emergy & energy systems session 6 short course for eco interns, epa and partners

EMERGY & ENERGY SYSTEMSEMERGY & ENERGY SYSTEMS

Session 6 Short Course for ECO Interns,

EPA and Partners

Evaluating TangiblesEvaluating Tangibles

• Natural systems

• Purchased or processed materials

Natural SystemsNatural Systems

• Generic– Folio 3– Pg. 3


• Wetlands– Forested– Estuary– Folio3– Pg 59

Table 16. Annual Emergy supporting a Mangrove Nursery System of Ecuador. 119,500 Hectares. (Odum and Arding 1991)

Note Item Raw Units Emergy/unit Solar EM$ J,g,$ Sej/unit EMERGY 1989 US E18 sej/yr E6 em$/yr

1 Solar energy 4.4 E18 J 1 4.44 2.22

2 Wind energy 4.4 E14 J 623 0.27 0.14

3 Mangrove transpiration 4.4 E15 J 41068 179.06 89.53

4 Rain chemical potential 5.2 E15 J 15444 80.31 40.15

5 Tides 4.2 E15 J 23564 99.91 49.96

6 Total solids from sewer 5.8 E10 J 62400 0.00 0.00

7 Total N from sewers 4.2 E8 g 9.00 E8 0.38 0.19

8 Total P from sewers 5.15 E7 g 8.10 E9 0.42 0.21

9 Biomass growth 1.9 E16 J 14684 279.00 139.50

10 Litterfall 2.1 E16 J 13285 279.00 139.49


• Wetlands– Marsh– Freshwater– Folio3– Pg 65

Table19. Emergy flows supporting subtropical herbaceous wetland, Florida. (Bardi and Brown, 2001)

Note Item Data Units Emergy/unit Solar Emergy (sej/unit) E15 sej/ha*yr-1

Energy Sources1 Sun 4.19 E13 J/ha/yr 1 0.042 Wind 3.15 E9 J/ha/yr 1496 0.0053 Rain, chemical potential 6.42 E10 J/ha/yr 18199 1.174 Run-in, chemical potential 2.25 E10 J/ha/yr 51867 1.175 Geologic input 2.97 E6 g/ha/yr 1.00 E9 2.97

Functions (Env. Services)6 Transpiration (water use ) 2.67 E10 J/ha/yr 26928 0.727 GPP 8.54 E11 J/ha/yr 4319 3.698 Infiltration 1.82 E10 J/ha/yr 26928 0.49

Structure (Natural Capital)9 Live Biomass 1.00 E11 J/ha 73426 7.3810 Peat 3.77 E12 J/ha 183870 693.4111 Water 3.94 E10 J/ha 26928 1.0612 Basin Structure 6.10 E6 J/ha 1.0 E12 6209.30


• Wetlands• Forests

– Folio 3,– Pg 53

Table14. Annual emergy supporting Southern Mixed Hardwood Forest Ecosystem (Florida) (Orrell, 1998)

Note Storage or Flow Raw Units Emergy/unit Solar Emergy J/ha/yr sej/unit sej/ha*yr-1

Sources1 Sun 4.2 E13 1 4.2 E132 Wind 2.5 E9 1,496 3.8 E123 Rain, physical 2.2 E8 10,488 2.3 E124 Rain, chemical potential 6.4 E10 18,199 1.2 E155 Run-in, chemical potential 0 48,459 06 Water use (Transpiration) 2.6 E10 18,199 4.7 E14

Storages (unit/ha)7 Biomass 2.2 E12 5,504 1.2 E168 Soil moisture 2.5 E8 41,000 1.0 E139 Phosphorus 3.2 E7 4.0 E7 1.3 E1510 Soil organic matter 9.0 E12 11,360 1.0 E1711 Tree species richness 20 species 1.1 E19 sej/spec. 2.2 E20

Flows12 Net production 3.1 E11 1,543 4.7 E1413 Respiration 4.7 E11 1,021 4.7 E1414 Gross production 7.8 E11 615 4.7 E14


• Wetlands• Forests• Lakes

– Folio 3– Pg 77

Table 22. Empower of Lake Okeechobee (From Odum, 2000)

Note Item, units Units/yr Emergy/unit Empower Emvalue# sej/unit E18 sej/yr E6 Em$/yr

