pt boards review

8/3/2019 PT Boards Review

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Aerobic exercise results in what amount of O2consumption?

50-80%

Cyclic movements relying on aerobic energy pathways

Aerobic exerciseFormula for max heart rate?

220 age

Formula for target heart rate? 140 * (# between .6-.9) + resting heart rate

According to Williams most back pain is due to? Walking in upright posture


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R eferring to pain syndromesEnd range stress of normal structures

Postural

End range stress leading to contracted adherentstructures

Dysfunction

Anatomical disruption or displacement of structure

Derangement


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Any exercise which a muscle is contractedeccentrically then immediately concentrically

PylometricsPush-up with a clap in between is an exampleof?

Plyometrics

Concept of power: force * speed = power Plyometrics

Plyometic exercises enable a muscle to reach: Maximal force in shortest time

Example of plyometric exercises Box drills, jumps


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What are the 3 phases of stretch-shorteningcycle (SSC) for plyometrics

Eccentric, amortization, concentricWhat can be done to stabilize joints?

Muscle strengthening

White fiber muscles, mostly use glycogen Fast twitch fibersR ed fibers, large concentration of mitochondria

Slow twitch fibersThe first 4 weeks of PT care?

Acute care management


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First 3 days of acute care? Use RI CE

Function of the w system (Pg 2) I nhibit I ML, global muscle tone, inhibit anterior

muscles above T6 posterior muscles below

PT care after four weeks? R ecover careAfter 12 weeks injury enters?

Chronic phase

How long does remodeling of the injury sitelast?

Up to 12 months


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R emodeling works best when in conjunctionwith?

Joint motionExercise patterns scar tissue in?

Proper direction

Non-weight bearing exercise where foot/handis free to move, movement usually occurs atelbow/knee

Open chain exercise

Bench press, bicep curl, leg extensions andstraight leg raises are all examples of whattype of exercise?

Open chain


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Open chain exercises target? Single muscles

Exercised where hand/foot in fixed position,weight bearing exercises typically usingexercisers own weight

Closed chain exercisePushups, squats, lunges, pull ups are examplesof what exercises?

Open chainThe better trained a muscle group is

I njury is less likely


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Anterior rotation of pelvis, increased lumbar lordosis, hips in flexion, with knees

hyperextended Lower cross syndrome

What is tight with patelofemoral syndrome? Tensor facia lata

What muscles are tight/facilitated in lower cross syndrome?

I liopsoas, rectus femoris, TFL, adductor group,

errector spinae, gastrocnemius, soleusI liopsoas flexes the hip how?

Flexing femur on trunk (ori) and trunk on femur (ins)


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Abducts, flexes, and medially rotates hip TFL

What part of the quads flexes the hip? R ectus femoris

Muscles responsible for extension of vertebral

column in lower thoracics Errector spinaeMuscle plantar flexes ankle joint and assists inflexion of knee

GastrocnemiusPlantar flexes ankle joint

soleus


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Which muscles are inhibited/weak in lower cross syndrome?

R ectus abdominis, obliques, gluteus max, glutmedius, hamstrings

Flexes vertebral column by bringing thoraxand pelvis closer anteriorly

R ectus abdominis

Bilaterally flex the vertebral column andsupport viscera

ObliquesUnilaterally rotate vertebral column bringingthorax forward

Obliques


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Extends and laterally rotates hip Glut max

I nsertions in I T track allow glut max to helpwith?

Knee stabilization on extension

Lower fibers of glut max aid in? Adduction

Upper fibers of glut max aid in? Abduction

Main hip abductor? Glut medius


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Flex and medially rotate knee? Semi-membranosus/tendonosus

Flex and laterally rotate knee? Biceps femoris

Core stabilizers of the back

Quad. Lumborum, rectus ab, multifidus, rotatores,intratransversarisTight muscles in upper cross syndrome

Pec major/minor, upper traps, ant. Delt, SCM,

scalenesFixed origin, abbducts and medially rotateshumeerus

Pec major


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I nsertion fixed assists in forced inspiration Pec major

Origin fixed tilts scapula anteriorly Pec minor

Scapula stabilized, assists in force inspiration Pec minor

Origin fixed, elevates scapula Levator scapulae

I nternal rotation, adduction and extension of shoulder

Teres major


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Fixed origin, adducts scapula, elevate scapula Upper trap

Elevation of clavicle Upper trap

Abduction of shoulder joint Anterior delt

Fixed origin, internally rotates, adducts,extends shoulder joint

Lats


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Fixed insertion, assists in tilting pelvis ant/lat? Lats

