engineers of tomorrow

8/7/2019 Engineers of Tomorrow

1/46


2/46

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3/46

JournalClubBPHC

II

WORDFROM

EDITING

AND

TECHNICAL

TEAM

Inaconstantlychangingworldofscienceandtechnologyoneshouldbeatparwiththepaceofchange.

JamesGauchesk(18571938)

Wellinthelightoffactsthatweareinatechnicalcollegethismagazineisourattempttoprovethesameandbringforward the innovative/ crazy (as some people use synonym for innovative ideas) and Journal club isjust amedium.Ihopepeopleofthecampuswillloveor(atleastappreciate)ourefforttoinstitutescientificthinkingaswellaswritingamongus.Iwould liketo thankSWD forshowingthetrust inusandgivingusachancetoproveourselves,alsoPresidentAbhinayTejaandGen.Sec.SaiSuryaforsupportingusthroughoutthisinitiativeandtacklingallthehindrancesinourpathsthusmakingourjourneyandexperienceasmoothone.Iwouldsincerelyliketothankstudentswhocontributedarticlesforthismagazineandhavesetalevelthatisquiteappreciableregardingthefirstmagazinebutstillhave lotsofscopetogoto(i.e.tothe levelofaBITSIAN),alsoIwould thankmy technical team tobemorally there,and the reporting teamwhose realchallengesare innearfuture(notthatIamtryingtoscarethemaway)Ijusthopethatinfuturewewillseemoreparticipationfromstudentsandthesameenthusiasmandsupportfromourpeersforustoconstantlyimprovethismagazineandgoon..

AnkushChoudhary2009C6PS615H

HeadEditorialteam,JournalClub

Well I would like to thank SWD and SU for giving us an opportunity to prove ourselves and supported usthroughoutthismagazine.Iwouldliketopraisemytechnicalteamformarveloussupportandenthusiasmandjusthopethattheycarrythisforwardinourlongjourneyahead,withoutthemthismagazinewouldneverhavebeencompletedontime.Iwouldalso liketoaskstudentstocome forward fortechnicaldesigningand Iamsuremyteamwillhelpthemlearnsothattheycanbeofuseinfuturefortheclubaswellastheygettolearnsomethingnew.

ArshdeepSinghTakkar2009B3AA514H

HeadTechnicalteam,JournalClub


4/46

JournalClubBPHC

II

IwouldliketothankSUandSWDforgivinguschancetoproveourselvesandbeingsosupportive.Iwouldalsoliketothanksmyreportingteamwhowenttoeachandeverylectureandtriedtomatchthelevelofthelecturebeingconducted.Ihopethatinfutureitwillbeeasyforustopendownthatknowledgeforsharingwithothers.

KedarApsingekar2009A3PS052H

HeadReportingTeam,JournalClub


5/46


6/46

JournalCluBPH

1


7/46

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8/46

Thus 2

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9/46

JournalClub

BPHC

4

ROADTOPS1

ByAtharavGupta([email protected])

Whats PS1 all about? Why the hell are we

doing itwhen friends from other colleges are

havingagreatgalatime?Probablythesewillbe

the questions in the minds of 2009 batch

students.PS1 is an excellent opportunity to

improveyour resume,makingnew friendsand

contacts,learningfromyoupeersfromGoaand

Pilani Campuses, enhancing your

communicationskillsandexploringnewplaces

.Its the first step towards theprofessional life

and this often turns out to be a really great

experience.

As you will be aware PS1 is 50 days long

program.Thefirst15daysisallaboutadjusting

toyourworkplace.During thisperiodyoullbe

busy with orientation, interaction and project

allocation. If PS1 station is not in your

hometownthenyoullbeahavingatoughtime

arranging for food and accommodation .Then

comeswhatBITSisknownfor.Youwouldhave

guessed it. Yes, its Quiz1.You cannot escape

the tests even at the PS1.Quiz1 is a very

general testand all youneed is to cram the

history ,objectives and additional features of

yourPS1station .Thebest way toprepare is

from the organization website and the

orientationprogram.

