electrical hazards on airport

November 2006IES Aviation Committee

Electrical Hazards on AirportsWhy do I Care?

Presented by Richard Larivée, Eng.

IES Aviation CommitteeIES Aviation CommitteeWilliamsburg 2006Williamsburg 2006


AGENDAAGENDA1. Introduction2. Electrical Hazards 1013. Worker Protection4. Safety Management5. Codes, Standards and Regulations6. Recommendations


INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

1. Mission2. Facts3. Objective4. Concerns5. Definition


MISSIONMISSION

To increase awareness of potential danger present in our own field of expertise and to suggest ways to

improve electrical safety on airports


FACTS OF LIFEFACTS OF LIFE

‘’Electricity has become essential to modern life,

perhaps because it is such familiar part of our

surrounding, it is often not treated with the respect it

deserves. OSHA’’


OBJECTIVEOBJECTIVE

Electrical safety is to eliminateeliminate

the potential of electrical incidents from occurring


CONCERNSCONCERNS

1. What are Electrical Hazards?

2. Where are the Electrical Risks?

3. Am I Really Exposed to Electrical Hazards?

4. Why do Electrical Accidents Happen?

5. Can I do Something to Improve Electrical Safety?

6. What Can we Learn from Electrical Incident?

7. What Information is Available for Electrical Personnel?


DEFINITION: ‘’DEFINITION: ‘’Qualified Person’’Qualified Person’’ ‘’A person who has the skill and knowledge related to the construction

and operation of the electrical equipment and its installation. This person has received safety training on the hazards involved with electrical systems specific wording requiring specific and formal safety training.’’ NEC 2002

‘’One familiar with the construction and operation of the equipment and the hazards involved.’’

OSHA - Subpart S 1910.399 and Safety and Health Regulations for Construction OSHA Subpart K 1926.449

‘’A person with a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing or who by knowledge, training, and experience has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project.’’ AIR FORCE INSTRUCTION 32-1064 MAY 05


Misconceptions: If a person is an electrician then he is qualified.

Defined as; Knowledgeable of the construction and operation of the equipment

to be worked on, Knowledgeable of the electrical hazards associated with the

equipment and the task, Able to recognize the presence of electrical hazards, Able to avoid the hazards.

DEFINITION: ‘’DEFINITION: ‘’Qualified Person’’Qualified Person’’


An eventPersonnel action or equipment failure Involving electrical installationPotential to result in an injuryDue to:

Electrical flash and/or burn Electric shock from a source Reflex action to an electric shock

DEFINITION: DEFINITION: ‘’Electrical Incident’’‘’Electrical Incident’’

How can we learn better from an electrical accidents [1]


AGENDAAGENDA

1. Introduction2.2. Electrical Hazards Electrical Hazards 1011013. Worker Protection 4. Safety Management5. Codes, Standards and Regulations6. Recommendations


ELECTRICAL HAZARDS 101ELECTRICAL HAZARDS 101

1. Hazard Types2. Theories and Concepts3. Human Factors4. Body Impedance5. Electric Shock6. Electric Arc and Flash


HAZARDSHAZARDS

General Types [2,3] HeatColdNoiseRadiation (UV, X-Rays, Radar, …)Electromagnetic field (EMF)Electricity


HAZARDSHAZARDS

ElectricitySilentOdourlessInvisible

Use is routinely viewed as a safe experience


HAZARDSHAZARDS

Consequence Electric Shock Electrical Burns Arc-Flash Burns Arc-Blast Falls Fire

Electrical Hazards Causes

Inadequate wiring (direct sunlight, wrong size, abrasive surface)

Exposed electrical parts (Animals) Wires with bad insulation Ungrounded electrical systems or tools Using wrong PPE or tools Overhead power lines Wet conditions …


HEINRICH THEORYHEINRICH THEORY

An illustration of Heinrich’s Theory - Safety Pyramid [1]

Electrician receives fatal shock

Electrician falls from ladderdue to jerk reaction from shock

Electrician receives minor burn from electric shock

Electrician receives minor shock while connecting light fixture

Electrician connects light fixture with circuit energized

1Fatal

30Lost Time

Injuries

300Recordable

Injuries

30,000Near Miss / First Aid

300,000 HazardsUnsafe Acts / At-Risk Behaviors

General Safety HazardsActivities


EXAMPLEEXAMPLETask: Connect new load, on Switchgear (SG), at 4.16 kV

SG

4.16 kV

4.16 kV

600 V

New load

What happen?