Acting bilaterally may assist in hyperextensionof spine

Lats

Bilaterally facts to flex head, unilaterally actsto rotate head

SCM, Scalenes, rectus capitus anterior, longus coli

Long/weak muscles in upper cross syndrome R homboids, lower traps, pos. delt, teres minor,

longus coli/capitus


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Adducts and elevates scapula R homboids

Adduction, depression and assistance withlateral rotation of scapula

Lower trap

Fixed origin, abducts scapula rotates inferior angle laterally

Serratus anterior

Fixed insertion, scapula stabilized, may act inforced inspiration

Serratus anterior


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External rotation of shoulder joint, stabilizeshead of humerus in glenoid cavity

Teres minor, infraspinatus, subscapularis

What are the contraction types? I sometric, isotonic, isokinetic

Scapular winging involves? Serratus anterior


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Muscle contraction with no change in musclelength and no joint movement

I sometricPatient clasps hand and pull in oppositedirection is an example of what contractiontype?

I sometric

Muscle contraction where length changes, jointmovement against constant weight

I sotonicWeight lifting is an example what contractiontype?

I sotonic


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What are the two isotonic contraction types? Eccentric, concentric

Shortening of the muscle as in flexing the forearmis what type of muscle contraction Concentric

Muscle lengthens while tension is maintained iswhat type of muscle contraction

EccentricMuscle changes length while a constantlychanging pressure/resistance is applied

I sokineticExercises with cybex machine generates whatmuscle contractions?

I sokinetic


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Dynamic splints allow for? Physiological movements

Series of exercises administered to patientswith vascular disease

Buerger-Allen

Exercise involves supporting legs in anelevated position until extremities blanch, ptdorsiflex/plantarflex throughout

Buerger-allen

Seconds stage of this exercise has patient hanglegs over the edge of bed

Buerger-allen


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At what degree are the patients legs elevated I the buerger-allan exercise?

60-90 degrees

What reaction is trying to be achieved duringthe second stage of buerger-allen?

HyperemiaFlexion based exercise based on?

Williams exercises

Extension exercise for LBP and can be usedfor acute phase

McKenzies


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Pelvic rocks, ab crunches, and knee to chest areexamples of what exercises?

WilliamsCodmans exercises AKA

Pendular execise

Exercise created to strengthen shoulder girdlewithout use of supraspinatus

Codmans/pendular

Exercise good for frozen shoulder and rotator cuff rehabilitation

Codmans/pendular

Pelvic floor exercises kegels


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Systemic muscle strengthening by graduallyincreasing resistance

DeLormes exercisesStress exercises to relax muscles?

Jacobsons

Shoulder impingement


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Shoulder impingment >40 YOA, Small R TCtear, SAD with debridement/repair

Type 3

Crawling exercises to mobilize the spine andexercise muscles in scoliosis

Claytons exercisesExercises for ataxic motion and to developcoordination, wobble board used

FrenkelsBrace worn for scoliosis, worn 23hours a day

Milwaukee brace


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Milwaukee brace used on? Scoliosis 20-40 degrees

Brace used for S I hypermobility? Sacroiliac girdle

I nversion ankle sprain affects which ligament? Anterior talofibular ligament

What muscles should be strengthened after aninversion ankle sprain?

Peroneous brevis/longusBrace for inversion ankle sprain?

Figure eight


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Figure eight brace AKA? Louisiana strap

Brace for a knee sprain? Lennox-hill

The above AKA? Derotation brace

Brace for carpal tunnel syndrome? Cockup splint

When using a cane for OA of hip which handshould cane be in?

Opposite side


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What is the crutch fitting rule? 2-10-30

Top of crutch should be how far from axilla? 2 below

Tip of crutch should be how are from

malleolus? 10What is the proper angle of the crutch?

30 degrees

What are the contra-indications of allmodalities?

HI M


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Contras for all heating modalities Decreased theremal sensation active TB Low back/pelvis during pregnancy Encapsulated swelling Diabetes (late stage)

Contras to all electrical modalities Pacemaker Low back/pelvis during pregnancy Decreased sensation (LVG only) Eyes Transthoracic Carotid sinuses


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What is the frequency of high frequencymodalities?

>100,000 HzWhat are the high frequency modalities?

UV, IR , SWD, MWD, US

What is the range of medium frequencymodalities?

2,000-10,000 Hz

What are the medium frequency modalities? I nferential, russian stim

What is the frequency range for low frequencymodalities?

1-2,000 Hz


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What are the low frequency modalities? LVG, HV, Sine Wave0, faradic, TENS

Frequency of ultra-low modalities? < 1Hz

What are the ultra-low current modalities? microcurrent

What does microcurrent do? I ncrease ATP and protein production, decreases

painMassage has a great effect on?