Nowthis isthetimewhenstudentsatsomeof

thePS1stationswillbecomeextremelychoosy

invisitingthecentre.Itsallaboutmatching

your time of visit with that of an instructor

.While,studentsatotherPS1willbehavinga

toughtimeinstartingupwiththeprojectwork.

Someof thePS1 stationsprovide really great

projects. Theseprojectswillbeexcitingandwill

be a huge asset for your resume. What you

must understand is that PS is a distinctive

featureofBITSbrandname?Theywillbeusing

it as one of their strengthswhile cajoling the

industries for campus recruitments.Therefore,

its very important to do your project work

diligently.

Also you ll be having a great learning

experience from Group Discussions and

Seminars.Therewillbe2GDsintotalandyoull

beprovidedwitha listofprobable topics .The

reportisveryimportantcomponentandcarries

a lot ofweightage. Therewill be 2 reports in

total and seminars corresponding to each. In

report1youllneedtoincludedetailsaboutthe

organization and compilation of the project

workdoneuntilthattime.While,report 2will

bemoreprojectorientedandshouldincludeall

thedetailsoftheprojectworkdoneatthePS1

station. Inseminarsweneedtopresentonthe

project and details included in the report.

Seminarsare followedbyquestionandanswer

sessionandthismaybeattendedbythepeople

at organization. Quiz2 is also there which

includes the questions about the project .It

wouldbe bettertolistentotheseminar1of


10/46

JournalClub

BPHC

5

your peers or go through their slides while

preparing for Quiz2 because Quiz 2 also

include thequestions on projectwork of your

peersalso.So,thiswasallabouttheevaluation

componentofyourPS1.

Apart from theevaluationPS1addsagreater

value toyourexperienceatBITS.Take itasan

opportunity formaking good friends, contacts

andexploringnewplaces.Interactasmuchas

you can with your peers. Learn about their

future plans, the electives they have taken or

areplanning todo, theirculturaland technical

fest and the trends of placements and higher

education in their campuses. Do take your

projectseriouslyasthisaddstoyourresumeas

already mention .This also helps to earn

recommendations from theorganizationwhich

may be beneficial while applying for higher

education.

BESTOFLUCK!!!


11/46

Scientific community

is yet to come to a

general consensus as

to what to name his

model. There are so

many variations!

Watermelon model,

Plum Pudding Model,Cherry Pie Model, it

might even be named

Badam Halwa Model


12/46

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7


13/46

Journal Club

BPHC

8

discovered. In spite of being initially

incredulous, I have developed a

fascination with Quantum Theory. Ithink teachers ought to accept and award

marks for whatever answer we give

regarding this topic becausehey, its

unpredictable so anything goes!

Quantum Theory will continue to

tantalize our minds for a long time tocome and there will be no solace until we

get to the bottom of it.


14/46

Poka

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BPHC

English

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15/46

Journal Club

BPHC10

alert the operator if something is

about togowrong. PokeYokejust

needs common sense and the

appropriatepokayokedevice.

Poka Yoke devices should

havethefollowingcharacteristics:

Useablebyallworkers Simpletoinstall Does not require continuous

attention from the operator

(ideally,itshouldworkevenif

the operator is

notawareofit)

Lowcost Provides

instantaneous

feedback,

prevention,

or

correction.

Of course,

errorproofing can be

achieved by extensive

automation and computerization.

However,thisapproachisexpensive

and complicated, and may not be

practical for small operations.

Besides, it defeats the original

purpose of poka yoke, which is to

reduce the defects from mistakes

through the simplest and lowest

costmannerpossible.

Pokayokeisatitsbestwhen

it prevents mistakes, not when it

merelycatchesthem. Sincehuman

errors usually stem from people

whogetdistracted,tired,confused,

or demotivated, a good poka yoke

solution is one that requires no

attentionfromtheoperator. Sucha

poka yoke device will prevent the

occurrence of mistake even if the

operatorlosesfocus.

Examples of attentionfree Poka

Yokesolutions:

I. A jig thatprevents a part from

being disoriented

duringloading.

