Religious Wars

EHAP REVIEWPT. 2

Italian Wars

Italian city-states attractive to invaders: wealthy & small

French Invasions: formed “League of Cambray” w/ Spain, Pope, HRE Pope protests & HRE allows “Sack of Rome” 1530: Charles V (HRE) made peace w/ Pope &

named “King of Italy”

Empire of Charles V (1519-1556)

inherited huge Hapsburg empire: HRE, Spain, “Low” Countries, & Italian states

Weaknesses: too big, not continuous religious wars w/ N. German Prot. princes

Breakup:Ferdinand I (brother) gets HREPhilip II (son): Spain, Netherlands, Naples, Milan, &

New World colonies

Hapsburg Empire at Greatest Extent

Philip II (1556-1598)

great wealth from New World gold & silverexcessive spending:

fighting religious wars luxury items for nobility

The Dutch Revolt: William of Orange united Dutch for independence Philip crushed revolt…Council of Blood Cath. provinces became Belgium Calvinist became Netherlands

Spanish Armada (1588)

Phillip II invades England:

rivalry over seas & new world English “sea dogs” attack Spanish galleons

England sides w/ Dutchtried to restore Cath. in Eng.wanted to marry his dead wife’s (Mary I)

sister (Elizabeth I); she refused

Defeat of Spain

English defeat Spanish Armada***forever weakened Spain!

Dutch Republic: 1648 official independence “Golden Age of Dutch”

Hard questions…logic based & eliminate answer

choices!

30 Years’ War (1618-1648)

Causes:religious tensionsalso struggle b/n Bourbons (Fr.) & Habsburgs (HRE)

1. Bohemian Phase I: Defenestration of Prague (1618)

- Prot. crushed2. Danish Phase II: Wallenstein’s forces helped HRE3. Swedish Phase III: King Gustavus Adolphus

wanted to protect Prot.; invades Ger. Cardinal Richelieu of Fr. supported Gustavus to control power of

Hapsburgs

4. Swedish-French Phase IV: Denmark attacked Sweden Cath. France + Prot. Sweden vs.

Cath. HRE, Prot. Denmark, + Cath. Spain

1648: PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (ends 30 yr. War)

Effects:Forever weakened HREbegan Fr. continental supremacy1/3 of pop. died

long-term fragmentation of central Eur.

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

EFFECTS:

Renewed Peace of Augsburg (cuius regio, eius religio)

Calvinism legalized

independence of Switz. & Neth.

more sovereignty for Ger. princes but PERMANENTLY WEAKENED HRE

FRENCH CIVIL WARS

90% of Fr. Cath.most French Huguenots (Calvinists) were

wealthy against Valois monarchy

Francis I & Henry II persecuted Calvinists

religious war in 1562 St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre (1572); 1000’s of

Parisian Protestants killed led to “War of the Three Henry’s”

War of the 3 Henry’s

England helped Fr. Prot….King Henry III (Cath.) & Henry of Navarre

(Prot.) vs. Henry Guise (Cath.) Henry Navarre won: became King Henry IV, starts

Bourbon dynasty

Henry IV: rebuilt Fr. (w/ Duke of Sully): roads, bridges, agriculture strengthened monarchy converted to Cath. (“Paris is worth a mass”) Edict of Nantes: religious freedom for Prot.

TUDOR ENGLAND (1485-1603)

Henry VII: restored peace & economy taxed nobility Court of the Star Chamber

Henry VIII: 6 wives… Church of Eng. church lands to friends New World exploration

Henry VIII’s kids:

Edward VI:King at age 10…died at 16

Mary I:oldest daughter; Cath.married Philip II of Sp.tried to change England back to Cath.“Bloody Mary”…persecuted Prot.