Vascular system


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Massage will decrease? Edema, congestion, nerve activity

Massage can increase? Blood/lymph flow, heart rate, BP temporarily

Massage helps break up? Adhesions

Massage may help with removal of? Lactic acid

I ndications for massage Strains, sprains, bruises, tendonitis, bursitis


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Contraindications of massage? Phlebitis, thrombisis, varacosities, ulcerations, local

acute conditionsAll massage contraindications can fall under thecategory of?

Vascular problems

Stroking massage, begins and ends every massage Effleurage

Deep kneading massage, for muscle tissue Petrissage

Percussive massage tapotment


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Deep rubbing massage Friction

Shaking massage, for extremities only Vibration

Nimmo acupressure massage Deep pressure

Type of tapotment massage for children? Finger tips

Type of tapotment massage for cystic fibrosis

CuppingMassage not recommending for calcifictendonitis/bursitis

Transverse friction massage


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When massaging edema where do strokesstart?

Start proximal, stroke towards heartWhat massage technique decreases chemicalcross linking?

Transverse friction massage

The action of massage is? Mechanical (kinetic/friction)

The action of traction is? Mechanical

What are the two types of tractioning? Constant/intermittent


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I ntermittent tractioning is good for? Breaking adhesions, breaking muscle spasms

Continuous tractioning good for? Straightening curves

What does both types of traction do?

Decrease intradiscal pressure, increaseIVF spaceI ndications for traction?

Disc syndromes I VF encroachment, Hyperlordosis chronic muscle spasms fibrous adhesions


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Contraindications for traction Bone weakening diseas Pregnancy R A Acute muscle spasms Fracture Hypertension

What is the exception to fractures withtractioning?

Healed compression fractureWhat is the exception to R A and tractioning?

I ntact transverse ligament seen on ext/flex films


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With cervical traction what is the maximum pounds used?

50lbsWhat is the starting weight of cervicaltractioning?

5% of body weightWhat is the patient positioning for cervicaltraction

Flexion 25-28 C2-7How much weight needed to overcome skull?

10lbs


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With lumbar tractioning what weight do you startwith?

25% of body weightThat is the maximum weight used for tractioningthe lumbar spine?

150lbs or 50% of body weightHow much do you increase the weight for lumbar traction each visit?

5lbsWhat is the patient position for lumbar traction?

Supine, legs and knees flexed

What are the two names of lumbar traction positions

90/90, gouchers


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What is the advantage of gouchers position? R elaxes mm, flattens lumbar curve

What reduces tissue temperature and removesheat?

Cryotherapy

Systemic effects of cryotherapy I ncreased blood flow, decreased blood flow

Local effects of cryotherapy Vasoconstriction, decreased capillary pressure,

edema reduction, decreased nerve metabolism,anesthetic


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Contras to cryotherapy Circulatory compromise ( R aynauds, buergers) Hypersensitivity to cold Frostbite Chilblains High blood pressure

Sensory reaction two cryotherapy CBAN Cold, burning, aching, numb

Cryotherapy with max treatment 20 minuteswith one layer of towel

I ce pack, blue ice


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What is the treatment time for ice immersion? 10-15 minutes

What is the treatment time for ice massage? 5 minutes

How far from skin should vapocoolant spray be from skin?

14-18

What chemicals used for vapocoolant? Fluromethane, ethyl chloride

I ce massage for 5 minutes through R OM iswhat?

cryokinetics


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Types of heat transmission? Convection, conversion, radiation, conduction

Transmission of heat by gas or liquid Convection

With regards to high BP and traction Non-intensive tractioning

Transfer of heat by a solid? Conduction

Transfer of electrical energy into heat

ConversionTransmission of heat without interveningmedium?

radiation


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I nfrareds action is? Thermal

I nfrared increases? lymph flow, circulation, vasodilation

I nfrared decreases?

Blood pressure, muscle spasmsWhat are the main indications for infrared? Beurgers and raynauds, bells palsy,

musculoskeletal

What are the musculoskeletal conditions for infrared?

Synovitis, tenosynovitis, sprain, strains, bursitis


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What are the 2 types of infrared? Long and short wave

Type of infrared emitted by heated bodies? Long wave

Type of IR emitted by incandescents?

Short waveDistance shortwave lamps from skin? 14-18

Distance longwave from skin? Direct contact with towel layers

Types of short wave? Luminous, non-luminous, sunlight


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Sunlight therapy is AKA? Heliotherapy

What are the types of non-luminous shortwave IR ?