HEINRICH THEORYHEINRICH THEORY

‘’The occurrence of an injury invariably results from a completed sequence of factors.’’ [5]

1. Heredity or social environment2. Fault of a person3. Unsafe act and/or condition4. Accident5. Injury

There is a need to remove Item 3.


MULTIPLE-CAUSATION FACTORSMULTIPLE-CAUSATION FACTORS

Investigation of a person falling off a stepladder Unsafe act: climbing a defective ladder Unsafe condition: a defective ladder Correction: getting rid of the ladder

Multiple causes1. Why was the defective ladder not found during inspection?2. Why did the supervisor allow its use?3. Didn’t the injured employee know it should not be used?4. Was the employee properly trained?5. Was the employee reminded not to use the ladder?6. Did the supervisor examine the job first?


MULTIPLE-CAUSATION FACTORSMULTIPLE-CAUSATION FACTORS

Possible Corrections1. An improved inspection procedure2. Improved training3. Better definition of role and responsibilities4. Pre-job planning by supervisor

Symptoms only. What is the cause?

Find the root causes of the accident.It lead to permanent results.


FATALITY RATIOSFATALITY RATIOS

The Value of Electrical Incident Case Histories [6]

Electrical Hazards

1Fatal

10Recordable

Injuries

General Safety HazardsIncident is polar Minimal with little or no injury Major with severe injury or death

Electrical hazards tend to be more severe than general ones


HOLISTIC APPROACHHOLISTIC APPROACH

Refocusing on electrical safety [7]

People

Managing system

Equipment

Safety representation -From: ‘’7 HabitsOf Highly EffectivePeople’’ Stephen Covey

Equally balance


HOLISTIC APPROACHHOLISTIC APPROACH

Refocusing on electrical safety [7]

People Skill Knowledge Will

Equipment Specifications Maintenance Installation

Managing systems Culture Controls Procedure


HUMAN FACTORSHUMAN FACTORSWorker Competency and Injury [8]

Survey: > 50% of accident - first 2 weeks. Injuries in construction - 2 variables:

Unqualified and Competence

Unfamiliar with site Unfamiliar with employer Unfamiliar with work method Non or less familiar with task Complexity of task Unfamiliar with tool used Unfamiliar with team

Situation limiting expression of competency

Feel pressure Latitude freedom Crowded site Wrong tool to perform work Bad condition of tool Insufficient worker Other related activities around Other operations waiting Delay in work


HUMAN FACTORSHUMAN FACTORSWorker Competency and Injury

Combined effect [5]

Associated with multiple factors 1 factor in each group causes approximately 60% of injuries Up to 40% have more than 3 conditions


HUMAN FACTORSHUMAN FACTORSEmployee trends and influence on safety [5]

Attitudes and values From: family, church, school and life experience Not as it used to be Changes in our society

Youth are influence School start at 2 years of age Divorce rate is high Woman and the family

Instant everything and simplification


BODY IMPEDANCEBODY IMPEDANCE

Human Resistance Values for Skin-contact Condition [10]

Wet skin1000

Head to foot

500

Dry skin100,000 to

600,000

Ear to Ear100

400 to 600


ELECTRIC SHOCKELECTRIC SHOCK

[12]



Three principal factors:[11]

