ASSALAMO

ALAIKUM

MADE BY:SHUMAILA NAEEM

CERTIFICATEIt is to certify that I

SHUMAILA NAEEM has completed PPT

on GMC, with the help of my Biology teacher

and my parents.I am grateful to them.

Thanking You all.

CONTENT1. Genetically Crop

Production2. Genetic Engineering3. History4. Method 5. Monsanto6. Crop Production7. Impact of GMC

GeneticallyModified

Crop

The term GMO’s is most commonly used to refer to crop plants created for human or animal consumption using the latest

molecular biology techniques. These plants have been modified in the

laboratory to enhance desired traits such as increased resistance to herbicides or

improved nutritional content. The enhancement of desired traits has

traditionally been undertaken through breeding, but conventional plant

breeding methods can be very time consuming and are often not very

accurate.

Genetically Modified Organisms

Genetically Modified Crop

Genetically modified crops are plants,

the DNA of which has been modified using genetic

engineering techniques, to resist pests and

agents causing harm to plants and to improve the growth of these plants to assist in farmers efficiency.

GENE FLOWScientists first discovered that DNA

naturally transfers between organisms in 1946.It is now known that there are several

natural mechanisms for flow of genes, or these occur in nature on a large scale – for

example, it is a major mechanism for antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria, and it occurs between plant

species often move to new species over an evolutionary time scale[and play a major role in dynamic changes to chromosomes

during evolution

Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering techniques are much more precise. Than

mutagenesis where an organism is exposed to

radiation or chemicals to create a non-specific but

stable change. Other techniques by which humans modify food organisms include

selective breeding; plant breeding, and animal

breeding.

The first genetically modified plant was produced in 1982, using an

antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant. The first field trials of genetically

engineered plants occurred in France and the USA in 1986, when tobacco plants were engineered to

be resistant to herbicides.

HISTORY

METHODA genetically engineered plants is generated in a laboratory by altering its

genetic makeup. This is usually done by adding one or

more genes to a plant's genome using genetic engineering techniques. Most

genetically modified plants are generated by the biolistic

method (particle gun) or by Agro bacterium tumefaciens

mediated transformation.

MONSANTOThe largest share of the GMO crops

planted globally are from seed created by the United States firm Monsanto. In

2007, Monsanto's trait technologies were planted on 246 million acres

throughout the world, a growth of 13 percent from 2006. However, patents

on the first Monsanto products to enter the marketplace will begin to

expire in 2014, democratizing Monsanto products.

CROP PRODUCTIONGENETICALLY ENGINEERED

CROP PRODUCTIONUSA- 53%

ARGENTINA- 18%BRAZIL- 11.5%CANADA- 6.1%

TOTAL- 88.9%

WHY FARMERS USE GENETIC ENGINEERING

TECHNIQUE?

Increasing crop outputo Increasing crop yield is one of the

main reason that growers use genetic engineering .

o Farmers also use genetic engineering to create herbicide-resistant plants.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS

RELATED TO GMC’S

Creating pesticides-resistant or herbicide resistant plants could damage the environment by changing the interactions between plants and insects or animals. It is intended harm to other organisms. It reduce effectiveness of pesticides.

i. Concerns about human health risks have limited the use of genetically-modified foods. Transferring genes into plants could potential cause harm to the people who eat them. Gene transfers could also insert allergens into foods that wouldn’t normally have strong potential to cause allergies.

ii. Cross-Contamination between fields can also occur, resulting in a crop not intended for genetic modification being altered. This has already occurred in the united states, when a maize field intended for animal feed cross-contaminated a field intended for human use, according to the World health organization.

HUMAN HEALTH RISK

•Increased invasiveness.•Development of new, more virulent strains of viruses on transgenic virus resistant plants.•Effect of toxic, transgenic products from insect, and pathogen resistant plants on non-target organisms.•Overcoming the resistance mechanism of the transgenes by insect pests leading to more virulent insect biotypes.•Transfer of antibiotic resistance genes, used as selectable markers in the process of developing transgenics, to other organisms.•Safety of food items obtained from transgenic crops – allergic reactions.•Agene flow to other crop cultivars, traditional varieties, land races, wild, weedy related species leading to the loss of biodiversity.•Along term effects.•Non-foreseeable effects on ecosystems.

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FROM GE

CROPS

ADVANTAGE OF GMC It can introduce a new trait Pest resistant Herbicide tolerance Disease resistant Cold tolerance Drought tolerance / salinity

tolerance Better nutrition Pharmaceuticals Phyto-remediation

CONCLUSION

GE crops, approved for cultivation by the regulatory agencies, are as safe as any other

conventionally bred cultivars for human consumption, as well as for the environment.

Occasionally they may transfer their genes into other cultivars in the neighboring fields or wild related species through out crossing, like other cultivars. Cross-pollination, even in highly self-

pollinated species, is part of the nature to enhance biodiversity. It occurs in the natural stands of the ancestral species of the crops,

and has been going on between the cultivated and their related wild species since

domestication.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops

WORK CITED

file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/user/My%20Documents/genetically%20modified%20crops%20cartoons%20-%20Google%20Search.htm?biw=1366&bih=653&sei=qjUiUb6WCsLRrQfAkYCIBQfile:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/user/My%20Documents/Monsanto%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htmfile:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/user/My%20Documents/Genetically%20modified%20crops%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htm

file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/user/My%20Documents/gmc%201.htm

Notes

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