Wire bound, carborundum

What are the types of long wave IR Hydrocolators, hotware bottle, electric pads

How many layers of towel beteen skin andhydrocollator?

6Frequency of short/long wave IR ?

High


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I ntensity of long wave IR ? 170 F

R edness that lasts ~1 hour? Erythema

Mottled skin in area habitually exposed to heat

Erythema Ab ignePacks providing moist heat? Hydrocolator

What is the temperature of hydrocolator pack? 150-170 F

What is the temperature of a cold bath? 55-65 F


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What is the effect of a cold bath? I ncreases muscle tone

What is the temperatur of hot bath? 98-105F

What is the effect of hot bath?

Decrease BP, vasodilation, pain relief What are the specific bath types? Contrast, whirlpool, sitz, paraffin, fluidotherapy,

hubbert tanks

When using a contrast bath what bath is usedfirst?

Hot


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What is the ratio of hot/cold? 3:1, hot more than cold

What is the effect of contrast bath? Pumping vascular system

Whirlpool is what temperature? Hot

What is the length of time in a whirlpool bath? 20-30 minutes

What is the effect of whirlpool bath? Vasodilate, sedate

Sitz bath treats what area? Umbilicus to thigh


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What is the temperature of sitz bath? 98-105F

Sitz bath good for? Hemmeroids, dysmenorrhea, coccydynia,

prostatitis

Paraffin good for? Pain relief of OA or R A

Paraffin bath should not be used with? Open wounds

How many times should dipping in parrafinoccur?

7-10 times


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Maximum temperature of mineral oil in paraffin?

117 FWhat use is mineral oil in paraffin bath?

Lowers paraffin melting point, eases removal

Ground up cellulose used to generate drywhirlpool?

FluidotherapyEffects of fluidotherapy?

VasodilationHubbert Tanks are?

Stainless steel tanks


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Action of UV? Thermal/photochemical

UV can be used for what other than PT? Diagnosis

Metabolic effects of UV? Vit D synthesis, antibacterial, antifungal

UV causes what reactions? Tanning, erythema

What are the 2 common fungi UV is used for? Tenia pedis, tenia capitus/ringworm

Main conditions UV is good for? Skin and bone


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What bone conditions can UV treat? R ickets, osteomalcia

What skin conditions can UV be used for? Acne, herpes zoster, fungal infections, chronis

ulcers

Depth of UV penetration? Superficial (1-2mm)

Short wave length UV AKA?

Near What is the wavelength of shortwave?

180-270nm


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Long wave UV AKA? Far

The wave length of UV is? 270-390nm

What is the maximum treatment time and

intensity for UV? 3 minutes at 18

Water cooled UV device, kromayer Hot quartz

Most common UV device? Cold quartz


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UV used to treat sore throats? Orificial

UV used for fluoresence? Woods light

What is the above filter made of? Nickel oxide glass


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Optimum treatment effect at right angles? Cosines law

I ntensity inversely related to distance? I nverse square law

Halfing the distance of UV lamp to skinincreases intensity by?

4 times

SED is what level of UV burn? 0

Swelling, blistering, and sunburn is what UV burn?

4


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SWD and MWD act how? Thermal

SWD good for? Chronic conditions

SWD/MWD decreases? BP, nerve pain, muscle cramps/spasms

MWD good for? Hip conditions, strain, myalgia, myositis, fibrositis

Contras for SWD/MWD Same as heat, metallic implants, surface metal,

over epiphysis, brain, edema, vascular issues


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Contras for MWD not SWD? Sinitus, otitis media

What is the distance for SWD? Direct contact

What is the distance for MWD? 1-5

I ntensity for SWD? Patient tolerance

Treatment time for SWD? 20-30 mins

Treatment time for MWD? 10-20 mins


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SWD works from? Outside-in

MWD work from? I nside-out

SWD treats sinusitis using? Butterfly electrodes

What must by used with MWD? Mesh goggles

How does ultrasound act? Thermal, mechanical, chemical, neural

What is the main use of ultrasound? micromassage


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Thermal action of ultrasound? Deep heat, reduces muscle spasm

Mechanical effects of ultrasound? Dispersion of fluids and exudates

Chemical effects of ultrasound? Aids in healing, increases chemical oxidation

What are the neurological effects of US? Mild anesthesia

I ndications for US? Joint and musculoskeletal inflammation


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Aside from heat contraindications for US whatare the other contras?

Spinal cord, plexuses, ganglia, over epiphysis,fracture, bony prominenceTreat bony prominences with US?

Underwater

How deep does US penetrate? 4-8cm

Frequency of ultrasound?

High, (.7-1.1 MHz)What is the therapeutic US intensity range?

