energy, electricity and nuclear power estimates for the period up to 2050.pdf

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@

REFERENCE DATA SERIES No. 1

2011 Edition

Energy,Electricity and

Nuclear PowerEstimates

for the Period

up to 2050


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REFERENCE DATA SERIES No. 1

energy, electricity andnuclear power estimatesfor the period up to 2050

2011 Edition

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCYVIENNA, 2011


4/60

ENERGY, ELECTRICITY AND

NuCLEAR pOwER ESTIMATES

FOR ThE pERIOD up TO 2050

IAEA-RDS-1/31

ISBN 9789201194107

ISSN 10112642

printed by te IAEA in AstriaAgst 2011


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contents

Introdction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Groing of contries and areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Table 1. Nclear oer reactors in te orld

(end of 2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Figre 1. Nclear sare of total electricity

generation in 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Table 2. Nmber of contries it nclear oer reactors in oeration or

nder constrction (end of 2010) . . . . . . . . . 15

Table 3. Estimates of total and nclear

electrical generating caacity . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Figre 2. Total and nclear electrical generating

caacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Table 4. Estimates of total electricity generation

and contribtion by nclear oer . . . . . . . 21

Figre 3. percentage of electricity slied

by nclear oer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Table 5. Estimates of total energy reqirement

(EJ), ercentage sed for electricity generation, and ercentage slied

by nclear energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Figre 4. Estimates of total energy reqirement . . . . . 26

Table 6. Total energy reqirement (EJ) by tye

of fel in 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Figre 5. Total energy reqirement by fel tye in 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Figre 6. Breakdon of orld total energy

reqirement dring te eriod

19702010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Table 7. Fel sares (%) of total energy

reqirement in 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Table 8. Fel se (EJ) for electricity

generation by tye of fel in 2010 . . . . . . . . 36

Table 9. percentage contribtion of eac

fel tye to electricity generation

in 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Table 10. Estimates of olation grot by region . . 39

Figre 7. polation estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Table 11. Estimates of total energy and electricity

reqirement er caita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43


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Figre 8. Total energy reqirement er caita . . . . . . . 44

Figre 9. Total electricity reqirement er caita . . . . . 46

Table 12. Average annal grot rates dring te

eriod 20002010 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Figre 10. Average annal grot rates dring te

eriod 20002010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Table 13. Estimates of average annal

grot rates dring te eriod

20102030 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53


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5

i

Reference Data Series No. 1 (RDS-1) is an annal

blication crrently in its tirty rst edition containingestimates of energy, electricity and nclear oer trends

to te year 2050.

RDS-1 starts it a smmary of te sitation of nclear

oer in IAEA Member States as of te end of 2010. Te

data on nclear oer resented in Tables 1 and 2 are

based on actal statistical data collected by te IAEAspoer Reactor Information System (pRIS). hoever,

energy and electricity data for 2010 are estimated, as

te latest information available from te united Nations

Deartment of Economic and Social Affairs is for 2008

only. polation data originate from te world polation

prosects (2010 revision), blised by te polationDivision of te united Nations Deartment of Economic

and Social Affairs. Te 2010 vales again are estimates.

As in revios editions, rojections of ftre energy

and electricity demand and te role of nclear oer

are resented as lo and ig estimates encomassing

te inerent ncertainties involved in rojecting trends.Te RDS-1 estimates sold be vieed as very general

grot trends ose validity mst be constantly sbjected

to critical revie.

Beginning it te 30t edition of tis blication,

oever, te end-oint of te estimates as extended

to te year 2050 (instead of 2030). Looking beyond

2030 as been romted by te interest exressed by

nmeros Member States crrently itot nclear

oer in adding nclear energy to teir ftre national

energy sly mixes. Given te extensive lead times in

lanning and imlementing nclear oer rogrammes,

a fair sare of tese are likely to reslt in actal lantcommissioning and grid connection after 2030.

Many international, national and rivate organizations

rotinely engage in energy demand and sly rojections,

inclding nclear oer. Tese rojections are based

on a mltitde of different assmtions and aggregating

rocedres, ic make a straigtforard comarison

and syntesis very difclt. Te basic differences refer to

sc fndamental int assmtions as:


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6

Economic grot;

Correlation of economic grot and energy se;

Tecnology erformance and costs;

Energy resorce availability and ftre fel rices;

Energy olicy and ysical, environmental and

economic constraints.