II. Nonsymmetricalscrew hole locations

that would prevent a

plate from being

screwed down

incorrectly.

III.Electrical plugsthat can only be inserted

intothecorrectoutlets.

IV. Notches on boards thatonly allow correct

insertion into edge

connectors.

V. A fliptype cover over abutton that will prevent

the button from being

accidentallypressed

Goodpokayoke

solutionisone

thatrequiresno

attentionfrom

theoperator.


16/46

MET

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17/46

Journal Club

BPHC12

Factbasedproblemsolving

thatswhatrootcauseanalysisisall

about. To get facts, collect data

from the process or create data

related to the process. Once data

have been collected, there are a

number of simple methods to

analyzedatausinggraphicaldisplay

techniques. Datadisplay tools turn

thedata intopicturesandapicture

of what has happened often leads

totherootcause.

FailureAnalysis

Techniquesforcollectingdata

from failure analysis include

reviewing physical evidence (much

like crime scene investigation),

special testing, accelerated testing,

and finite element analysis. You

might need special tools or

techniques to review the physical

evidence(Eg.Microscopyto lookat

abreaksurface). Usewelldesigned

and easy to use data collection

forms. Good detective skills can

turn interviews into effective data

collectionevents. Oneof themost

powerful,butalsomostunderused,

data collection tools is a

concentrationdiagram.

Simulations

Simulations can be used to

collect data using computer

modelling software, pilotplant

experimentation, and if need be,

experimentation using the actual

process itself. With the proper

model,acomputercouldhelppoint

the way to the root cause. Or it

might be pilotplant trials or

experimentation using the real

processthatgeneratesthedatathat

leadstotherootcause. Inanycase,

ifyoucanrecreatetheproblem,you

aremoreapttofindtherootcause.

StatisticalAnalysis

While data display methods

areusuallyeasiertouse,sometimes

a statistical analysis technique is

needed to wring the real meaning

outofthedata. SPCcontrolcharts

willactivelysignalaproblemwitha

process. Correlationandregression

analysis and multivariate analysis

may be needed to make sense of

thedata.

TheRootCauseQuestion

Onceyouthinkyouareatthe

rootcause,takeastepbackandask


18/46

Journal Club

BPHC13

yourself the root cause question

Does this cause explain all that is

known aboutwhat the problem is,

as well as all that is known about

what the problem isnt? This is

really a twopart question: make

sure the rootcause found fitsboth

the is and the isnt sections of

the question. If the cause being

testeddoesntfitboth,thenitis

probablynottherootcause.

Idiotproofdesign

Another method to avoid

mistakes is todesign items so that

they can only be assembled in a

certainway. Theycallthisanidiot

proof design because it does not

take much intelligence to put the

partstogether.


19/46

SEN

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14


20/46

Journal Club

BPHC

15

opportunity to augment hisknowledgeat thisparticularpracticeschool station (extremelyuseful forthe students frommechanical, EEE,ECE, E&I, Computer Science). Mystayatkalpakkamwasforabouttwomonthswhich included visits to thevarious nuclear reactors and laterworked fora smallpartofaprojectunder the guidanceofanextremelyexperienced scientist. During ourvisitstothedifferentplacesatIGCARwewere exposed to the challengesbeing faced in developing the latestreactorsandwealsobecameawareabout where our nation stands inthisarena.Ihaveworkedforthe

Department of Instrumentation atIGCAR. My project was titled'Advanced Shutdown systems.During the period of twomonths Ihad togo througha lotof literaturepertainingtothetopicandlaterapplyitpractically.Myprojectwastosimulate the circuit and show theresults.Wereceivedalotofhelpandsupport fromextremelyexperiencedscientific officers. It was reallyhelpfulandwealsoget toknowthepractical applications of what westudyasapartofourcurriculum.

Ifeelthatthiscentrewillbehighly helpful to the students whoare interested in research in theirrespectivefields/disciplines.


21/46

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23/46

JournalClubBPHC

18

However, PZT ribbons cannot withstandstretching operation modes due to theirbrittle nature. Breathing, as for instance,requires that the material to be flexible aswell

as

stretchable

also.