Sources1 Sun, J 1.22 E19 1 12.2 12.22 Rain, g 2.29 E15 9 E4 206 2063 Tributary water, g 2.61 E15 5.6 E5 1484 14844 Tributary organ., J 1.74 E15 7.13 E5 1242 12425 Evaporation, g 2.64 E15 6.57 E5 1734 17346 Marsh product., J 7.28 E16 4026 293 2937 Water circulation, J 3.9 E10 1.84 E7 0.7 0.78 Open water emergy, sej/yr —— 1412 14129 Lake net prod, J 4.36 E16 3.21 E4 1412 141210 Phos. in streams, g 3.45 E8 7.2 E10 25 2511 Phos., marsh cycle, g 3.29 E9 7.5 E10 247 24712 Phos. sedim. cycle, g 9.67 E9 1.48 E11 1430 143013 Phos. plankt. cycle, g 6.06 E9 1.48 E11 900 90014 Total lake empower — — 2027 202715 Outflow, ag canals, g 0.44 E15 6.57 E5 289 28916 Outflow reg. canals, g 2.07 E15 6.57 E5 1360 136017 Net org. sediment, J 4.62 E16 3.21 E4 1485 148518 Consumer. prod., J 1.09 E16 1.56 E5 1709 170919 Base fish prod, J 1.71 E14 1.00 E7 1709 170920 Game fish prod, J 8.5 E12 2.0 E8 1709 1709

Processed MaterialProcessed Material• Generic

SunSunWindWind

FuelFuelElectricityElectricityMaterialsMaterialsGoodsGoods

WaterWaterResourcesResources

MarketMarketEnvironmentalEnvironmentalProductionProduction

Harvest &Harvest &FinishingFinishing

ProductionProduction

ServicesServices

MaterialsMaterials

GeologyGeology

FaunaFauna

Processed MaterialProcessed Material

• Forest to wood products– Folio 3– Pg 16

Table 5. Emergy evaluation of boreal spruce (Picea aibes) and pine (Pinus silvestris) silvicultural production and timber extraction under 80 year rotation schedules in southern Sweden. (Doherty, 1995)

Resource Solar Solar emergyNote Item units/ha/yr emergy flow

(J,g,$) per unit E+12 sej/ha*yr-1

I Environmental sources:1. Sunlight 2.57 E13 J 1 25.72. Wind, kinetic 8.73 E10 J 1500 130.93. Evapotranspired rain 1.95 E10 J 18200 355.1

F1 Silviculture:4. Motor fuel 5.59 E7 J 47900 2.75. Tractors, trucks 66 g 6.70 E9 0.46. Human services 18.70 $ 1.50 E12 28.1

Y1 Above ground production 7.84 E10 J ST1 386.3 (3.82 tons/ha/yr)

F2 Harvesting:7. Motor fuel 5.97 E8 J 47900 28.68. Feller, forwarder 188 g 6.70 E9 1.39. Human services 101.26 $ 1.50 E12 151.910. Capital investment 14.44 $ 1.50 E12 21.7

Y2 Harvested biomass 5.85 E10 J ST2 589.7(2.85 tons/ha/yr)

Summary of measurements:Solar Transformity:ST1 Above ground production 4928 sej/JST2 Harvested biomass 10,083 sej/J


• Forest to wood products

• Compounds and elements to reagents– Folio 4– Pg 31

Emergy Evaluation of Phosphorous Acid, 35% P2O5________________________________________________Note Item Inputs Solar Emergy

E12 sej________________________________________________1 Water 1.40 E8 J 112 Phosphate rock 7.49 E5 g P 4,9073 Electricity 1.89 E8 J 514 Labor 1.05 E6 J 435 H2SO4 (94%) 8.85 E5 g 136

Total emergy --- 5,149________________________________________________6 Total yield 9.08 E5 g

Total phosphorus in yield 3.96 E5 g P7 Emergy per gram, P2O5 5.67 E9 sej/g

Emergy per gram, phosphorus 1.30 E10 sej/g P________________________________________________


• Forest to wood products

• Compounds and elements to reagents

• Agriculture– Folio 4– Pg 23

Table 16Annual Emergy Used to Produce Milk, per cow per year

___________________________________________________________Inputs Solar Emergy

Note Item cow-1 yr-1 E13 sej/cow/yr____________________________________________________________1 Sun 1.48 E14 J 32 Evapotranspiration 1.51 E11 J 4183 Net topsoil loss 7.69 E9 J 954 Fuel 1.75 E10 J 1945 Electricity 5.02 E9 J 1356 Potash 1.49 E5 g K 287 Lime 9.28 E5 g 1568 Pesticides 2.33 E3 g 69 Phosphate 3.35 E4 g P 12410 Nitrogen 5.07 E4 g N 20511 Labor 1.28 E8 J 5712 Services 2.19 E3 $ 117713 Total emergy --- 2568____________________________________________________________14 Total yield, dry weight 7.63 E5 g15 Total yield, energy 1.98 E10 J16 Emergy per mass 3.37 E10 sej/g17 Transformity 1.29 E6 sej/J18 Empower density 1.90 E18 sej/ha/yr feed lot____________________________________________________________

SummarySummary

• Regional evaluations made up of a lot of smaller evaluations

• Most components are tangible and documented by reputable agencies

emergy & energy systems session 6 short course for eco interns, epa and partners

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