Kelly Lager, DVM, PhDResearch Leader

Virus Prion Research UnitNational Animal Disease Center

USDA, Agricultural Research Service

Emerging Swine Diseases Around the Globe, Producer Impact and the need for Vaccinations

OUTLINE

• Work of Others

• Update on Senecavirus A

• Commentary

• Research Perspective

• Producer Impact

• Need for vaccines

Foreign animal disease / Transboundary disease /Emerging and Re-emerging disease

• Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University

• Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases, Texas A&M University

• Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Kansas State University

• Swine Health and Information Center

• National Pork Board

• USDA – APHIS NVSL, VS

• USDA-ARS-PIADC, SEPRL, NADC

• Department of Homeland Security

Personal Testimony for Emerging Swine Viral Diseases in USA

• Sustained economic impact since 1989

• Porcine respiratory coronavirus late 1980s

• Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1991

• Porcine circovirus type 2 1996

• Influenza A H3 subtype 1998

• Influenza A H1 and H3 combos 2000 to present

• Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus 2013

• Senecavirus A 2015

So Far, Less Significant Swine Viruses In USA

• Too Many to List

• Include the world, even more to list

• Additional animal and human viruses……………….

CONSTANT CHANGE OR

“IT IS ALWAYS SOMETHING”*• Influenza A viruses

• Senecavirus A

• Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus

• Japanese Encephalitis Virus Riklin et al. Nat. Commun. 7:10832 doi: 10.1038/ncomms10832 (2016).

• Zika virus - insect vector, sexual transmission, vertical transmission, horizontal transmission - close contact ?

* It’s Always Something by Gilda Radner

Montiel N, Buckley A, Guo B, Kulshreshtha V, vanGeelen A, Hoang H, Rademacher C, Yoon K, Lager K

VESICULAR DISEASE IN SWINE INFECTED WITH

SENECA VALLEY VIRUS (SENECAVIRUS A)

Senecavirus A (SVA) History• First isolated in late 1980s, but not classified.• Detected in several cases of idiopathic vesicular disease in the

US and Canada since late 1980s.• SVA was also isolated a few times from normal swine.• Family Picornaviridae

• Genus Senecavirus: Senecavirus A• Genus Apthovirus: Foot-and-mouth disease virus

• Koch’s postulates have not yet been fulfilled.

2014

• Brazil first reported cases of idiopathic vesicular disease in late 2014.

• SVA was isolated from

• Vesicular fluids from mature swine

• Lesions on feet

• Serum from neonatal pigs that had diarrhea and died soon after birth

• Many herds were affected

2015• Since July of 2015 there has been a growing number of

cases in the Mid-West of swine developing a vesicular disease that resembles foot-and-mouth disease

• SVA has been identified and isolated from lesion, vesicular fluid and serum from sows

• April 2016 - About 160 cases throughout Midwest

• Mostly sows and finishing age pigs

• Reports of neonatal mortality

July – December 2015 100 cases

January – May 2016 60 cases

Dr. K-J YoonIowa State University

Provided SVA virus that had been tested by next generation sequencing for purity

Guo, et al. Emerging Inf Dis 2016:22;1325-7.

Montiel, et al. Emerging Inf Dis 2016:22;1246-8.

9-week-old pigs

CLINICAL FINDINGS- VESICLES 4-5 DPI

CLINICAL FINDINGS- VESICLES >10 DPI

Bilateral necrosis and ulceration with sloughing of hoof wall

SVA IN TISSUES

1.00E+00

1.00E+01

1.00E+02

1.00E+03

1.00E+04

1.00E+05

1.00E+06

1.00E+07

2 dpi 4 dpi 6 dpi 8 dpi 12 dpi

Pig #234 Pig #235 Pig #236 Pig #237 Pig #238

Geno

mic

copi

es/u

Lof

tiss

ue

TonsilCoronary BandHeartKidneylarge IntestLiverInguinal LNMesenteric LNLungRPLNsmall IntestSnoutSpinal CordSpleenBrainSerum

VESICULAR DISEASE IN MARKET WEIGHT GILTS INFECTED WITH SENECAVIRUS A (SVA)

3 dpi

6 dpi

5 dpi

7 dpi

8 dpi

9 dpi

10 dpi

12 dpi

11 dpi

5 dpi 6 dpi

6 dpi 9 dpi

Inoculate pig - Intranasal

VesicularDisease

Market weight gilts 48 h

Pathogenesis

9-week-old pigs 96 h

6-week-old pigs * 96 h Sows * 72 h <1-week-old pigs ???

*Not all pigs in group displayed vesicular lesions.

Inoculate pig Intranasal Disease

FecalOral

Pathogenesis

0 7 14 21DPI

Viremia

FeetSnout

+ ++ +

SkinEpidermis

Vesicles within epidermis

V

V

Day 3 Post SVA inoculation: coronary band skin

V: vesicleE: Epidermis, D: Dermis

Intense staining aroundEpidermal Intercellular bridges adjacent to vesicle

E

D

Sections of Skin from coronary band: Insitu hybridization

Day 5

QUESTIONS

• Where is the virus at 1 DPI, 28 DPI, 56 DPI?

• Why is SVA a Problem Now?

• How much more to invest in research for this virus?

Research Perspective – A Shared Story

• Response time dependent on • Clinical presentation

• Staffing

• Resources

• Paperwork

• What is already known!!!!

PEDV vs. SVA

• May 2013

• State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories

• USDA – NVSL

• USDA – ARS-NADC-VPRU- Me

• January

• March

• May

• 2014

• Increase in funding for PEDV studies -

• 2014• Increase in funding for PEDV studies –• Increase staffing begin PEDV studies to complement

ongoing studies by others• 2015

• PEDV studies• SVA breaking - August• Re-direct resources, staffing• September animal studies

PRODUCER IMPACT

• Neonatal pig

• Weaned pig

• Grow/finisher pig

• Replacement gilt

• Sow

• Boar

VACCINES

• Vaccine Stockpiling

• Passive Immunity Dilemma

• Immunity Gap

• Timing

• Broad-based non-specific immunostimulation & antiviral

Concluding Comments• Emerging Swine Diseases Around the Globe

• Many potential diseases• Only a problem if make it to the US.• Probability?

• PEDV• PDCoV?• SVA Brazil / USA

• Thank Goodness for Federal and State Veterinary Diagnostic Labs• Diagnostic Fees• Research grants• Federal funds - HPAIV, SIV, PEDV

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education

Deb AdolphsonTom Donohoe

Sarah AndersonAnimal Caretakers

(Brad, Jason, Aaron, Justin, Keiko)