Failure to properly or completely de-energized systems

Intentionally working on energized equipment Improper or inadequate grounding of electrical

system components

Tool or action cause itSusceptible to environmental condition

To prevent them: De-energizing the circuit Using safety equipment on energized circuit


STATISTICSSTATISTICSConstruction Electrocutions, 1992-98 [13]

Unknown cause

Buried, underground power lines

Lightning

Energized objects

Appliances and machinery

Light Fixtures

Electrical wiring

Electrical equipment

Overhead power lines

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

3%4%

1%2%

5%

9%8%

3%10%

14%2%

18%10%

20%5%

31%56%

Electrical Workers: 329 deaths

Non-electrical Workers: 677 deaths

% of deaths

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data

Note : Arc flash injuries are usually listed as burned injuries [1]


STATISTICSSTATISTICS

Electrocutions from Direct Contact [3]

Electrical equipment (68 deaths) Electrical control panels (16) Switching gear (14) Circuit breakers/fuse holders (8)

Electrical wiring (59 deaths) Light fixtures (29 deaths)

3/4 building light fixtures others: airport runway lights, neon signs, street lights

Transformers (13) Junction boxes (5) Other (12)

Source: U.S. Bureau of labor Statistics Data, 1992-98



Taylor, A J et al. Inj Prev 2002;8:306-312

Proportion of fatal occupational electrocutions in the United States 1992-99 by month.



2/3 of electrical injuries and incidents are caused by an unsafe acts (NFPA 70E)

Electrocution is the fourth cause of workplace fatalities in US

Frequency of trauma is low but challenges in rehabilitation suggest a high social cost



Conclusion: The severity of electrical shock from a given source will depend upon its path through your body and the resistance against it.

There is a need to increase insulation between the energized source and you, at any moment.


ELECTRIC ARCELECTRIC ARC

Drawing from Bussmann Handbook for electrical safety

700 mph 30 to 40 psi

lung collapse

UV Rays 3rd degree burns

Energy up to 600 cal/cm2! Up to 140 dB

9 000 ºF sun

Arc-Blast 1 MW

Discharge current across 2 electrodes due to:- Conductive object to close or equipment failure- Release of energy named incident energy


ELECTRIC ARCELECTRIC ARCPhenomena

5 parameters: Source voltage Arc fault current Expected duration of arc Arc length Distance from it

Explosive, it release energy and can kill at 10 ft. Extreme amount of damage (equipment and/or personnel)

Incident energy (cal/cm2) related to a second degree burn criteria for unprotected human skin

1 cal/cm2 = cigarette lighter, 1 second



Burns from electricity [15]

Electro thermal burns – flow of currents Severity in accordance to Joules law

W = RI2t = VIt Electric arc – arc burns

Uncovered parts or when high voltage clothing catches fire

Skin Temp (F) Duration Damage110 6.0 hours Cell breakdown begins158 1.0 sec. Total cell destruction176 0.1 sec. Curable (second-degree) burn205 0.1 sec. Incurable (third-degree) burn

Table from Bussmann Handbook for electrical safety [10]



Fault current

Single phase in open air

Multi phase Arc enclose in box

(amps) Cal/cm2 Cal/cm2

2000 2,5 8,3

4000 5 16,8

6000 7,5 25,5

8000 10,1 34,3

10000 12,8 43,4

15000 19,6 66,8

20000 26,9 91,5

Potential energy exposure – from Duke Power Heat Flux

Fault current and energy generated


ELECTRIC FLASHELECTRIC FLASHHow to reduce incident energy?

System design Use of low-voltage current-limiting fuses to reduce arc-flash energy [16]

Select proper fuse or CB settings Use of insulated bus bar Motor contribution Testing point for absence of voltage

Equipment design Safer design spec: ‘’touch safe’’ terminal, motor with terminal instead of

bolted, … base on IEC – IP20 (finger access) It cost more!


