efficient development through scorm standards paul f. merrill michael d. bush thor anderson

Efficient Development Efficient Development through SCORM through SCORM

Standards Standards

Paul F. MerrillPaul F. Merrill

Michael D. BushMichael D. Bush

Thor AndersonThor Anderson

http://id2scorm.byu.edu/scorm.ppt

PurposePurpose

Enhancing the reusability of our Enhancing the reusability of our instructional productsinstructional products CoursesCourses SyllabiSyllabi LecturesLectures PresentationsPresentations HandoutsHandouts Java AppletsJava Applets SimulationsSimulations MultimediaMultimedia

MultimediaMultimedia

GraphicsGraphics PicturesPictures ChartsCharts DiagramsDiagrams AnimationsAnimations Video ClipsVideo Clips Audio ClipsAudio Clips

Affluent Throw-away SocietyAffluent Throw-away Society

"We're reminded a hundred "We're reminded a hundred times a day to buy things, but times a day to buy things, but we're not reminded to take we're not reminded to take care of them, repair them, care of them, repair them, reuse them, or give them reuse them, or give them away." away."

Michael Jacobson, Center for the Study of CommercialismMichael Jacobson, Center for the Study of Commercialism

We need to find better ways to We need to find better ways to reuse share, and recycle our reuse share, and recycle our

instructional productsinstructional products

Or at least many components thereof!

Examples of the ProblemExamples of the Problem

Examples of ProblemExamples of Problem

Obsolete Obsolete Programming Programming LanguagesLanguages APLAPL Applesoft BasicApplesoft Basic PascalPascal LogoLogo

procedureprocedure convert; convert; varvar fTemp : integer;fTemp : integer; cTemp : real;cTemp : real; beginbegin space;space; write('Enter the Fahrenheit write('Enter the Fahrenheit

temperature: ');temperature: '); readln(fTemp);readln(fTemp); cTemp := (5 / 9) * (fTemp - 32);cTemp := (5 / 9) * (fTemp - 32); space;space; writeln(' Celsius is ', writeln(' Celsius is ',

round(cTemp) : 1);round(cTemp) : 1); endend;;

Examples of ProblemExamples of Problem

Obsolete Authoring Obsolete Authoring SystemsSystems CoursewriterCoursewriter IconAuthorIconAuthor


Obsolete VersionsObsolete Versions Course of ActionCourse of Action AuthorwareAuthorware


CBI course on APLCBI course on APL


Obsolete HardwareObsolete Hardware Apple IIeApple IIe AmigaAmiga VideodiscVideodisc SyQuest Removable SyQuest Removable

CartridgesCartridges NeXT Magneto-NeXT Magneto-

Optical DiscsOptical Discs


Future Future obsolescence?obsolescence? BlackboardBlackboard WebCTWebCT JupiterJupiter FlashFlash Visual BasicVisual Basic JavaScriptJavaScript iShelliShell

Sources of ObsolescenceSources of Obsolescence

Business viabilityBusiness viability Proprietary binary formatsProprietary binary formats Versions of interpreterVersions of interpreter ??????

GoalsGoals ReusableReusable

Can be easily reused by a variety of toolsCan be easily reused by a variety of tools AccessibleAccessible

Can be easily found (by a search engine) for Can be easily found (by a search engine) for reuse by learners or developers reuse by learners or developers (Discoverability)(Discoverability)

InteroperableInteroperable Can by used by a variety of platforms, Can by used by a variety of platforms,

hardware, browsers, tools, etc.hardware, browsers, tools, etc. DurableDurable

Can be reused with no or minimal Can be reused with no or minimal modifications with new technology (hardware modifications with new technology (hardware & software).& software).

Possible ApplicationsPossible Applications

Accessible electronic instructional product Accessible electronic instructional product repository (Digital library)repository (Digital library)

Independent instructional modules (SCO: Independent instructional modules (SCO: Sharable Content Objects)Sharable Content Objects)

Cataloging of instructional modules or Cataloging of instructional modules or SCOs and content assets (Use of SCOs and content assets (Use of metadata)metadata)

Use of international standards for Use of international standards for instructional products (SCORM).instructional products (SCORM).

Separation of content, presentation and Separation of content, presentation and interaction (Development productivity)interaction (Development productivity)

Importance of StandardsImportance of Standards

Examples of StandardsExamples of Standards

Other ExamplesOther Examples

??????

SCORMSCORM Sharable Content Object Reference Sharable Content Object Reference

ModelModel

Advanced Distributed Learning (ADL) Advanced Distributed Learning (ADL) initiative (1995)initiative (1995)

Suite of technical standard Suite of technical standard specifications or guidelines to enable specifications or guidelines to enable the sharing and reuse of course the sharing and reuse of course contentcontent

What is SCORM?What is SCORM?

A suite of standards or standard practices A suite of standards or standard practices that is a composite, made up of what are that is a composite, made up of what are

often adaptations or extensions to often adaptations or extensions to standards that originated from other standards that originated from other

standards or specifications organizations.standards or specifications organizations.

Key Working AffiliationsKey Working AffiliationsIMSIMSADL Co-LabADL Co-LabOKI/MITOKI/MITOCLCOCLCSIFSIFMERLOTMERLOTIEEE/LTSCIEEE/LTSCEDUCAUSE/NLIIEDUCAUSE/NLIINCAMNCAM

CANCORECANCOREJISC/CETISJISC/CETISDEST/IMS AustraliaDEST/IMS AustraliaSingaporeSingaporeMexicoMexico

Where do these standards come from?