Te rojections resented in tis blication are based

on a comromise beteen:

National rojections slied by eac contry for a

recent OECD/NEA stdy; Indicators of develoment blised by te world

Bank in its world Develoment Indicators;

Global and regional energy, electricity and nclear

oer rojections made by oter international

organizations.

More secically, te estimates of ftre nclear

generating caacity resented in Table 3 are derived

from a contry by contry bottom aroac. Tey are

establised by a gro of exerts articiating eac year

in te IAEAs consltancy on Nclear Caacity projections

and based on a revie of nclear oer rojects and

rogrammes in Member States. Te exerts consider all

te oerating reactors, ossible license reneals, lanned

stdons and lasible constrction rojects foreseen

for te next several decades. Tey bild te rojections

roject by roject by assessing te lasibility of eac in

ligt of, rst, te lo rojections assmtions and, second,

te ig rojections assmtions.

Te lo and ig estimates reect contrasting, bt not

extreme, nderlying assmtions on te different driving

factors tat ave an imact on nclear oer deloyment.

Tese factors, and te ays tey migt evolve, vary from

contry to contry. Te estimates resented rovide a

lasible range of nclear caacity grot by region and

orldide. Tey are not intended to be redictive nor to

reect te ole range of ossible ftres from te loest

to te igest feasible.

Te lo case reresents exectations abot te ftre

if crrent trends contined and tere ere fe canges inolicies affecting nclear oer oter tan tose already in

te ieline. Tis case as exlicitly designed to rodce a


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7

conservative bt lasible set of rojections. Additionally,

te lo case did not atomatically assme tat targets

for nclear oer grot in a articlar contry old

necessarily be acieved. Tese assmtions are relaxed

in te ig case.

Te ig case rojections are mc more otimistic,

bt still lasible and tecnically feasible. Te ig case

assmes tat te crrent nancial and economic crises ill

be overcome in te not so distant ftre and ast rates of

economic grot and electricity demand, esecially in teFar East, old essentially resme. In addition, te ig

case assmes te imlementation of stringent olicies

globally targeted at mitigating climate cange.

Develoing te 2011 nclear oer rojections osed

a considerable callenge. First te nancial and economic

crises tat started in 2008 ave not been overcome inmany regions. Second, te Fksima-Daiici accident

and its likely imact on ftre nclear oer develoment

is difclt to foresee. Te accident as a tragedy for

te eole affected and seriosly ndermined blic

condence in te safety of nclear oer. A nmber of

contries annonced revies of teir rogrammes, sometook stes toard asing ot nclear oer entirely, and

oters re-emasized teir exansion lans. Tird, a ne

international environmental agreement on te reglation

of greenose gases relacing te Kyoto protocol

tat old make te climate benets of nclear energy

nancially visible to investors is still being negotiated.Regardless of tese ncertainties, te contined

grot in bot te 2011 lo and ig rojections sggests

tat te reasons for increased interest in nclear oer

before te accident ave not canged by te accident:

(a) energy and electricity demand grot contine to be

driven by olation grot and economic develoment;(b) concerns contine to ersist abot secrity of energy

sly and ig and volatile fossil fel rices; and (c) te

qest for stable electricity generating costs is still a major

incentive for blic and rivate sector interest in nclear

oer. Moreover, te overall erformance and safety of

nclear oer lants contine to be good. All tis ointsto contined strong grot of nclear oer in te longer

term.


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8

e u

1 Mw(e) = 106atts (electrical)

1 Gw(e) = 1000 Mw(e) = 109atts (electrical)

1 GJ = 1 gigajole = 109joles

1 EJ = 1 exajole = 1018joles

1 EJ = 23.9 megatonnes of oil eqivalent (Mtoe)

1 Tw = 1 teraatt-or = 109

kw = 3.6

103

EJ

Te 2011 rojections faced te comlex need to

balance te factors tat ave traditionally driven, and

contine to drive, te ftre demand for nclear oer

it te factors tat otentially cold adversely affect

nclear oer exansion. Te reslt of tis balancing

act sos te orlds installed nclear oer caacity

exanding from 375 gigaatts (Gw(e)) today to

501 Gw(e) in 2030, i.e. a decrease of 8% comared it

last years's rojection. In te dated ig rojection, it

gros to 746 Gw(e) in 2030, don by 7% from last year.

Te data on electricity rodced by nclear oer lants

is converted to joles based on te average efciency of a

nclear oer lant, i.e. 33%; data on electricity generated

by geotermal eat are converted to joles based on te

average efciency of a geotermal oer lant, i.e. 10%.