ELECTRIC FLASHELECTRIC FLASH

Ferraz Shawmut fuses

800A

1200A

2000A


Condition:Two buildings to connect, long distance, oversized wireto compensate voltage drop, normally would size protection of cable

Consequence:Need a higher fault current, hence longer time to trip CB or fuse, in the mean time, incident energy (Cal/cm2) continue to accumulate

Suggestion:Review settings for load connected

EXAMPLEEXAMPLE

Terminal

Electrical center


AGENDAAGENDA

1. Introduction2. Electrical Hazards 1013.3. Worker ProtectionWorker Protection 4. Safety Management5. Codes, Standards and Regulations6. Recommendations


WORKER PROTECTIONWORKER PROTECTION

Prevent electrical incidents through use of:Personal Protective EquipmentGroundingSafe Work Practices Electrical Protection Device (fuse, circuit breaker,

GFCI)Guarding (secure area)Documentation


PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTPERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Generalities Eyes, Face, Hand, Arm, Clothing, Foot, Head and Hearing

protection Balance with comfort and safe productivity Insulation against

Incident energy Temperature Conditions / application Moisture Petrochemical agents Corrosive fumes

Others : Blankets, covers line hose, etc. Give more protection and employees are less severely burned



Eye protection and face shieldSelection of capacity

Various materialProtection for arc flash, molten

metal, lightManufacturer clearly markedAfter July 1994 must comply with

ANSI ASTM Z87.1ASTM F2178-02 Standard test

method



Hand and arm protection• Gloves provide higher insulation

Selection - exposure Field care (no adhesive tape!) – no folding, clean from substance,

remove perspiration and air dry, not close to sources of heat Inspection – Air-tested, … with dates Label – class and color Storage New material

Light weight Breathable Soft Hypoallergenic

Glove class

Test Volt rating (kV)

Max use Volt (kV)

Color

0 5 1 Red

1 10 7.5 White

2 20 17.5 Yellow

3 30 26.5 Green

4 40 36 Orange



ClothingConventional clothing

100% Cotton fabrics Polyester / cotton fiber Nylon / cotton fiber

All are flammableNylon and polyester can melt over the skin and cause

more serious injuries



ClothingLooking for characteristics;

Ease of ignition, degree and ease of flame spread, heat produced during burning, rate of heat transfer, ease of extinguishing the flame

Value of reference 1.2 calorie/cm2 = 5 Joules/cm2 = 5 Watt-sec/cm2

Use of flame resistant (FR) Clothing : Self extinguish / each layer = thermal barrier

Incident Energy (cal/cm2) Degree burn

1.2 2nd degree burn to bare skin

4 Ignite cotton shirt

8 3rd degree burn to bare skin



ClothingOutdoor: Winter ? Rain ? Cold ?

Insulation value, wind resistance, snow or water, PPE characteristics, …

Maintenance and testing Visual inspection max 1 year (NFPA 70E art.250.2) Testing max 3 years (NFPA 70E art.250.2) Limited life – possibly 3 years or 120 to 150

washing cycles, do not wash with other clothes, no bleach, see manufacturer instructions

Do not use them if contaminated with grease, oil, flammable liquids or combustibles



ClothingLabel

Manufacturer, care instructions, fabric fiber content, garment size, manufacturer tracking code, compliance with ASTM F1506, ATPV rating

Option HAF (Heat Attenuation Factor)• Heat blocked by fabric

Arc Thermal Performance Value (ATPV)• Maximum for arc-flash protection test method ASTM F1959

APTV and HAF are values to measure heat transfer through fabric



When to use PPE Flash Hazard Analysis results

Task and Hazards Risk Category - table from NFPA 70E – 2004, table 130.7(C)(9)(a)

Task Hazards / Risk Category

Panel boards energized (240V. and below)

