English HistoryChapter V By Zhang Yonglan

Chapter V. The Bourgeois Revolution :Age of Enlightenment (Early to Mid 1600s)

Teaching aims:

1 To introduce the background knowledge: Age of Enlightenment2.      To analyze the causes of the Bourgeois Revolution .

Main and difficult teaching points: 1 The background knowledge : The European Enlightenment. 2.The causes for the Bourgeois Revolution.

I. Introduction

Age of Enlightenment *in Europe and the American colonies *during the 18th century prior to the French Revolution (1789-1799). *a new age enlightened by reason, science, and a respect for humanity. Age of Reason. *cosmopolitan(世界主义者 )and antinationalistic(反国家主义的 )movement

Kant Hume in Scotland, Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson in America, Composers, Mozart and Beethoven

II.Precursors(先驱 )

Rationalists:(.唯理论者 , 理性主义者 )

1.Descartes(笛卡尔，莱恩 1596-1650法国数学家，哲学家，因将笛卡尔坐标体系公式化而被认为是解析几何之父。他的哲学思想基于唯理性的前提“我思故我在” ) oneself as a thinking being “I think, therefore I am” Mind and body are two distinct substances. Dualism(二元论 )

2.Hugo Grotius (1583-1645)

The Dutch jurist(法律学者 ), openness or tolerance about matters of Truth.3.Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

monarchs--but on the basis of the needs, even rights, of the community

III. Reason and Progress1.Isaac Newton (1642-1727) :The Empiricists(经验主义 )者

gravitation.

Creation was without life of its own

it was instead mere "matter" responding mechanically to a set of fixed mathematical laws.

God nearly became identified with the eternity or infinity of the universe. deism自然神论 , 自然神教派 (信上帝之存在及创世界 ,但对其所创造的世界及世人未加以支配 )

2.John Locke (1632-1704)

the mind at birth is simply a blank receptacle, possessing no "innate" ideas.

3. Pierre Bayle (1647-1706)

atheism

Transcendentalism( 先验论与康德有关的一种哲学，认为人必须超越经验主义或体验到的东西以探知所有知识的先验原则 ).

IV. A method of Thought Immanuel Kant (1724-1804 )( 康德 ( 德国哲学家 , 1724-1805, 古典唯心主义的创始人 )

V. A Cosmopolitan( 世界性的 )Movement

Montesquieu 孟德斯鸠 : 法国哲学家和法学家。Voltaire( 伏尔泰） , Rousseau卢梭 , Social Contract, Émile, and Confessions ： influence on later political and educational theory

refute the charge that the Enlightenment exalted bloodless reason at the expense of emotion

VI. REVOLUTION （ Late 1700s)

Puritanism Charles :Long Parliament1642-1646 ， the Qing (dynasty(1644-1911)

The Commonwealth and the Protectorate(护国公政体奥立佛·克伦威尔和他的儿子理查德以护国公身份统治英国时期的英国政府 )

Charles I

Cromwell

Cromwell's tactics were ruthless:  he slaughtered off captured Irishmen by the thousands--included captured priests by the hundreds--claiming to be the avenging arm of God. 1605,November 5,the Catholic conspiracies, Guy Fawkes Bonfire

VII. Revival of the Stuart Monarchy

The Stuart monarchy was restored in 1660, pro-Catholic

VIII.Study Questions:1.    Analyze the background of Glorious Revolution.2.      Analyze one of the masterpieces of European literature in the Age of Enlightenment

 

From 1630 to 1685 King Charles II, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland, James

Charles :Long Parliament1642-1646

The Glorious Revolution (1688-1689)

A Protestant monarch, William of Orange, was called in from the Netherlands to rule as co-regent with his Protestant wife, Mary Stuart--under the guidance of Parliament.