Te conversion to joles of electricity generated byydrooer or by oter non-termal sorces sc as

ind, tide and solar is based on te energy content of te

electricity generated (te eqivalent of assming 100%

efciency).

Te total energy reqirement as been calclated by

smming te rimary energy rodction, te net energytrade mins canges in international bnkers and

domestic stocks.

Te vales son in Table 9 refer to rimary energy

sed for te generation of electricity. Oing to differences

in conversion efciencies, te ercentage vales

are different from te sares of electricity generationresented in Tables 1 and 5.


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9

North Am eri caCana da* United States of A m er i ca*

L a tin Am eri caA nguil la H aiti*

A ntigua and B ar bud a Hondura s*A rgentin a* Jam aica*

A ruba Martini que

B aha m as Mexi co *

B arba dos Mo nts errat

B elize N eth erla nd s A ntill es

B erm uda N ic ara gua*

B olivia * P a nam a*B razil* P ar agu ay*

Ca ym an Islands P er u*

C hi le* P ue rto R ic o

Colo m bi a* S .Georgia & S.S andwich Islands

C os ta Rica* Sa int K itt s a nd Ne vis

Cuba * Sai nt L ucia

Do m i ni ca S ain t P ie rre an d Mi qu elon

Dom i n ican Re pub lic* S ain t Vince nt & th e Gr en adin es

E cuad or* S urinam e

E l S alvador* Trinid ad and Tobago

Grenada Turk s an d Ca icos Isla nd s

Guadelo upe Ur ugu ay*

Guatem ala* Venezuela*

Gu yana

W e s te rn E uro p eA ndorr a L iecht en stein *

A ustria* L uxem bourg*

Belgiu m * Mal ta *

Cyprus* Monac o*

Denm a rk * Nethe rlan ds*

Finland * N orway*

Franc e* P ortugal *

Germ any* S an Ma rin o

Gibralta r Spa in*

Greece* Sv alb ard and Ja n Maye n Isla nds

Greenland S weden*

Holy S ee* S witze r land *

Ic eland * Tu rk ey*Irel and* United K ing do m *

It aly*

GR OUP I N G O F C OUN TRI ES AND ARE AS

The c o un tri es a nd g e og raph ic a l are as

i n clu ded i n eac h gro upi n g are l i s te d b el o w

(I A E A Me m b er S ta t es are d en ot ed b y an a s t eri s k )

*


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10

AfricaAlgeria* Malawi*

Angola* Mali*

Benin* Mauritania*

Botswana* Mauritius*

Burkina Faso* Mayotte

Burundii* Morocco*

Cameroon* Mozambique*

Cape Verdee* Namibia*

Central Africa n Republic* Niger*Chad Nigeria*

Comoros Reunion

Congoo* Rwanda*

Cte d'Ivoire* Saint Helena

Democratic Rep. of the Congo* Sao Tome and Principe

Djibouti Senegal*

Egypt* Seychelles*Equatorial Guinea Sierra Leone*

Eritrea* Somalia

Ethiopia* South Africa*

Gabon* Sudan*

Gambia Swaziland

Ghana* Togo

Guinea Tunisia*Guinea-Bissau Uganda*

Kenya* United Republic of Tanzania*

Lesotho* Western Sahara

Liberia* Zambia*

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya* Zimbabwe*

Madagascar*

Eastern EuropeAlbania* Lithuania*

Armenia* Montenegro*

Poland*Azerbaijan*

Republic of Moldova*Belarus*Romania*Bosnia and Herzegovina*

Russian Federation*Bulgaria*

Serbia*Croatia*

Slovakia*Czech Republic*

Slovenia*Estonia*

Tajikistan*Georgia*

The Frmr.Yug.Rep. of Macedonia*Hungary*TurkmenistanKazakhstan*

Ukraine*Kyrgyzstan*

Uzbekistan*Latvia*

*

*


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11

M i dd l e E a st an d S o uth Asi a

A f ghanistan * K uwa it *

B ah rain* L ebanon*

B anglade sh* N epal*

Bh utan Om an*British Indian Ocean Territory P ak is ta n*

Coc os (Ke elin g) Isl ands Qatar *

Fre nch Southern Territo ries S au di A ra bia *

Heard Is lan d& Mc Donal d Is lands Sri L an k a*

Indi a* S yrian A rab Re pub lic*

Ir an , Isla m ic Repu bl i c o f* T.T.U.T.J of T. P a l es tinia n A .

