de facto moratorium on the approval of facto moratorium on the approval of genetically modified organisms genetically modified organisms
The European UnionThe European Union
Global ResponseGlobal Response
U.S., Canada, Argentina U.S., Canada, Argentina
World Trade OrganizationWorld Trade Organization
Zimbabwe refuses food aid from the Zimbabwe refuses food aid from the United StatesUnited States
The ResultThe Result
European Union requires labeling and European Union requires labeling and traceability of GMO foods traceability of GMO foods
Studies show how to prevent cross-Studies show how to prevent cross-
pollinationpollination
‘‘Safeguard Cause’Safeguard Cause’
Works Cited"Benefits of Biotechnology.“ monsanto.com. Monsanto Company,
2010. Web. 7 Dec 2010.Dean, Amy, and Jennifer Armstrong. "Genetically Modified Foods."
aaem.org. American Academy of Environmental Medicine, 8 May 2009. Web. 7 Dec 2010.
Di Ciero, Luciana. monsanto.com, 2009. Intervew. Web. 5 Dec 2010."Don't be Bullied on GM Food." greens-efa.eu. European Free Alience,
n.d. Web. 7 Dec 2010. “Farmers and the Land.” agclassroom.org. United States Department
of Agriculture, n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2010.“History of the European Union.” europa.eu. European Union, n.d.
Web. 5 Dec. 2010 “OGM j'en veux pas." gmo-free-regions.org. GMO-free Europe. Web. 7 Dec 2010. Kanter, James. “Europe’s New Approach to Biotech Food.”
nytimes.com. New York Times, 7 July 2010. Web. 5 Dec. 2010.Kirby, Alex. “France's GM Veto Ruled Wrong.” bbcnews.com. BBC
News, 21 March 2000. Web. 5 Dec. 2010.
Works CitedLynch, Diahanna, and David Vogel. “The Regulation of GMOs in
Europe and the United States: A Case-Study of Contemporary European Regulatory Politics.” cfr.org. Council on Foreign Relations Press, 2001. Web. 4 Dec. 2010.
Nos Enfants Nous Accuseront. Dir. Jean-Paul Jaud." J+B Sequences: 2008, Film. <http://www.nosenfants nousac cuseront-lefilm.com/>.
Nottingham, Stephen. Genescapes. 1st ed. London: Zed Books, 2002. 3. Print.
“Q&A: Trade battle over GM food.” bbc.co.uk. BBC News, 2 Aug. 2006. Web. 5 Dec. 2010.
The Territory of Louisiana. Map. ancestry.com. n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2010.van Gogh, Vincent. Wheatfield and Cypress Trees. 1889. National
Gallery, Great Britain. ARTstor.org. Web. 7 Dec. 2010.Wallstrom, Margot. The EU Ban on Agricultural Biotech Products is
Illegal. usembassy.gov. U.S. Department of State, 13 July 2000. Web. 4 Dec. 2010.
"Why Does Monsanto Sue Farmers Who Save Seeds?" monsanto.com. Monsanto Company, 2010. Web. 7 Dec 2010.
"20 Questions on Genetically Modified Foods." who.int. World Health Organization, 2010. Web. 7 Dec 2010.