CB or fuse switch operation with cover on 0

Removal of bolted covers (to expose bare, energized parts) 1

600 V Class Motor Control Centers (MCC)

Work on energized parts, including voltage testing 2

600 V Class Switchgear

Insertion or removal (racking) of CBs from cubicles, doors open 3

Metal Clad Switchgear

Work on energized parts, including voltage testing 4



PPE rating for various apparelApparel PPE Rating Cal/cm2

Untreated cotton 4 oz. Weave 2

Single layer FR 7.5 oz. Weave 6

Single layer Aramid 6.0 oz. Weave 6.4

Nomex III 6.0 oz. Weave 13.7

Nomex (2 layers) 12 oz. Weave 22.6

6.0 oz. Aramid over 10 FR Cotton 31

12 oz. Cotton (4 oz) under Fr cotton (8 oz) 12.5

Switching suit of FR coverall 24-30 oz. Weave 40

Electrical Arc Hood 45-75

Gold reflective U/V Face Shield 7.3

Clear U/V Face shield 1.2

Arc Flash the Basic –Power System Engineering



Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Performance

ASTM Committee – F18• Testing and evaluation, program management, test method,

development and application OSHA – 1910.132 to 1910.138

Standard – 29 CFR - for protective equipment NFPA - Standard on:

Flame-Resistant Garments for Protection of Industrial Personnel Against Flash Fire

Selection, Care, Use, and Maintenance of Flame-Resistant Garments for Protection of Industrial Personnel Against Flash Fire

American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) Protective Clothing & Equipment Committee


WORKER PROTECTIONWORKER PROTECTIONTesting devices

Knowing the limit and signal to measure Test for operation of instrument Test for no voltage at equipment

• Live stick• Non contact-type: AC voltage accuracy and enabling of DC • Voltmeter, clamp-on meter, … proximity and contact

– Meter safety check list– Test lead safety check list– Quality of it

Selection and maintenance Temperature Source capacity

We need a ‘’Voltgeiger meter’’!Pictures - Fluke Corporation

Environment Accessories


Tools Insulated tools

Rated voltage Maintenance and check – cracked or broken

insulation ASTM F1505

Standard specification for Insulated and Insulating Hand Tools

Max 1000 Vac or 1500 Vdc


Pictures – Klein tools



Grounding Temporary grounding

Soil resistivity and weather conditions directly affects the grounding system.

Temp C Temp F Resistivity (Ώ.cm)20 68 7 200

10 50 9 900

0 32 (water) 13 800

0 32 (ice) 30 000

-5 23 79 000

-15 14 330 000

From AEMC site

% by weight

Top Soil Sandy Loam

0 109 109

2.5 250 000 150 000

5 165 000 43 000

15 19 000 10 500

20 12 000 6 300

30 6 400 4 200

Moisture Resistivity (Ώ.cm) Content



Grounding Safety grounding jumpers

Use as safety ground after the circuit de-energized Protective ground set, ASTM F-855 Clamp capacity and capacitance influenced by

maintenance and care – testing is a must Ground connection first Cable sensitive to UV rays

IEEE Std 80 – Sub-Station Isolation of working zone Grounding point in equipment Grounding procedure tied with lock out tag out procedure Step and touch potential

From: NDB Technologies


AGENDAAGENDA

1. Introduction2. Electrical Hazards 1013. Worker Protection 4.4. Safety ManagementSafety Management5. Codes, Standards and Regulations6. Recommendations


SAFETY MANAGEMENTSAFETY MANAGEMENT

Safety program Goal: To prevent incidents Electrical program part of a global program

Must include: electrical safety principles, electrical safety controls, electrical safety procedures

Principles (typical *) Inspect/evaluate the electrical equipment, maintain the electrical

equipment’s insulation and enclosure integrity, plan every job, …, use the right tools, assess people’s ability, audit principles.

