EnvironmentologyEnvironmentology 环境学环境学

Introduction

Why We Do Bilingual Teaching

• Every body knows that– English is a tool of communication.– Communication needs practice.

• When and where we do practice?– In everyday life?

Difficult outside an English speaking country.– In the future when communication is required?

Too late, isn’t it?– In the university right now?

It should be.

Why We Do Bilingual Teaching

• What is the purpose of bilingual teaching?– Learn to acquire specialized knowledge directly

from an English textbook.– Experience an English class of teaching science

but not only the language.– Improve your ability of using English.

Why Choose Environmentology for Bilingual Teaching

• Environmentology is suitable for bilingual teaching from its nature.

– It is a subject in between general basic courses and specialized courses

Seems to be specialized comparing with the general courses you took before.Deals with more general things comparing with the specialized courses you will take afterwards.

• A good English textbook is available for this subject.

What is “Environmentology”

• Environmentology is defined as: – “A systematized science whose purpose is that human

beings control their activities suitably in the limited Earth."

• Related considerations – The Earth, the basis of our lives, is limited. – Human activities have explosively increased, and

environmental destruction and pollution have been becoming serious.

– It is seriously feared that man-made climate changes and the exhaustion of natural resources will happen in the near future.

What is “Environmentology”• Subjects of Environmentology

– Understanding of the environment or the Earth relating to geophysics, geochemistry, climatology, biology, physical geography, etc.

– Understanding of human beings relating to anthropology, primatology, brain science, cognitive science, philosophy, etc.

– Understanding of human activities in the environment or the Earth: history, geography, chemistry, climatology, biology, medical science, the science of natural resources, etc.

研究与环境或地球相关的自然科学研究与环境或地球相关的自然科学

研究与环境或地球相关的人文科学研究与环境或地球相关的人文科学

研究环境中的人类活动研究环境中的人类活动

What is “Environmentology”

• Subjects of Environmentology– Technical control of human activities relating to

various types of engineering.

– Social control of human activities such as politics, economics, law, the science of information, pedagogy, ethics, etc.

研究人类对环境影响的工程学控制方法研究人类对环境影响的工程学控制方法

研究人类对环境影响的社会学控制方法研究人类对环境影响的社会学控制方法

How to Teach and How to Learn

• Using English text book for an acquired course.

• Teach in two languages– Slides: mainly English with some Chinese

explanation.– Lecture: half English and half Chinese at the

beginning and mainly English in the later stage.– Homework: mainly English.– Examination: English and Chinese.

How to Teach and How to Learn

• Requirements to students– Do pre-reading before a class.– Take notes while listening to the lecture.– Review the related paragraphs after the class.– Memorize new words and expressions.– Do the assigned homework.

Our Textbook教材

EnvironmentalEnvironmental

ScienceScienceA Study of InterrelationshipsA Study of Interrelationships

Ninth EditionMcGraw HillHigher Education2004

About the Authors 教材作者介绍Eldon D. Eldon D. EngerEnger:: Professor emeritus of biology at Delta College. He received his B.A. and M.S. from the University of Michigan and has over 30 years of teaching experience, during which he has taught biology, zoology, environmental science etc.

Bradley F. Smith:Bradley F. Smith: The dean of Huxley College of Environmental Studies at Western Washington University. He served from 1991 to 1994 as the first director of the Office of Environmental Education for the USEPA and also served as the acting president of the National Environmental Education and Training Foundation in Washington, D.C.

Contents of the Course 教学安排

Unit 1 Environmental Interrelationships第一单元 (对应教材的Chapter 1) 概论 (环境关联性) － 计划学时数：4

– The Field of Environmental Science 环境的范畴

– The Interrelated Nature of Environmental Problems 环境问题的相互关联性

– An Ecosystem Approach 环境与生态系统

– Regional Environmental Concerns 环境问题

Unit 2 Decision Making and Sustainable Development

第二单元 (以教材的Chapter 3为主) 环境决策与可持续发展－ 计划学时数：4

– Measuring Risk 环境风险问题

– Economics and the Environment 经济与环境

– Sustainable Development 环境与可持续发展 (在教材的基础上增加部分内容)

