Drill

What were 2 major issues that had divided the United States into northern and southern regions?

Why do you think some slave states joined the Union and some joined the Confederacy?

The Civil WarChapter 17Pgs. 484-513

Section 1: The Conflict Takes Shape Objectives

Explain the issues that divided the nation when the war began

Describe the primary strengths and weaknesses of the North and the South at the beginning of the war

Identify the leaders of each side in the war.

A Nation Divided North & South both believed that their cause

was just South believed that they had the right to leave

the Union War for Southern Independence (perspective)

To keep their way of life War of Northern Aggression (perspective)

North believed they had the right to save the Union ***Abolishing slavery was NOT an official goal

of the north!!!!! Most northerners approved of slavery & were

racist

Border States

Slave states still in Union had to decide which side to join

VA, NC, TN, AK Confederacy KY, MO, MD, DE Union (border states)

MD critical because it bordered D.C. Some citizens supported Confederacy

Pro-Confederate mob attacked Union troops in Baltimore Lincoln declared martial law (rule by army)

Calling Volunteers

75,000 volunteers were called by Lincoln to serve in the army

90 day enlistment No one, north and south, believed the war would

be long

Both sides had strengths and weaknesses

South Strengths

Strong reason to fight Defend homeland

Knew the land Defensive war

Weaknesses Economic

Few factories & railroads

Political Central gov’t had limited

authority

Small population 9 milllion

1/3 were slaves

NorthStrengths

Large population Industry & Railroads Navy

Weaknesses Offensive war

Had to conquer large area

Invading unfamiliar land Supply lines will be long

& open to attack

The PresidentsAbraham Lincoln

Proved to be a patient, strong leader & fine war planner

Gained respect Accepted criticism/humor

Jefferson Davis West Point grad Secretary of War (Pierce) Honest/courageous Would have rather served

in army than be president Did not like to turn over

details of military planning to others

Military Leaders

Officers in South had a difficult decision… Stay in the Union & fight against their home

states or join Confederate forces… Robert E. Lee (VA) Commander of Confederacy

(video clip)

Many of the army’s best officers served in the Confederacy Lincoln had a hard time finding capable generals

Quick Check S1

1. What were the goals of each side as the war began?

2. Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of the North and South. (You may make a chart)

3. Who were the leaders at the start of the Civil War?

Drill

Pg. 487 Chart Skills #1-2 Pg. 491 Geography Skills #3

Section 2: No Easy Victory Objectives

Describe the strategies each side adopted to win the war

Explain how early encounters dispelled hopes for a quick end to the war

Identify the victories of the Confederates List the victories of the Union

Reality of War…

“I never saw so many broken down and exhausted men in all my life. I was sick as a horse, and as wet with blood and sweat as I could be… Our tongues were parched and cracked for water, and our faces were blackened with powder and smoke.”

Union Plans

Use navy to blockade southern ports Cut off South’s supply of manufactured goods

Seize Richmond Confederate capital

Seize control of the Mississippi River Prevent South from using river to supply troops Separate AK, TX, LA from Confederacy

Confederate Plans

Fight a defensive war until North is tired of fighting

Hoped war would become unpopular in North & they would just recognize Southern independence

Depend on European money & supplies Confident that European countries would

recognize Confederacy as an independent nation

Battle of Bull Run Lincoln ordered the attack on Richmond (only 100

miles away) Troops quickly met up near Bull Run Union forces broke up Confederate lines: “The war is

over!”… but not quite Confederates regrouped: “Look! There is Jackson

standing like a stonewall! Rally behind the Virginians!” Union troops panicked & retreated to D.C.: “Off they went

across fields, towards woods, everywhere to escape.” ***Showed both sides needed training & that this

would not be a short war***

General George McClellan

Appointed Commander of the Union Army of the East (Army of the Potomac)

Superb organizer, but very cautious Delayed leading troops into battle: “All quiet

along the Potomac.” National joke

Finally led troops into battle, but abandoned attack when troops could not be sent to help

Lincoln: “If General McClellan does not want to use the army, I would like to borrow it.”