Iraq* United A rab E m ir at es *Is rael* Yem en*

Jordan *

S o uth E as t Asi a and th e P acifi c

A ustral ia* Northern Mari ana Is lands

B runei D ar uss alam P alau*

Cook Is land s P apu a New Guine a*Fi ji P itc airn Isla nd s

Ind one sia* S am oa

K irib at i S ingapore*

Malays ia * S o lo m on Is lan ds

Maldive s T hailand*

Marshal l Is lands* Timo r L es te

Mi crones ia (Fe d. St ates of) Tok el au

Myanm ar* Tuva lu

New Zea la nd* U S Minor Outlyin g Isla nd s

Niue Va nua tu

Nor fo lk Is la nds W allis and Futu na Isl ands

Fa r E as t

Ca m bo dia* Ma cau, Ch i na

China * Mong olia *

De m . P.R. of K o rea P h ilipp ines *

Ja pan* Taiwan , Ch ina

K ore a, R epublic of* Vietnam *

L a o P.D. R.


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12


15/60

13


16/60

14


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15

TABLE2.

NUMBEROFCOUNT

RIESWITHNUCLEAR

POWERREACTORS

INOPERATIONORUNDERCONSTRUCTIO

N(endof2010)

CountryGroup

NumberofCountriesinG

roup

Countries

withNuclearPowerRe

actors

InOperation

Long-termSh

utDown

UnderConstruction(1)

Total(2)

NorthAme

rica

2

2

1

1

2

LatinAmerica

45

3

2

3

WesternEurope

29

9

2

9

EasternEu

rope

27

9

4

9

Africa

57

1

1

MiddleEas

tandSouthAsia

25

2

3

3

SouthEast

AsiaandthePacific

27

FarEast

11

3

1

3

3

WorldTota

l

223

29

2

15

30

Notes

Notes

(1)Mayincl

udecountrieshaingreact

orsalreadyinoperation.

(1)Mayincl

udecountrieshaingreact

orsalreadyinoperation.

(2)Totalnu

mberofcountriesineach

groupthathaenuclearpowerreactorsinoperation

orunderconstruction.

(2)Totalnu

mberofcountriesineach

groupthathaenuclearpowerreactorsinoperation

orunderconstruction.


18/60


19/60

17

%

%

%

%


20/60

18

GW(e)


21/60

19


22/60


23/60

21

2010

2020

%

%

%

%


24/60

22

Percentage

(%)


25/60

23


26/60


27/60

25

2010

2

020

2030


28/60

26

EJ


29/60

27


30/60


31/60

29


32/60

30

EJ


33/60


34/60

32

EJ


35/60

33


36/60


37/60

35


38/60

36

TABLE8.

FUELUSE(EJ)FOR

ELECTRICITYGENER

ATIONBYTYPEOFFUELIN2010

CountryGroup

Thermal(a)

Hydro

Nuclear

Renewables(b)

Total

NorthAmerica

30.53

2.36

9.74

0.91

43.55

LatinAmerica

5.57

2.60

0.29

0.39

8.85

WesternEurope

15.57

2.08

8.85

0.99

27.49

EasternEurope

19.16

1.11

3.61

0.03

23.91

Africa

5.99

0.37

0.14

0.05

6.55

MiddleEast

andSouthAsia

21.48

0.61

0.25

>

0.

01

22.34

22.34

SouthEastA

siaandthePacific

6.96

0.26

0.49

7.70

FarEast

47.67

3.17

5.81

0.57

57.22

WorldTotal

152.93

12.56

28.69

3.43

197.61

Notes

Notes

(a)Thecol

umnheaded

Thermal

sth

etotalorsoldsl

uds

asesb

omassandwaste.

(a)Thecol

umnheaded

Thermal

sth

etotalorsoldsl

uds

asesb

omassandwaste.

(b)Thecol

umnheaded

Renewables

ncludes

eothermalw

nd

solarandtdeenery.

(b)Thecol

umnheaded

Renewables

ncludes

eothermalw

nd

solarandtdeenery.