The

research

team,

therefore, has been looking forward toovercome this difficulty by fashioning thepiezoelectric ribbons into wavy shapes andintegrating them into stretchable siliconerubber so that the composite material canwithstandlargeamountsofelasticstrain.

There are many other research fields intowhich researchersareputtingup theirminds

to develop challenging materials for humanwelfare. Some of them are performanceanalysis of thermoelectric materials usingnanocomposite approach, low systemictoxicity

cancer

therapy,

novel

nano

characterization technique for interpretingnanomaterials, nanoscopic pattern ofnonplanar surfaces, fabrication of graphenedevices, discovering electric motor from asingle molecule, using carbon nanotubes atCMOSwaferstageandmanymore.


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26/46

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27/46

Journal Club

BPHC

22

your health than fruit,

and also dubbed it as the

latest super food. It hasbeen reported that

chocolates contain more

healthy plant compounds

and antioxidants, gram-

for-gram, than fruit juice

and provides far morenutritional goodness than

food

experts had

previously

thought.

The

scientists

have based

their

findings on

a

comparison of cocoa

powder, the raw

ingredient of chocolate,

with powders made from

fruits like acai berries,

blueberries, cranberries

and pomegranates. Going

deeper into the method

used by the researchers,

analysis of the fruit

powders demonstrated

that the antioxidant

capacity of cocoa powder

was significantly greater

than blueberry,

cranberry, and

pomegranate powder on aper gram basis. The total

polyphenol

content of

cocoa powder

appeared to be

greater than

acai,

blueberry, and

cranberry

powder. The

polyphenol

and flavones

are heartfriendly molecules and

reduce the aging process

of an individual. They are

also associated with

numerous health benefits

including the stimulation

of nitric oxide synthase,

The polyphenol andflavones are heart friendlymolecules and reduce theaging process of anindividual


28/46

Journal Club

BPHC

23

improving blood flow

and arterial elasticity,

decreasing blood

pressure and platelet

aggregation, and having

anti-inflammatory

actions This discovery

means cocoa beans meet

the nutritional criteria

needed for fruits to beclassed as super fruits.

So next time when you

come across a super

yummy dark chocolate,

without sensing the

feeling of guilt stuff

yourself with it and have

the contentment of

getting healthier and

healthier!


29/46

JournalClubBPHC

24

HOLOGRAPHY:By- Kedar Apsingekar

Im sorry, my responses are limited...you must ask the right questions.

This is what Dr. Lannings hologram says in the movie I-Robot. Since then I was

wondering how does a hologram work? lets have a quick overview on HOLOGRAPHY.

What is holography?

The technique that allows the light

scattered from an object to be recorded andlater reconstructed so that it appears as if

the object is in the same position relative

to the recording medium as it was when

recorded. The image changes as the

position and orientation of the viewing

system changes in exactly the same way as

if the object were still present, thus making

the recorded image (hologram)

appear three-dimensional.

Holography was invented in 1947 by the

Hungarian-British physicist Dennis

Gabor(for which he won a Nobel Prize

in Physics in 1971).

How It Works?

The Basics:

For recording a hologram for complex

objects, a laser beam is split into two

separate beams using a beam splitter of

half-silvered glass or a birefringent

material. One beam illuminates the object,

reflecting its image onto the recordingmedium as it scatters the beam. The

second (reference) beam illuminates the

recording medium directly. Each point on

the object acts as a point source of light

according to diffraction theory.

An interference pattern is formed as each

of these point sources interferes with

reference beam. The pattern resulting is

the sum of all point sources and the

reference beam interference patterns. In

the absence of the object, the holographic

plate is illuminated by the reference beam.

Each point-source diffraction grating will

part of the reference beam to reconstruct

the wavefront from its point source, these

individual wavefronts add together to

reconstruct the whole of the object beam.

The viewer perceives a wavefront that is

identical to the scattered wavefront of the

object illuminated by the reference beam,

so that it appears to the viewer that the

object is still in the place (i.e. virtual image

is generated ).The direction of the light

source seen illuminating the virtual image

is that of the original illuminating beam.