Elizabeth I:raised Prot.a “politique” she compromised w/ Cath. &

Prot. defeated Spanish Armada (1588)“balance of powers”Eng. Ren.exploration & colonialism“Virgin Queen”had Mary Stuart (Queen of Scots) executed

Spanish Exploration

early on: largest overseas empireColumbus: 1492Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): Spain all

of New World (except Brazil) Columbus: colonization to Caribbean Pizzaro: Inca of Peru Magellan: circumnavigates globe Bartholomew de Las Casas: protested Indians

abuses Cortes: Aztecs

English Exploration

Cabot: “NW passage” (Canada)Drake: circumnavigated & raided Sp.

galleonsRaleigh: VirginiaCook: Australia & New Zealand

French Exploration

Verrazano: claimed Canada for FranceChamplain: St. Lawrence ValleyLaSalle: Mississippi ValleyMarquette & Joliet: Great Lakes regionFrance moved into Canada, W. Indies, &

Louisiana

Dutch & Swedish Exploration

Dutch: explored NY, Delaware, Hudson River Valley. Tasman: discovered Australia & New Zealand

(worked for Dutch E. India Co.) 1600’s Dutch took many Portuguese colonies in far

East

Sweden: claimed Delaware Bay Region

French Politics

Louis XIII (1610-1643):

advisor Cardinal Richelieu, effectively ruled France return power back to “absolute” king provinces ran by intendants destroyed noble castles & armies royal spies mass executions crushed power of Huguenots

“Sun King”

Louis XIV (1643 - 1715): king at 5 chief advisor, Cardinal Mazarin

crushed “Frondes” revolts by nobility use of intendants

“Divine Right” (Bishop Bosseut) Treaty of Pyrenees (1659): Fr. out of 30 Yrs. War;

Louis marries Maria Therese of Sp. built Versailles; patron of arts (Golden Age of

France) territorial expansion: 4 costly warsReligious disputes: ended Edict of Nantes

(Huguenots fled); appointed Bishops

The Sun King:

Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715)

“l ’etat cest moi”

Wars of Louis XIV

***France permanently weakened

1.War of Devolution: claimed Sp. Netherlands from wife

2.Dutch War: claimed Dutch commercial interests against Dutch, HRE, Sp., & Prussia

3.War of the League of Augsburg: invaded Ger. border4.War of Spanish Succession: Louis’ grandson Philip

claims Sp. throne…Hapsburgs say no Sp. & Fr. against Eng., HRE, & Dutch Treaty of Utrecht: Philip stays as King in Sp.; Sp. loses

land to HRE

Fr. Mercantilism

finance minister, Colbert: architect of mercantilism

encouraged trade & commerce wealth of gold & silver (“bullion”) favorable “balance of trade” 5 great farms industrial production

Stuart England

James I: divine right rule repeatedly dismissed Parliament to raise taxes Puritan & Cath. minorities upset

Charles I: forced to accept Petition of Right (1628)

jury trial no quartering no taxes without parliament

War w/ Scots: forced to ask Parl. for money…said no (“Short

Parl.”) “Long Parl.”: gave money…split in Parl. led to civil

war

English Civil War (1649-1660)

Cavaliers: land-holding royalistsRoundheads: Puritans & middle class

against king; “New Model Army” led by Oliver Cromwell (Puritan)

Phase 1: w/ aid of Scots, Cromwell & Parl. Wins limited monarchy or Puritan theocracy???

Phase 2: Cromwell controls Parliament “Rump Parliament” controlled by army

Charles I

Cromwell’s Rule:

names himself “Lord Protector”: executed Charles I

military dictatorship: trade increased controlled Irish & Scottish rebellions

Parl. overthrew his son: invited Charles II back as King (“Merry Monarch”) the “Restoration” limited king’s power Parl. bans Catholics from public office brother James II takes over…his son baptized

Cath.

The Glorious Revolution

Parl. invited James’ Protestant daughter Mary and husband William of Orange to rule England… William & Mary accepted Bill of Rights (1689):

permanently limited power of monarchy (“squirearchy”)

Bill of Rights: no taxes w/out consent of Parl. regular sessions & freedom of speech trial by jury

Toleration Act: freedom for all Prot. sects