Unit 3 Environments, Organisms and Ecosystems

第三单元 (对应教材的Chapter 5、Chapter 6) 环境、生物与生态系统－ 计划学时数：6

– Ecological Concepts 生态学概念

– The Role of Natural Selection and Evolution 自然选择与进化原理

– Kinds of Organism Interactions 生物的相互作用关系

– Community and Ecosystem Interactions 生物群落与生态系统

– Succession 进化过程

Unit 4 Human Population Issues第四单元 (对应教材的Chapter 8) 人口与环境－ 计划学时数：6

– Human Population Trends and Implications 人口变化趋势

– Factors That Influence Population Growth 人口增长的影响因素

– Population Growth and Standard of Living 人口增长与生活水平

– Population and Poverty – A Vicious Cycle? 人口与贫困

– Hunger, Food Production, and Environmental Degradation 饥饿与环境恶化

– The Demographic Transition Concept 人口变迁

Unit 5 Human Impact on Resources and Ecosystems第五单元 (对应教材的Chapter 12) 人类对资源与生态系统的影响 － 计划学时数：6

– The Changing Role of Human Impact 人类影响作用的变化

– Historical Basis of Pollution 污染的历史根源– Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources 可恢复和不可恢复资源

– Costs Associated with Resource Utilization 资源利用的代价

– Utilization and Modification of Terrestrial Ecosystems 地球生态系统的利用与改变

– Managing Forest Ecosystems 森林生态系统管理– Managing Rangeland Ecosystems 草原生态系统管理– Managing Aquatic Ecosystems 水生态系统管理– Managing Ecosystems for Wildlife 野生生态系统管理– Extinction and Loss of Biodiversity 生物灭绝与生物多样性问题

Unit 6 Soil and Its Uses第六单元 (对应教材的Chapter 14) 土壤环境 －计划学时数：4

– Geologic Processes 地质学过程

– Soil Formation 土壤的形成

– Soil Properties 土壤的性质

– Soil Profile 土壤剖面

– Soil Erosion 土壤侵蚀

– Soil Conservation Practices 土壤环境保护

Unit 7 Water Management第七单元 (对应教材的Chapter 16) 水环境 － 计划学时数：6

– The Water Issue 世界的水问题

– The Hydrologic Cycle 水文循环过程

– Human Influences on the Hydrologic Cycle 水文

循环的人为干扰

– Kinds of Water Use 水的用途

– Kinds and Sources of Water Pollution 水污染问题

– Water-Use Planning Issues 用水规划

Unit 8 Air Quality Issues第八单元 (对应教材的Chapter 17) 大气环境 －计划学时数：6

– The Atmosphere 大气圈

– Categories of Air Pollutants 大气污染的主要来源

– Control of Air Pollution 大气污染的控制对策

– Acid Deposition 酸雨问题

– Ozone Depletion 臭氧层破坏问题

– Global Warming and Climate Change 全球变暖

与气候变化

– Indoor Air Pollution 室内空气污染

Unit 9 Solid Waste Management and Disposal第九单元 (对应教材的Chapter 18) 固体废弃物管理和处置 － 计划学时数：4

– Introduction to Waste Management 废弃物管理

问题概述

– The Nature of the Problem 废弃物问题分析

– Methods of Waste Disposal 废弃物处置方法

EnvironmentalInterrelationships

Unit 1 概论

Useful Words and Expressions

• Interdisciplinary – 多学科的、跨学科的

• Ecology – 生态学

• Conservation – 保护、维持

• Geography – 地理学、地形

• Economics – 经济学

• Sociology – 社会学

• Political science – 政治学

• Organism – 生物体

• Ethics – 论理学

• Jurisdiction – 司法权、管辖权

Useful Words and Expressions

• Boundary – 边界

• Sustainable development – 可持续发展

• Biodiversity – 生物多样性

• Ecosystem – 生态系统

• Endangered species – 濒临灭绝物种

• Wilderness – 荒野

• Coniferous forest – 针叶林

• Timber – 木材

• Bioaccumulation – 生物积累

• Toxic – 有毒的

The Field of Environmental Science环境科学的领域

• Environmental Science is interdisciplinary, and includes both applied and theoretical knowledge.

• Environmental Science incorporates scientific aspects of ecology, conservation, geography, etc., with inputs from social sciences such as economics, sociology and political science.