Procedures developed around Equipment (yours) People Environment of the company or facility

• Including; diagram, pictures, details of equipment, ppe involved, insulating materials and tools involved, …

* From NFPA 70E – 2004 Annex E


SAFETY MANAGEMENTSAFETY MANAGEMENTElectrical Hazards Assessment

Key to your daily activities Back to basics Job/Task Analysis (JTA) and Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) [14]

JTAJob be broken down in each stepIdentify tasks and elementsIdentify existing or potential job hazardsFind best way to performed the job

JHATake JTA infoIdentify hazards that exists and may occurWhat would cause the hazardsRevise JTA


SAFETY MANAGEMENTSAFETY MANAGEMENTActivities following incident1. Injury report

Preliminary facts, employee and environment, insurance, medical and regulation

2. Incident investigation Comprehensive analysis; work environment, equipment,

procedures, work practices, interviews to determine the cause, etc

3. Case history Built around incident investigation and injury report Educate and raise awareness Prevent similar events from occurring Share stories with outside organisations


AGENDAAGENDA

1. Introduction2. Electrical Hazards 1013. Worker Protection 4. Safety Management5.5. Codes, Standards and RegulationsCodes, Standards and Regulations6. Recommendations


CODES, STANDARDS AND REGULATIONSCODES, STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS

NFPA 70E – Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace

1979 1st edition This standard for electrical safety protection is being

considered for adoption in Canada. Actual edition (2004)

Safety-Related Work Practices Safety-Related Maintenance Requirements Safety Requirements for Special Equipment Installation Safety Requirements

Handbook Standard for electrical Safety in the Workplace

http://www.nfpa.org/catalog/product.asp?pid=70E04&src=catalog


NFPA 70: NEC 2002 1980 - Electric arc flash some attention Intended primarily for design use, installation and

inspection of electrical installations Too technical and complex for employer

NFPA 70B: Electrical Equipment Maintenance Strengthened the electrical safety requirements

associated with electrical maintenance and refers to NFPA 70E with respect to arc flash safety.

NFPA 2112: Standard on Flame-Resistant GarmentsNFPA 2113: Standard on Selection, Care, Use, and Maintenance of Flame-Resistant Garments




OSHA (Occupational Safety Health and Administration) Employer and employee in their workplace 1970 Formed, prior to that, NEC 1981 Remove direct reference to NEC 1991 Add ‘’Safety-Related Work Practices’’ CFR (code of regulation), divided in 50 titles

• Title 29 (volume 7) relate to safety in workplace 24 states have their own Part 1910 applies to General Industry Part 1926 applies to the Construction Industry Responsibility of employer adequate, maintenance and cleaning of

PPE even if you own it (1910.132) Need to demonstrate the understanding of the training


FAA AC 150/5340-26A - Chapter 2, Safety (11 pages)

General Common causes of accidents Safety procedures and guidelines Safety practices Safety checklist Safety equipment in vehicle Electric shock Safety training Electrical hazards of series ligthing circuits


Safety Warning signs/danger tags Grounding and bounding Confined spaces Lightning Toxic agents Fire extinguishers First aid


IEEE – Guide for performing Arc-Flash HazardCalculation 2004

Arc-flash hazard distance and incident energy exposed Empirically derived model 208 Volt to 15 000 Volt

IEEE/ANSI C-2 National Electrical Safety Code (2007) and Handbook

New revision Installation, operation or maintenance of electric supply

and communication lines and associated equipment Electrical supply stations, Overhead line, underground

lines and work rules



ANSIZ16.2 Method of recording Basics Facts relating to

Nature and Occurrence of Work Injuries Nature, part of body, source, accident type, hazardous condition,

agency of accident, agency of accident part and unsafe act

Z89.1 Head protection and Z87.1 Eye and face protection



ASTM To help choose correct tools, equipment, materials and test methods

Sub-committee F18 on Electrical Protective Equipment for Workers Worker Personal EquipmentInsulating Cover-Up EquipmentTools & EquipmentMechanical ApparatusInspection and Non-Destructive Test Methods for Aerial Devices in MCSTerminologyWearing Apparel

ASTM series D and F that cover: blankets, eye and face protection, gloves and sleeves, protective clothing, dielectric overshoes, fibreglass tools, plastic guard, temporary grounding