Naval Action

Union ships blockaded southern ports “blockade runners”

Blockade became more effective & stopped them

Confederates took over abandoned Union warship Covered it with iron plates (Virginia) & destroyed

2 Union ships Union created ironclad Monitor

Ironclads

Virginia & Monitor clashed off of Hampton Roads, VA Exhausting battle Neither side damaged the other

Changed naval warfare

South was never able to mount a serious attack against Union navy Blockade held throughout war

Antietam (MD)

General Lee took offensive Southern victory on northern soil would hurt

northern morale Problem: Union officer found a copy of Lee’s

battle plans at a abandoned campsite McClellan was slow to act, but attacked Lee’s main

force at Antietam Long battle 23,000 killed or wounded

Antietam

Lee ordered troops to retreat back to VA McClellan did not pursue Neither side was able to claim victory, but

northern morale increased because Lee withdrew forces Lincoln was disappointed with McClellan

Fired him & appoints General Ambrose Burnside

Confederate Victories in East

Battle of Fredericksburg (p.495) Lee’s army dug into the hillside (strong defensive

position) Confederate guns mowed down charging Union troops

Prevented Union troops from capturing Richmond

Battle of Chancellorsville Lee & Jackson outmaneuvered Union forces Thickly wooded ground Union defeated in 3 days, but high cost

Lost Stonewall Jackson to friendly fire

Union Victories in West

General Ulysses S. Grant attacked & captured Fort Henry & Fort Donelson Guarded important tributaries on the MS River

(Union Strategy)

Battle of Shiloh Confederates surprised Union troops & were

pushed back Grant had reinforcements & pushed back the

Confederates One of the bloodiest battles

Union Victories in the West

Union navy moved to gain control of MS River Gunboats captured New Orleans Ships seized Memphis

Union controlled both ends of the MS River South could no longer use river as a supply

line

Quick Check S2

1. What was the North’s plan for defeating the South?

2. What was the South’s plan to defeat the North?

3. What did both sides learn from the Battle of Bull Run?

4. Why was the Confederate victory at Fredericksburg critical?

5. How did Union victories at New Orleans , Shiloh and Memphis affect the South?

History & Geography

Most Civil War battles took place on open fields or in woods

New terrains for fighting at Fredericksburg Rappahannock River

Union wanted to build floating pontoon bridges Stopped due to heavy Confederate fire

• Only continued after soldiers rowed across river

City Union forced Confederates to withdraw temporarily Union wasted time looting & destroying property

Allowed Confederates to rally forces & win

Homework Activity p.495

Write a description of the Battle of Fredericksburg that explains how geography affected the outcome 2 tasks

Describe battle Explain effects of geography on battle

Use page 495 for help Use good descriptive writing details that appeal to all 5

senses Use words that signal cause-effect relationships:

Because, effect, cause, as a result, therefore

Drill

Analyze the meaning of this statement: “The South could win the war by not

losing, but the North could win only by winning.”

Section 3: A Promise of Freedom Objectives

Identify Lincoln’s primary goal in the war Describe the effects of the Emancipation

Proclamation Explain African Americans’ contribution to the

war effort both in the Union army & behind Confederate lines

Lincoln’s Goal

Restore the Union “If I could save the Union without freeing any

slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.” Lincoln was cautious with the slavery issue

4 slave states remained in Union Did not want to shift their loyalty since

border states had valuable resources to help Union

Shifting War Goals

Motives & Timing of Emancipation Plan 3 million slaves labored for Confederacy

Hoped emancipation would weaken Confederates ability to carry on war

Lincoln did not want to anger slave owners in Union

Lincoln waited for a Union victory to announce plan Did not want Americans to think it was a desperate

effort

Emancipation Proclamation

Enslaved African Americans living in the Confederacy would be freed

Slaves living in the border states would not be freed

Slaves would also not be freed in Confederate lands already captured by the Union

Impact of Proclamation

NO SLAVES ACTUALLY GAINED THEIR FREEDOM!!! Rebelling states were not under Union control

Won sympathy of Europeans Less likely that they would come to aid of South

Changed purpose of the war Union troops were now fighting to end

slavery & save the Union

African American Contributions

Thousands of free blacks volunteered to fight at the beginning of the war Federal law did not allow it at first but the law

was repealed in 1862 Allowed both free African Americans and escaped

slaves to enlist in Union army All black units commanded by white officers

Received ½ pay Only served as laborers at first

• Non combat duties: building roads, guarding supplies

African American Contributions

African American soldiers protested discrimination

Eventually able to fight in major battles 1864: War Department gave equal pay to all

soldiers

200,000 fought for Union 40,000 lost their lives

54th Massachusetts Regiment

Led an attack on Fort Wagner Fought their way in to the fort under heavy fire

before being forced to withdraw ½ the regiment was killed Showed courage & won respect for