跨学科；应用科学＋理论科学跨学科；应用科学＋理论科学

自然科学＋社会科学自然科学＋社会科学

• The field of environmental science involves an understanding of scientific principles, economic influences, and political action.

The Field of Environmental Science

环境科学环境科学

化学

化学

物理学

物理学

经济学经济学

社会学社会学

人类学

人类学生

物学

生物学

法学

法学

工程学

工程学

伦理学

伦理学

政治学政治学

哲学哲学

计算科学

计算科学

地学

地学

农学

农学

环境决策环境决策

科学科学 ＋＋ 经济学经济学＋＋ 政治学政治学

Quote from Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)

– I wish to speak a word for Nature, for absolute freedom and wildness, as contrasted with a freedom and culture merely civil … to regard man as an inhabitant, or a part and parcel of Nature, rather than a member of society.

The Field of Environmental Science

美国作家、哲学家、环境保护主义者美国作家、哲学家、环境保护主义者

自然自然 原始态原始态

人类人类 自然的成员之一自然的成员之一

环环 境境

影响生物的整个生命历程影响生物的整个生命历程

Interrelated Nature of Environmental Problems (环境问题的相互关联性)

• In a broad sense, “environment” is everything that affects an organism during its lifetime. Understood to infer surrounding conditions that affect people and other organisms.

生物：出生生物：出生 死亡死亡

Interrelated Nature of Environmental Problems

• Most social and political decisions are made with respect to political boundaries and jurisdictions.

– But environmental problems rarely coincide with these boundaries.

• Because of the magnitude of these problems, international agencies such as the International Joint Commission have had the major bearing on environmental quality over broad regions.

社会与政治决策社会与政治决策 行政边界行政边界

环境问题边界环境问题边界 行政边界行政边界

环境问题环境问题 世界性问题世界性问题

Interrelated Nature of Environmental Problems

• First worldwide meeting of heads of state directed towards the environment took place at the Earth Summit (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development) in Rio de Janerio in 1992.

– Most countries have also signed agreements on sustainable development and biodiversity.

19921992年巴西里约热内卢全球环境首脑会议年巴西里约热内卢全球环境首脑会议

《《里约环境发展宣言里约环境发展宣言》》又称又称《《地球宪章地球宪章》》

An Ecosystem Approach环境与生态系统

• Ecosystem: Region in which the organisms and the physical environment form an interacting unit.

– The task of an Environmental Scientist is to recognize and understand natural interactions within our environment, and integrate these with the uses humans must make of the natural world.

生态系统：生物与环境相互作用的单元系统生态系统：生物与环境相互作用的单元系统

环境中的环境中的自然作用自然作用

人类对人类对环境的利用环境的利用

Regional Environmental Concerns 区域环境问题

From the satellite world map, we can understand the From the satellite world map, we can understand the diverse feature of our earth diverse feature of our earth --

AsiaAsiaEuropeEurope

OceaniaOceania

AfricaAfrica

North AmericaNorth America

South AmericaSouth America

AntarcticaAntarctica

Regional Environmental Concerns

• Regions of North America

• China

• China

Summary 小结• Artificial political boundaries create difficulties in

managing environmental problems– Ecosystems do not coincide with political boundaries

• Environmental problems become issues when there is disagreement

– Different views on the consequences of an environmental problem– Person’s opinion affected by social, economic, ethic and scientific

issues

• Environmental problems are people problems– Consequence of use of natural resources– Different perceptions– Economic consequences caused by environmental decisions

环境问题是跨越国界的世界性问题环境问题是跨越国界的世界性问题

对环境问题的认识存在多方面的差异对环境问题的认识存在多方面的差异

环境问题归根结底是人的问题环境问题归根结底是人的问题

Key Terms• Ecosystem:

a region in which the organisms and the physical environment form an interacting unit

• Environment:everything that affects an organism during its lifetime

• Environmental science:an interdisciplinary area of study that includes both applied and theoretical aspects of human impact on the world

• Sustainable development:development to meet the present needs without sacrificing the needs of future generations

• Wilderness:areas with minimal human influence

Review Questions

• Describe why finding solutions to environmental problems is so difficult. Do you think it has always been as complicated?

• Describe what is meant by an ecosystem approach to environmental problem solving. Is this the right approach?

• Define environment and ecosystem and provide examples of these terms from your region.

• Describe how environmental conflicts are resolved.