0.5-2.5 watts/sq cm


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How far is the US head when usingunderwater?

1What is the treatment time for acute stage?

4 mins

What is the treatment time for subacute? 6 mins

What is the max treatment time for chronic?

10 minsUltrasound effects peak at?

Bone/muscle interface


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Pulsed US decreases? Heat generated

What US frequency head penetrates thedeepest?

3 MHz

Process to drive lotions into skin using US? Phonophoresis

What are the DC modalities?

Galvanic, microcurrent, highvoltWhat are the AC modalities?

Sine wave, faradic, I F


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Constant waveform, unidirectional,monophasic with strong polarity

LVGTwin peaked pulse waveform, unidirectional,monophasic

HVG

HVG is used for? Pain control

Sine wave is used for? Muscle contraction

Faradic wave used for? Muscle contraction


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I F is used for? Pain control, edema reduction, muscle contraction

Use of electricity to drive salts into body? I ontophoresis

What electrical modality is used for the above? LVG

Minimum stimulation to cause contraction R heobase

Minimal amount of time to cause a contractionat 2@ rheobase

Chronaxie


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I onophoresis salts good for adhesions K I , colloidal iodine

I onophoresis salts good for bursitis Na, colloidal iodine

I onophoresis salts good for edema MgSO4

Positive pole of LVG acts like? I ce

LVG positive pole effects Vasoconstriction, hardens tissues, acidic

LVG negative pole effects Vasodilation, basic, softens tissue


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Things only LVG can do? Electrodiagnosis, iontophoresis

What is the treatment time for LVG? 5-20 mins

What is the penetration depth of LVG? Deep

What is LVG intensity? .5-1 mA/in squared

LVG electrodiagnosis tests for? R eaction of degeneration ( R D)

What modalities presently used to test for nervedegeneration?

EMG, NCV


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Size of active LVG pad? Smaller

Prognosis for absolute R D? No recovery

Prognosis for partial R D? R ecovery within 2 weeks

Prognosis for full R D? R ecovery 3 weeks 1 year

R D AKA? LMN lesion

EMG measures? Muscle activity


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High volt controls pain by? Enkephalin (H I GH) or endorphin(LOW)

productionEnkephalin production desired for what stageof injury?

AcuteEndorphin production desired for what stage of injury?

Chronic

TENS controls pain how? Gate pain control, opiate pain control


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Pain Gate theory based on activation of? Large A beta fiber stimulation

What type of pain cant be addressed by TENS Visceral

Penetration depth of TENS? Superficial

What is the treatment time for TENS? Minutes hours

I F is good for? Acute injuries, swelling muscle spasm, mm

atrophy


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Penetration of I F? Deep

Frequency of I F? 2,000 10,000Hz

I F treatment time? 20-30 mins

I F set at 70+ produces? Enkephilins

I F set at 1-10 produces? Endorphins


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R ussian stim is premodulated to? 10:50

I F modulation is a means of? Constant changing of frequency

The purpose of modulation is? Decreasing accommodation

Vectoring is used with I F to treat? Large area

Micro current good for? Healing effect, pain, bone healing


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What are the indications for microcurrent? Musculoskeletal injuries, fractures

What effect does microcurrent have? I ncrease ATP, increase AA production, decrease

pain

What is the frequency of microcurrent? .5 or .3 Hz

The intensity of microcurrent?

Below patient perceptionTissue healing setting for microcurrent?

200 and 800 uA

ld l d h


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Cold lasers do what? Decrease inflammation and pain

Cold laser increases? ATP

Two basic types of primary supports: Soft collar, lumbar support

Soft collar primarily used for? Soft tissue injuries

Lumbar support should be removed when? Not lifting

Lumbar support increases what? I ntra-abdominal pressure

C i di i b i ?


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Contraindication to bracing? I f it promotes adhesions or atrophy

I ndications to vibration therapy? Adhesions, edema, bronchial congestion, spasticity

Contras to vibration therapy? Acute inflammation, adv heart disease, fractures,

hemorrhagic conditionsFor localized pain vibration therapy treatmenttime?

Less than 10 minsTrigger point vibration therapy treatment time?

6-8mins


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For muscle relaxation vibration therapytreatment time?

2-10 minsFor postural drainage vibration therapytreatment time?

3-15 minsFor body relaxation vibration therapytreatment time?

3-5 mins

vibration therapy with cold treatment time? 10-12 mins


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Williams exercises primarily strengthen? Abs and gluts

Williams exercises could be used for? Lower cross syndrome

McKenzies exercises target 3 syndromes Postural, dysfunctional, derangement

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