AGENDAAGENDA

1. Introduction2. Electrical Hazards 1013. Worker Protection 4. Safety Management5. Codes, Standards and Regulations6.6. RecommendationsRecommendations


RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS

1. Create a sub-committee to investigate electrical safety topics related to airport electricians

2. Create a sub section: ‘’safety’’ - IES aviation web site

• Reference material used in this presentation available:• List of associations promoting electrical safety, papers and

documents indexes and list of books

3. Training, Training, Training !• Electrical safety is changing and technology is being developed• NFPA 70E – Training on 2004 version

4. Monitor PPE development


REFERENCE MATERIALREFERENCE MATERIAL


RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS 5. Request manufacturers for safer product design.6. Investigate for a system to share historical cases.

• IEEE Society Petroleum and Chemical Industry - have done some work

• ANSI Z16.2 Method of recording Basics Facts relating to Nature and Occurrence of Work Injuries

• Occupational Injury and Illness Classification Bureau of Labor Statistics www.bls.gov/iif/oshtc.htm

7. Investigate non-contact measurement devices for airfield lighting application

http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshtc.htm


RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS

8. Update document: ‘’MAINTENANCE OF AIRPORT VISUAL AID FACILITIES 150/5340-26A’’

• Coordination with NFPA 70E• Clarify definition of qualified person• Place emphasis to personal protection equipment (PPE)

9. Collect technical papers related to electrical safety and prepare index for IES aviation web site

• Electrical Safety Workshop• Yearly IEEE Petroleum and Chemical Industry – Technical

conference – Safety Technical Session• Others related forum


CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Qualified person – safety training ‘’’… safety training on the hazards involved.’’

NFPA 70E 2004 definition

(Handbook of NFPA 70E explained at 110.6 a complete sets of criteria that a qualified worker must be trained to do)

There is a cost of doing work unsafely5 years study, US Public Utility, direct cost $49 823 (indirect expense inestimable) [19]



Electrical incident Factors present during accident investigation

1. Safe work procedures not implemented or not followed2. Adequate or proper PPE not provide or worn3. Lockout/tag out procedures not implemented or not followed4. No compliance with OSHA, NEC or NESC5. Inadequate training in electrical safety (worker and supervisor)

Changing the electrical safety culture is necessary to move ahead

Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE program by NIOSH) [9]



Safety Program Is yours completed? Does it cover all aspect? When was the last time you did an update? (if more

then 5 years, you can improve it!) Is it adapted with the actual regulations and

standards? (electrical code changed every 4 years)



‘’Consider the difference between the way we handle

safety and the way we handle quality, cost and schedule in a project’’


Richard Larivée, Eng.BPR inc.

[email protected] 257-2412

‘’Safety has priority over services continuity, equipment damage or economics ‘’

IEEE Buff Book

MERCI - THANK YOUMERCI - THANK YOU

mailto:[email protected]

Alma • Gaspé • Granby • Harrington Park (NJ) • Îles-de-la-Madeleine • Jamaïque • Laval • Lévis • Longueuil • Montréal • Paris • Québec • Rimouski • Rivière du-Loup • Saguenay • Saint-Hyacinthe • Trois-Rivières


BPR GroupBPR Group1550 employees23 offices 45 yearsSpecific • 25 years of airport experience and 40 in infrastructure• Airfield lighting and control systems design specialist• Civil expertise in various climate conditions• Expertise in hydrology and sewer overflow with projects in : New

York, Cleveland, Louisville, Paris, Bordeaux, Toronto, Montréal, …• Expertise in various industries

References1. How can we learn better from electrical accidents Floyd, Eastwood, Liggett IEEE