30/46

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9


35/46

Journal Club

BPHC

30

Solar cells are made from variety of

semiconductor materials and coated with

special additives. The most widely used

material for various type of fabrication is

crystalline silicon. A typical silicon cell, with a

diameter of 4 in., can produce more than one

watt dc electrical power in full sun. Individual

solar cells are packaged into standard

modules that protect the cell from the

environment while providing useful voltages

and currents.

PV modules are extremely reliable because

they are solid state and no moving parts.Silicon PV cells manufactured today can

provide over 40 years of useful service life. PV

system is cost effective and viable solution to

supply electricity for locations off the

conventional electrical grid. PV is used from

very small items such as calculators and

watches to large installations for electric

utilities.

Energy storage:

Solar energy is non-dispatchable energytechnology that only captures energy during

daylight hours. Some kind of energy storage is

thus required to make energy available during

non-sunny periods. Energy storage can take a

number of forms, most commonly

electrochemical energy storage through

batteries, compressed air, pumped hydro

storage, hydrogen and thermal mass.

There are two primary challenges in using

solar power: amount of sunlight and cost ofequipment. The amount of sunlight a location

receives "varies greatly depending on

geographical location, time of day, season and

clouds. The southwestern United States is one

of the world's best areas for sunlight . Globally,

other areas receiving very high solar

intensities include developing nations in Asia,

Africa and Latin America.

Solar energy technologies have made huge

technological and cost improvements, but are

still more expensive than traditional energy

sources. Conventionally generated electricity

ranges between 5 and 18 cents per kilowatt

hour but in most places it's below 10 cents,

according to the Energy Information Agency.

Solar thermal costs around 15 to 17 cents a

kilowatt hour. Another factor limiting thewidespread adoption of solar energy is

availability. A 1,200-megawatt (MW) solar

facility is not a direct replacement for a 1,200-

MW coal-fired power plant. Present solar

equipment will eventually pay for itself in 2 to 5

years depending on how much sun a particular

location receives. Then the user will have a

virtually free energy source until the end of the

equipment's working life. Future improvements

are projected to decrease the payback time to

1 to 3 years.

The best way of lowering the cost of solar

energyis to improve the cell's efficiency.

Modifications in semiconductor materials and

structure increase the efficiency of photovoltaic

cells, while advances in thermal transfer

materials, storage technologies and turbine

efficiency improve the performance of solar

thermal. As the scientists and researchers

push the envelope of solar-cell efficiency, a

maximum of 37% is achieved.As the price of

solar power lowersand that of conventionalfuels rises, solar energy will remain an

excellent energy option, long after the

momentary fossil fuel model fades into smoke.


36/46

Sciendevel

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31


37/46

Journal Club

BPHC

32

intermolecular forces to predict

these changes in crystal

structure?"

Korter's lab is one of only a handful

of university-based research labs inthe world exploring the potential of

THz radiation for chemical andpharmaceutical

applications. THz lightwaves exist in theregion between

infrared radiation and

microwaves and offerthe unique advantagesof being non-harmful

to people and able tosafely pass through

many kinds ofmaterials. THz can also

be used to identify thechemical signatures of

a wide range of

substances. Korter hasused THz to identify

the chemical ofsignatures of molecules

ranging fromimprovised explosives

and drug componentsto the building blocks

of DNA.

Korter's new research

combines THzexperiments with new

computational models thataccurately account for the effects

of the London dispersion forces topredict crystal structures of various

substances. London forces are one

of several types of intermolecular

forces that cause molecules to sticktogether and form solids.

Environmental changes(temperature, humidity, light)impact the forces in ways that can

cause the crystal structure to

change. Korter'sresearch team

compares thecomputer models withthe THz experiments

and uses the results torefine and improve thetheoretical models.

"We have

demonstrated how touse THz to directly

visualize thesechemical interactions,"

Korter says. "The

ultimate goal is to usethese THz signatures to

develop theoreticalmodels that take into

account the role ofthese weak forces to

predict the crystalstructures of

pharmaceuticals before

they are identifiedthrough

experimentation."