39/60

37

TABLE9.PERCENTAGECONT

RIBUTIONOFEACH

FUELTYPETO

ELEC

TRICITYGENERATIONIN2010

CountryGroup

Thermal(a)

Hydro

Nuclear

Renewables(b)

Total

NorthAmerica

65.01

14.00

19.04

1.95

100.00

LatinAmeri

ca

36.90

59.96

2.17

0.97

100.00

WesternEurope

49.01

18.90

26.61

5.48

100.00

EasternEurope

64.79

16.89

18.16

0.15

100.00

Africa

81.42

16.16

2.01

0.42

100.00

MiddleEast

andSouthAsia

88.33

10.26

1.39

0.02

100.00

SouthEastAsiaandthePacific

87.89

9.52

2.59

100.00

FarEast

74.67

15.35

9.30

0.67

100.00

WorldTotal

66.98

17.85

13.46

1.71

100.00

Notes

Notes

(a)Thecol

umnheaded

Thermal

sthetotalorsoldsl

uds

asesbomassandwaste.

(a)Thecol

umnheaded

Thermal

sthetotalorsoldsl

uds

asesbomassandwaste.

(b)Thecolumnheaded

Renewables

ncludes

eothermalw

nd

solarandtdeenery.

(b)Thecolumnheaded

Renewables

ncludes

eothermalw

nd

solarandtdeenery.


40/60


41/60

39


42/60

40

MillionsofInhabitants


43/60

41


44/60


45/60

43


46/60

44

5

GJ


47/60

45

5


48/60

46

5

4

6

8


49/60

47

5


50/60


51/60

49

TABLE12.

AVERAGEANNUAL

GROWTHRATESDU

RINGTHEPERIOD20002010(%)

C

ountryGroup

Population

TotalEnergy

TotalElectricity

NuclearEner

gy

NuclearCapacity

NorthAmerica

1.0

0.0

0.6

0.8

0.6

LatinAmeri

ca

1.3

2.7

2.1

2.9

-0.1

WesternEurope

0.6

0.2

0.8

-0.4

-0.3

EasternEurope

-0.4

1.0

1.3

1.9

0.4

Africa

2.7

2.7

4.5

-0.1

0.0

MiddleEast

andSouthAsia

2.0

5.6

4.6

4.2

4.7

SouthEastAsiaandthePacific

1.5

4.0

3.3

FarEast

0.7

5.3

7.2

1.5

2.4

WorldAvera

ge

1.3

2.4

2.9

0.7

0.7


52/60

50

3

4

5

6

7

8

AnnualGrowthRate(%

)


53/60

51


54/60


55/60

53

TABLE13

.ESTIMATESOFAVERAGEANNUALGRO

WTHRATESDURING

THEPERIOD2010

2030(%)

CountryGroup

Population

TotalEnergy

TotalElectric

ity

NuclearEnergy

Nuclear

Capacity

NorthAmerica

0.8

0.0

1.

8

0.6

0.7

-0.1

1.4

-0.1

1.3

LatinAmerica

0.9

3.2

5.

0

5.0

7.2

5.0

8.9

3.9

7.7

WesternEurope

0.3

1.1

1.

6

1.4

2.3

-1.0

1.6

-1.9

0.7

EasternEurope

-0.1

0.7

1.

7

1.9

2.9

3.4

4.9

2.8

4.2

Africa

2.1

3.0

6.

0

7.0

9.0

5.7

12.1

5.2

11.5

MiddleEast

andSouthAsia

1.2

4.1

5.

0

5.6

6.8

12.4

15.6

9.9

13.0

SouthEastA

siaandthePacific

0.9

2.3

2.

6

4.0

4.7

FarEast

0.3

2.4

3.

7

2.4

3.9

5.0

6.9

4.1

5.9

WorldAvera

ge

0.9

2.0

3.

3

2.7

3.9

2.0

4.1

1.5

3.5


56/60


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CZECH REPUBLICSuweco CZ, S.R.O., Klecakova 347, 180 21 Praha 9

Telephone: +420 26603 5364 Fax: +420 28482 1646Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.suweco.cz

FINLANDAkateeminen Kirjakauppa, PO BOX 128 (Keskuskatu 1), FIN-00101 Helsinki

Telephone: +358 9 121 41 Fax: +358 9 121 4450

Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.akateeminen.com

FRANCEForm-Edit, 5, rue Janssen, P.O. Box 25, F-75921 Paris Cedex 19

Telephone: +33 1 42 01 49 49 Fax: +33 1 42 01 90 90

Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www. formedit.fr

Lavoisier SAS, 145 rue de Provigny, 94236 Cachan Cedex

Telephone: + 33 1 47 40 67 02 Fax +33 1 47 40 67 02

Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.lavoisier.fr

GERMANYUNO-Verlag, Vertriebs- und Verlags GmbH, Am Hofgarten 10, D-53113 Bonn

Telephone: + 49 228 94 90 20 Fax: +49 228 94 90 20 or +49 228 94 90 222

Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.uno-verlag.de

HUNGARYLibrotrade Ltd., Book Import, P.O. Box 126, H-1656 Budapest

Telephone: +36 1 257 7777 Fax: +36 1 257 7472 Email: [email protected]