PCIC-98-34 www.cdc.gov/elcosh/docs/d0500/d000554/d000554.PDF2. Electronic Library of Construction Occupational Safety and Health -

www.cdc.gov/elcosh/docs/hazard/safety.html3. Controlling Physical Hazards - www.afscme.org/health/safe09.htm4. Industrial Safety and Health Management C. Ray Asfahl (2004 Ed)5. Technical Safety Management : A System Approach 3rd 1989 - Dan Petersen6. The value of electrical Incident Case Histories - Eastwood, Hancharyk, Pace IEEE

PCIC-2003-347. Refocusing Electrical Safety - Danny Ligget IEEE PCIC-2004-378. Les accidents du travail dans l’industrie de la construction : l’application des

compétences des travailleurs compromise. - AQHSST Avril 1999 Girard et al. www.presst.qc.ca/actes99/pdf/girard2.pdf

9. Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) program et facts from 1982 to 1992 - www.cdc.gov/niosh/pdfs/98-131.pdf

10. Handbook for Electrical Safety - edition 2 Bussmann - www.bussmann.com/library/docs/SafetyHandbook2004.pdf

11. Electrical Hazard Analysis - www.avotraining.com/common/documents/NEC_Digest%20_Electrical_%20Hazard_Analysis.pdf

References12. A summary of Arc Flash Energy Calculations - Doan, Sweigart IEEE PCIC-2002-3413. Why Construction Workers are Getting Electrocuted - Presentation from Michael

McCann - Fatal occupational electrocutions in the United States - Injury Prevention - A J Taylor1, G McGwin, Jr2, F Valent1 and L W Rue, III3 www.cdc.gov/elcosh/docs/d0500/d000539/d000539.html

14. NFPA 70E – Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace15. Physiological Effects of Electrical current on living organisms, more particularly human

- J. Cabanes - EDF (1983)16. The use of low-voltage current-limitting Fuses to reduce Arc-Flash energy - IEEE

Transactions on Industry Applications, vol36, No 6, Nov/Dec 200017. Personnel Safety and Plant Reliability Considerations in the Selection and Use of

Voltage Test Instruments – IEEETrans. On Ind. Appl. Vol. 33, No2 March 97 Floyd and Nenninger

18. Department of Energy (DOE) Handbook – Electrical Safety - DOE-HDBK-1092-2004 December 2004 - www.eh.doe.gov/techstds/standard/hdbk1092/hdbk10922004.pdf

19. Take Basics to the Future – An Overview of the State of the Art in Electrical Safety Technology, Work, Practices and Management System – 2003 IEEE – IAS Electrical Safety Workshops – Floyd, Andrew, Capelli-Schellpfeffer, Neal, Leggitt

Other materialA. Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) - Electrical Safety - UFC 3-560-02 - August 2004 (Rev 1,

16 Feb 05) - www.afcesa.af.mil/ces/cesm/documents/rev1_Bars.pdfB. The other Electrical Hazards: Electric Arc Blast Burns - Lee, Ralph H. IEEE Trans.

Industry Applications, Vol 1A-18 No3 May/June 1982 p. 246

C. Correlation Between Electrical Accident Parameters and Sustained Injury – Capelli Schellpfeffer, Lee, Toner, Diller PCIC-96-35

D. The value of electrical incident case Histories-PCIC-2003-34 Eastwood, Hancharyk, Pace

E. Electrical Hazard Analysis – Dennis Neitzel – AVO International Training Institute www.avotraining.com/common/documents/NEC_Digest%20_Electrical_%20Hazard_Analysis.pdf

F. Controlling Electrical Hazards OSHA 3075 - www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3075.pdf

G. Safety and Health Topics Construction – Electrical www.osha-slc.gov/SLTC/constructionelectrical/index.html

H. Why measure soil resistivity AEMC www.aemc.com/techinfo/appnotes/Ground_Resistance_Testers/App-Ground-SoilResistivity.pdf

I. IEEE the industry Application Magazine

J. Electrical Safety Handbook – Cadick, Capelli-Schellpfeffer & Neitzel

http://www.afcesa.af.mil/ces/cesm/documents/rev1_Bars.pdf

electrical hazards on airport

Documents