Thor Anderson, IMS

Progression of ideas to standardsProgression of ideas to standards

Specifications,Best Practice

New Products,Pilot Programs,Testbeds

R&D Concepts

User Needs

TechnicalTrends

SpecConsortia

ProgramsTestbeds,Markets

StandardsBodies

AccreditedStandards

W3CW3CSIFSIF

oclcoclc

COLISCOLIS

CEN/ISSCEN/ISS

Where do standards come from?

IMS

Sources of SCORM StandardsSources of SCORM Standards

XML XML

eXtensible Markup LanguageeXtensible Markup Language

<HTML><HTML> <HEAD><HEAD> <TITLE>List of Books</TITLE><TITLE>List of Books</TITLE> </HEAD></HEAD> <BODY><BODY> <H1>List of Books</H1><H1>List of Books</H1> <HR> <HR> Title Learning PerlTitle Learning Perl Authors Schwartz & Christiansen Authors Schwartz & Christiansen ISBN 1-861002-94-7 ISBN 1-861002-94-7 Price 39.99 USD Price 39.99 USD Title Programming PerlTitle Programming Perl Authors Wall, Christiansen & Schwartz Authors Wall, Christiansen & Schwartz ISBN 1-861002-97-1 ISBN 1-861002-97-1 Price 39.99 USD Price 39.99 USD </BODY></BODY> </HTML></HTML>

<?xml version="1.0"?><?xml version="1.0"?> <listofbooks><listofbooks> <book><book> <title>Learning Perl</title><title>Learning Perl</title> <authors><authors> <author>Randal L. Schwartz</author><author>Randal L. Schwartz</author> <author>Tom Christiansen</author><author>Tom Christiansen</author> </authors></authors> <isbn>1-861002-94-7</isbn><isbn>1-861002-94-7</isbn> <price currency="USD">39.99</price><price currency="USD">39.99</price> </book></book> <book><book> <title>Programming Perl</title><title>Programming Perl</title> <authors><authors> <author>Larry Wall</author><author>Larry Wall</author> <author>Tom Christiansen</author><author>Tom Christiansen</author> <author>Randal L. Schwartz</author><author>Randal L. Schwartz</author> </authors></authors> <isbn>1-861002-97-1</isbn><isbn>1-861002-97-1</isbn> <price currency="USD">45.98</price><price currency="USD">45.98</price> </book></book> </listofbooks></listofbooks>

SCORM StandardsSCORM Standards

Content PackagingContent Packaging

Communication between course & Communication between course & Learning Management System (LMS)Learning Management System (LMS)

Course & student metadataCourse & student metadata

SCORM Content Packaging SCORM Content Packaging StandardStandard

Content files should be placed in a Content files should be placed in a single directory with possible sub-single directory with possible sub-directoriesdirectories

The course, its content and navigation The course, its content and navigation structure should be described with a structure should be described with a special file in XML format located in the special file in XML format located in the top-level directory named: top-level directory named: “imsmanifest.xml.”“imsmanifest.xml.”

SCORM Manifest FileSCORM Manifest File

Course metadataCourse metadata

Course sequencing or Course sequencing or navigation structurenavigation structure

SCO metadataSCO metadata

Assets or resources metadataAssets or resources metadata

Sample Manifest FilesSample Manifest Files

Generic Manifest File

VAD Manifest File

Runtime System APIRuntime System API

The Future: Representing ContentThe Future: Representing Content

General: From media to learningGeneral: From media to learning Specific: Video Asset DescriptionSpecific: Video Asset Description

DemonstrationsDemonstrations

French CDFrench CD French CD to XMLFrench CD to XML Current ExamplesCurrent Examples

QTI ExamplesQTI Examples

Learning Objects?Learning Objects?

Media ObjectsMedia Objects Knowledge ObjectsKnowledge Objects Learning ObjectsLearning Objects Course ObjectsCourse Objects

Instructional ComponentsInstructional Components

MEDIA OBJECTS

KNOWLEDGE OBJECTS

STRATEGY OBJECTS

LEARNING OBJECTS

From M. David Merrill

Components of a knowledge objectComponents of a knowledge object

NAMENAME DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION

PORTRAYALPORTRAYAL

From M. David MerrillAnd Dorling-Kindersley

Examples of ReusabilityExamples of Reusability

DisplayDisplay Monitor vs. PDAMonitor vs. PDA

FunctionalityFunctionality Instruction vs. Instruction vs. AssessmentAssessment

ResourcesResources

ID2SCORM Conference Web siteID2SCORM Conference Web site Learning Objects, Knowledge ObjectsLearning Objects, Knowledge Objects

and Mental Models and Mental Models, M. David Merrill, M. David Merrill

Educational TechnologyEducational Technology article article VAD development Web siteVAD development Web site CVP paper submitted to CVP paper submitted to IEEE IEEE

MultiMediaMultiMedia

efficient development through scorm standards paul f. merrill michael d. bush thor anderson

Documents

problem slide

apl slide

end slide

study of commercialism

problem cbi course

problem future obsolescence

apl cbi course

variety of platforms