African American soldiers

“proved themselves among the bravest of the brave”

Behind Confederate Lines

Many slaves slowed down their work or refused to work at all Hoped to weaken Confederate war effort

Crossed Union lines to freedom when they saw a Union army ¼ of the South’s enslaved population had

escaped to freedom

Quick Check S3

1. What were 2 effects of the Emancipation Proclamation?

2. Who is the most famous African American unit that fought in the Civil War?

3. Why was President Lincoln cautious about making the abolition of slavery a goal of the war?

4. How did enslaved African Americans help to hurt the Confederate war effort?

Drill

In 1861 Frederick Douglass said, “This is no time to fight with one hand when both hands are needed. This is no time to fight with only your white hand, and allow your black hand to be tied!” 1. What did Douglass mean by this statement? 2. Did Congress agree with Douglass? Explain.

Section 4: Hardships of War Objectives

Describe what life was like for Confederate & Union soldiers

Explain what problems each side faced at home

Describe how the war affected the economy of the North and South

Explain the role women played in the war

Hard Life of Soldiers Most soldiers were under 21 Drilled & marched for long hours Slept on ground in all types of weather New technology & crude medical care added to horrors

of war Minie ball Improved cannons Amputations Infections Poor sanitary conditions (disease) POWs (Andersonville)

Class work

P. 504 #7 Even with improved technology of today, is

war more deadly now or was war more deadly in the past? Explain.

Opposition in the North

Copperheads: northerners who opposed using force to keep South in Union

Others supported war, but not the way Lincoln conducted the war

Public support dwindled as the war carried on Draft (1863)

All able-bodied men between 20-45 were called to serve in military

“a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight”

Riots in the Cities

Some northerners felt they were being forced to fight to end slavery

Also were worried about competition with free African American over job

New York City Riot (502) Habeas corpus (right to be charged or have a

hearing before being jailed) 14,000 arrested, but most were never charged

or brought to trial

Southern Problems

Struggled with creating a strong federal gov’t Firmly believed in state’s rights

Did not want to pay taxes to a central gov’t GA even threatened to secede from the

Confederacy!!

Draft law Exceptions made to those who owned 20 or more

slaves resentment

Desperation Needed men to fill the ranks

Northern Economy First income tax established to pay for the war

Internal Revenue Bureau

Union issued bonds Did not raise enough & North printed $400 million in

paper money When $$$ supply increases, each dollar becomes worth less

Inflation (a rise in prices & a decrease in the value of $$$) BUT, there were benefits

• Farm production increased• Wartime demand sparked industry

• Profiteers (charged excessive prices to goods gov’t needed)

Southern Economy

Income tax Tax in kind (farmers required to turn over 1/10 of their

crops to gov’t) Wild inflation

One Confederate dollar = 2 cents in gold Butter $15/lb

Cotton trade damaged Davis stopped trade with Britain hoping to force Britain to side

with Confederacy Backfired Britain bought cotton from India/Egypt

Successfully cut South’s income CW: p. 503 Geo. Skills #1-2

Northern Blockade

Created severe shortages in South Soldiers & civilians had to wait weeks for food &

supplies South bought many weapons from Europe since

they didn’t have many factories Gov’t had to build factories since North cut off

those deliveries Plantations switched from growing cotton to

raising grain and livestock

Women in the War

Took jobs in the fields & industry Women’s aid societies helped supply troops Northern women held fundraising events to

pay for supplies Worked as nurses

Became an accepted position for women as the need for help in military hospitals increased Dorothea Dix, Clara Barton, Sally Tompkins,

Sojourner Truth

Quick Check S4

1. List at least 3 hardships soldiers faced during the Civil War.

2. What problems did both sides face at home? 3. How did the northern blockade affect the

southern economy? 4. In what 2 ways did the northern economy

benefit from the war? 5. List 2 ways women contributed to the war

effort.

DRILL

What is a “turning point”? Can you think of “turning points” in American

History besides the Civil War?

Section 5: The War Ends Objectives

Explain why the Union victories at Vicksburg & Gettysburg were important

Describe Grant’s plan for ending the war with the South

Identify Lincoln’s hopes for the Union after his reelection

Explain why the Civil War was a major turning point in American history

Ulysses S. Grant

“The art of war is simple. Find out where your enemy is, get at him as soon as you can and strike him as hard as you can, and keep moving on.”