A National Science FoundationEarly Career Development

(CAREER) Award funds Korter'sresearch.

Timothy Korter has

developed a way to

use very low

frequency light

waves to study the

weak forces (London

dispersion forces)

that hold molecules

together in a crystal.

This fundamental

research could be

applied to solve

critical problems in

drug research,

manufacturing and

quality control.


38/46

ACS

for g

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33

l


39/46

Journal Club

BPHC

34

Dias' group in 1996 have been

stable enough to isolate and

structurally characterize.

Now, there are two new isolable

Au(CO) complexes. Dias and co-workers prepared one from a gold

imidazolylidene treated withAgSbF6 and CO; they prepared the

other using a reduced form of theligand (Chem. Commun., DOI:10.1039/c1cc10622h). Dias notes

that his group is also finishing work

on the first stable gold carbonylphosphine complex as well.

Among the complexes' notablefeatures are unusually high CO

infrared stretching frequencies,which are higher than that of freeCO. Dias speculates that this

property is the result in part of theelectrostatic effect of the cationic

gold centre and a strong

AuCObonding interaction with low Au

CO back-bonding.

These gold complexes "are

remarkable for several reasons,"comments Hubert Schmidbaur of

Germany's Technical University ofMunich, who is an expert in goldchemistry. "The carbenes with their

bulky substituents not only provide

steric protection of the otherwise

highly sensitive AuC

O unit, theyexert an electronic effect that leads

to a surprisingly stable AuCObond." These results show onceagain that N-heterocyclic carbenes

perform as "magic ligands" for

gold(I), Schmidbaur says; theyhave recently been used to

stabilize elusive complexescontaining AuH, AuF and AuOH.

"Gold(I) carbene complexes are acurrent focus of research inhomogeneous catalysis,"

Schmidbaur adds, "thus the newcomplexes may become convenient

sources for new catalyst systems,because CO can readily and cleanly

be displaced by other substrates."

Dias' research with gold and -

accepting ligands such as N-heterocyclic carbenes is "lovely

work," adds John P. Fackler Jr., agold specialist at Texas A&M

University. "This may lead to amuch better understanding of

epoxide formation, not onlypropylene oxide with gold, but

ethylene oxide with silver."


40/46

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41/46

JournalClub

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36

server computers and user PCs which is also

calledasdistributedcomputingframework.

In thecurrentcomputingworld, to implement

an Information System for an organization or

business,weneedtohaveadatacenterwhich

containsdataandapplicationsoftwarerunning

on server operating systems and web servers

that can process huge volumes of data in a

shortspanoftime.Thedataprocessedbythese

serverscanbeconsumedfrommultiplesource

systems which are located within the

organization and also external to the

organization such as vendor and third party

companiesthatprovidetheservices.

Some of the Information System applications

are Financial and Account Management

applications, HR Management, Material

Management systems for a production based

organizationetc.

Inthiscomputerage, it isnotanexaggeration,

if it is said that the information systemworks

more or less as a nervous system for any

organization. Inanybranchofsciencemostof

the activities are computeraided or

computerized.ComputerSciencetakes itsown

pride in formation of various information

systemsacrosstheworld.


42/46

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43/46

Journal Club

BPHC

38

motor and disengaging the starter drive.

When the starter isnot inuse, thedrive

unit is retracted so that its pinion is

disengagedfromtheflywheel.

Assoonasthestarterisactivated,

the forward movement of the solenoid

plungercausestheshiftyoketomovethe

driveintheoppositedirectionandengage

thepinionandtheflywheel. Thepinionis

lockedtoitsshaftbyaclutchthatunlocks

if the engine starts up and the flywheel

begins turning the pinion faster than its

normal

speed.

Byallowingthepiniontospinfreelyfora

moment, the clutch protects the motor

fromdamageuntilthedriveisretracted.

The engine should start instantaneously.

But an electric current alone cannot set

the crankshaft inmotion since itbears a

huge amount of pressure created in the

combustionchambers. Thestartermotor

usestheelectriccurrentproducedbythe

battery and then performs its t

engineers of tomorrow

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