INDIAAllied Publishers Group, 1st Floor, Dubash House, 15, J. N. Heredia Marg, Ballard Estate,

Mumbai 400 001,

Telephone: +91 22 22617926/27 Fax: +91 22 22617928

Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.alliedpublishers.com

Bookwell, 2/72, Nirankari Colony, Delhi 110009

Telephone: +91 11 23268786, +91 11 23257264 Fax: +91 11 23281315

Email: [email protected]

ITALYLibreria Scientifica Dott. Lucio di Biasio AEIOU, Via Coronelli 6, I-20146 Milan

Telephone: +39 02 48 95 45 52 or 48 95 45 62 Fax: +39 02 48 95 45 48

Email: [email protected] Website: www.libreriaaeiou.eu


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JAPANMaruzen Company, Ltd., 13-6 Nihonbashi, 3 chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027

Telephone: +81 3 3275 8582 Fax: +81 3 3275 9072

Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.maruzen.co.jp

REPUBLIC OF KOREA

KINS Inc., Information Business Dept. Samho Bldg. 2nd Floor, 275-1 Yang Jae-dong SeoCho-G,Seoul 137-130

Telephone: +02 589 1740 Fax: +02 589 1746 Web site: http://www.kins.re.kr

NETHERLANDSDe Lindeboom Internationale Publicaties B.V., M.A. de Ruyterstraat 20A, NL-7482 BZ

Haaksbergen

Telephone: +31 (0) 53 5740004 Fax: +31 (0) 53 5729296

Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.delindeboom.com

Martinus Nijhoff International, Koraalrood 50, P.O. Box 1853, 2700 CZ Zoetermeer

Telephone: +31 793 684 400 Fax: +31 793 615 698Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.nijhoff.nl

Swets and Zeitlinger b.v., P.O. Box 830, 2160 SZ Lisse

Telephone: +31 252 435 111 Fax: +31 252 415 888

Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.swets.nl

NEW ZEALANDDA Information Services, 648 Whitehorse Road, MITCHAM 3132, Australia

Telephone: +61 3 9210 7777 Fax: +61 3 9210 7788

Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.dadirect.com.au

SLOVENIACankarjeva Zalozba d.d., Kopitarjeva 2, SI-1512 Ljubljana

Telephone: +386 1 432 31 44 Fax: +386 1 230 14 35

Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.cankarjeva-z.si/uvoz

SPAINDaz de Santos, S.A., c/ Juan Bravo, 3A, E-28006 Madrid

Telephone: +34 91 781 94 80 Fax: +34 91 575 55 63

Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected]

Web site: http://www.diazdesantos.es

UNITED KINGDOMThe Stationery Office Ltd, International Sales Agency, PO Box 29, Norwich, NR3 1 GN

Telephone (orders): +44 870 600 5552 (enquiries): +44 207 873 8372 Fax: +44 207 873 8203

Email (orders): [email protected] (enquiries): [email protected] Web site: http://

www.tso.co.uk

On-line orders

DELTA Int. Book Wholesalers Ltd., 39 Alexandra Road, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 2PQ

Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.profbooks.comBooks on the Environment

Earthprint Ltd., P.O. Box 119, Stevenage SG1 4TP

Telephone: +44 1438748111 Fax: +44 1438748844

Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.earthprint.com

UNITED NATIONSDept. I004, Room DC2-0853, First Avenue at 46th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017, USA

(UN) Telephone: +800 253-9646 or +212 963-8302 Fax: +212 963-3489

Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.un.org

UNITED STATES OF AMERICABernan Associates, 4501 Forbes Blvd., Suite 200, Lanham, MD 20706-4346

Telephone: 1-800-865-3457 Fax: 1-800-865-3450

Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.bernan.com

Renouf Publishing Company Ltd., 812 Proctor Ave., Ogdensburg, NY, 13669

Telephone: +888 551 7470 (toll-free) Fax: +888 568 8546 (toll-free)

Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.renoufbooks.com

Orders and requests for informationmay also be addressed directly to:Marketing and Sales Unit, International Atomic Energy Agency

Vienna International Centre,PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria

Telephone: +43 1 2600 22529 (or 22530) Fax: +43 1 2600 29302

Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.iaea.org/books11-30511


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