Appointed Commander in chief of the Union Army

Every problem had a solution Communication

Strung telegraph lines as troops marched

Tide of War Turns…

Vicksburg sat high on a cliff above the MS River Grant had tried several times to seize Vicksburg,

but Confederates held **Remember every problem has a solution**

Grant marched troops inland Launched surprise attack on Jackson, MS Turned west & attacked Vicksburg from rear 6 week siege: military encirclement of an enemy

position & blockading &/or bombarding it in order to force surrender July 4, 1863 Confederates surrendered Vicksburg

Class Work

P. 506 Geography & History: Write 2-3 sentences that analyzes the effect of geography on the Battle of Vicksburg.

P. 507 Geography Skills #2-3

Chancellorsville North to PA

Lee wanted to take “Yankees” by surprise in PA & then march south & capture Washington, D.C.

Meade (Union) & Lee’s (Confederate) armies met at Gettysburg (all roads led there) Both sides quickly sent for reinforcements A three day battled ensued

Gettysburg Day 1: Confederates drove Union out of Gettysburg; Union

took a strong position on Cemetery Ridge overlooking town Day 2: Confederates attacked Union position, but unable

to dislodge Union army Day 3: Pickett’s Charge into open ground & up a steep

slope Terrible failure Lee, “It’s all my fault.”

No choice but to retreat Confederates would never invade the North again Meade was happy with victory, but Lincoln was disappointed the

Union army did not pursue retreating Confederate army

Gettysburg Address

Lincoln was NOT the main speaker Ceremony to dedicate a cemetery to the

memory of the 50,000 men who died Entire speech was only 10 sentences long 3 minutes to deliver Honored as a profound statement of American

ideals

Grant’s Plan for Total War Wanted to destroy the South’s ability to fight

Wage total war Destroy food, equipment and anything else they found that might be

useful to the enemy Did not make distinctions between civilians and soldiers

Sheridan “Leave nothing to invite the enemy to return. Destroy whatever

can be consumed. Let the valley be left so that crows flying over it will have to carry their rations along with them.”

Sherman Captured Atlanta & burned it March to sea

• Ripped up RR tracks, built bonfires from the ties, heated & twisted the rails, killed livestock, tore up fields, burned barns, homes, bridges, factories

Class Work

Do you agree with total war? Why or why not? Explain.

Lincoln is Reelected

Lincoln believed his defeat was “exceedingly probable”

He knew many northerners were unhappy with how he was handling the war Success in Shenandoah Valley & Atlanta increased

Lincoln’s popular support

Democrats nominated General George McClellan “cessation of hostilities” Was willing to compromise with Confederacy &

restore slavery

Second Inaugural Address

“With malice toward none, with charity for all…let us strive…to bind up the nation’s wounds… to do all which may achieve a just and a lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”

Class work: What can you infer about how Lincoln might treat the Confederate States of America after a Union victory? Explain.

Grant’s Drive to Accomplish Last Union War Goal…

In a single month, 60,000 men were killed/wounded at the battles of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor Grant pushed on

He knew North could replace men & supplies; the South could not

Lee dug in at Petersburg, VA Grant lay siege for 9 months & fresh troops

allowed him to take Petersburg Richmond fell the same day

The Civil Wars End Lee & his army withdrew to Appomattox Court House, VA

Trapped by Union troops Lee knew to continue fighting would end in slaughter

Lee surrendered Grant offered generous terms of surrender

Soldiers required to turn over their rifles, but officers could keep their pistols

Soldiers could keep horses “each officer and man will be allowed to return to his

home, not to be disturbed by U.S. authorities” Union soldiers began to cheer, but were quickly ordered

silent by Grant• “The war is over. The rebels are our

countrymen again.”

A Turning Point in American History

No war has ever resulted in more American deaths 360,000 Union & 250,000 Confederate deaths

Cost $20 billion More than 11 times the entire amount spent by the federal

gov’t between 1789 and 1861

Balance of power changed Democratic party lost influence

“the United States” not “these United States” Power of the federal gov’t increased Ended slavery

Quick Check S5

1. Which Union victories were a turning point? 2. What was Grant’s plan for ending the war? 3. What ideals did Lincoln express in the

Gettysburg Address & his 2nd Inaugural Address?

4. How did the Civil War change the United States? (list at least 3)

Class work

P. 512 #9-12, 17, 18 P. 513 #19-22